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<h4 class="subsection">14.2.8 Integer Conversions</h4>
<p>This section describes the options for the ‘<samp><span class="samp">%d</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span class="samp">%i</span></samp>’,
‘<samp><span class="samp">%o</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span class="samp">%u</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span class="samp">%x</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span class="samp">%X</span></samp>’ conversion
specifications. These conversions print integers in various formats.
<p>The ‘<samp><span class="samp">%d</span></samp>’ and ‘<samp><span class="samp">%i</span></samp>’ conversion specifications both print an
numeric argument as a signed decimal number; while ‘<samp><span class="samp">%o</span></samp>’,
‘<samp><span class="samp">%u</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span class="samp">%x</span></samp>’ print the argument as an unsigned octal,
decimal, or hexadecimal number (respectively). The ‘<samp><span class="samp">%X</span></samp>’ conversion
specification is just like ‘<samp><span class="samp">%x</span></samp>’ except that it uses the characters
‘<samp><span class="samp">ABCDEF</span></samp>’ as digits instead of ‘<samp><span class="samp">abcdef</span></samp>’.
<p>The following flags are meaningful:
<dl>
<dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">-</span></samp>’<dd>Left-justify the result in the field (instead of the normal
right-justification).
<br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">+</span></samp>’<dd>For the signed ‘<samp><span class="samp">%d</span></samp>’ and ‘<samp><span class="samp">%i</span></samp>’ conversions, print a
plus sign if the value is positive.
<br><dt>‘<samp> </samp>’<dd>For the signed ‘<samp><span class="samp">%d</span></samp>’ and ‘<samp><span class="samp">%i</span></samp>’ conversions, if the result
doesn't start with a plus or minus sign, prefix it with a space
character instead. Since the ‘<samp><span class="samp">+</span></samp>’ flag ensures that the result
includes a sign, this flag is ignored if you supply both of them.
<br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">#</span></samp>’<dd>For the ‘<samp><span class="samp">%o</span></samp>’ conversion, this forces the leading digit to be
‘<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>’, as if by increasing the precision. For ‘<samp><span class="samp">%x</span></samp>’ or
‘<samp><span class="samp">%X</span></samp>’, this prefixes a leading ‘<samp><span class="samp">0x</span></samp>’ or ‘<samp><span class="samp">0X</span></samp>’ (respectively)
to the result. This doesn't do anything useful for the ‘<samp><span class="samp">%d</span></samp>’,
‘<samp><span class="samp">%i</span></samp>’, or ‘<samp><span class="samp">%u</span></samp>’ conversions.
<br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>’<dd>Pad the field with zeros instead of spaces. The zeros are placed after
any indication of sign or base. This flag is ignored if the ‘<samp><span class="samp">-</span></samp>’
flag is also specified, or if a precision is specified.
</dl>
<p>If a precision is supplied, it specifies the minimum number of digits to
appear; leading zeros are produced if necessary. If you don't specify a
precision, the number is printed with as many digits as it needs. If
you convert a value of zero with an explicit precision of zero, then no
characters at all are produced.
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