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<h1 class="title">PHP Manual</h1>
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<div class="authorgroup" id="authors">
<div class="author vcard"><strong class="by">by</strong>:<br />
<span class="personname fn">
<span class="firstname given-name">Mehdi</span> <span class="surname family-name">Achour</span>
</span>
</div>
<div class="author vcard">
<span class="personname fn">
<span class="firstname given-name">Friedhelm</span> <span class="surname family-name">Betz</span>
</span>
</div>
<div class="author vcard">
<span class="personname fn">
<span class="firstname given-name">Antony</span> <span class="surname family-name">Dovgal</span>
</span>
</div>
<div class="author vcard">
<span class="personname fn">
<span class="firstname given-name">Nuno</span> <span class="surname family-name">Lopes</span>
</span>
</div>
<div class="author vcard">
<span class="personname fn">
<span class="firstname given-name">Hannes</span> <span class="surname family-name">Magnusson</span>
</span>
</div>
<div class="author vcard">
<span class="personname fn">
<span class="firstname given-name">Georg</span> <span class="surname family-name">Richter</span>
</span>
</div>
<div class="author vcard">
<span class="personname fn">
<span class="firstname given-name">Damien</span> <span class="surname family-name">Seguy</span>
</span>
</div>
<div class="author vcard">
<span class="personname fn">
<span class="firstname given-name">Jakub</span> <span class="surname family-name">Vrana</span>
</span>
</div>
<div class="othercredit">
<span class="personname fn">
<span class="othername">
<a href="preface.html#contributors" class="link">And several others</a>
</span>
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pubdate">2013-12-13</div>
<div class="authorgroup" id="editors">
<div class="editor vcard"><strong class="editedby">Edited By</strong>:
<span class="personname fn">
<span class="firstname given-name">Philip</span> <span class="surname family-name">Olson</span>
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="copyright">©
<span class="year">1997-2013</span>
<span class="holder">the PHP Documentation Group</span>
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<ul class="chunklist chunklist_set"><li><a href="copyright.html">Copyright</a></li><li><a href="manual.html">PHP Manual</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="preface.html">Preface</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="getting-started.html">Getting Started</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="introduction.html">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="tutorial.html">A simple tutorial</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="install.html">Installation and Configuration</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="install.general.html">General Installation Considerations</a></li><li><a href="install.unix.html">Installation on Unix systems</a></li><li><a href="install.macosx.html">Installation on Mac OS X</a></li><li><a href="install.windows.html">Installation on Windows systems</a></li><li><a href="install.cloud.html">Installation on Cloud Computing platforms</a></li><li><a href="install.fpm.html">FastCGI Process Manager (FPM)</a></li><li><a href="install.pecl.html">Installation of PECL extensions</a></li><li><a href="install.problems.html">Problems?</a></li><li><a href="configuration.html">Runtime Configuration</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="langref.html">Language Reference</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="language.basic-syntax.html">Basic syntax</a></li><li><a href="language.types.html">Types</a></li><li><a href="language.variables.html">Variables</a></li><li><a href="language.constants.html">Constants</a></li><li><a href="language.expressions.html">Expressions</a></li><li><a href="language.operators.html">Operators</a></li><li><a href="language.control-structures.html">Control Structures</a></li><li><a href="language.functions.html">Functions</a></li><li><a href="language.oop5.html">Classes and Objects</a></li><li><a href="language.namespaces.html">Namespaces</a></li><li><a href="language.exceptions.html">Exceptions</a></li><li><a href="language.generators.html">Generators</a></li><li><a href="language.references.html">References Explained</a></li><li><a href="reserved.variables.html">Predefined Variables</a></li><li><a href="reserved.exceptions.html">Predefined Exceptions</a></li><li><a href="reserved.interfaces.html">Predefined Interfaces and Classes</a></li><li><a href="context.html">Context options and parameters</a></li><li><a href="wrappers.html">Supported Protocols and Wrappers</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="security.html">Security</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="security.intro.html">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="security.general.html">General considerations</a></li><li><a href="security.cgi-bin.html">Installed as CGI binary</a></li><li><a href="security.apache.html">Installed as an Apache module</a></li><li><a href="security.filesystem.html">Filesystem Security</a></li><li><a href="security.database.html">Database Security</a></li><li><a href="security.errors.html">Error Reporting</a></li><li><a href="security.globals.html">Using Register Globals</a></li><li><a href="security.variables.html">User Submitted Data</a></li><li><a href="security.magicquotes.html">Magic Quotes</a></li><li><a href="security.hiding.html">Hiding PHP</a></li><li><a href="security.current.html">Keeping Current</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="features.html">Features</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="features.http-auth.html">HTTP authentication with PHP</a></li><li><a href="features.cookies.html">Cookies</a></li><li><a href="features.sessions.html">Sessions</a></li><li><a href="features.xforms.html">Dealing with XForms</a></li><li><a href="features.file-upload.html">Handling file uploads</a></li><li><a href="features.remote-files.html">Using remote files</a></li><li><a href="features.connection-handling.html">Connection handling</a></li><li><a href="features.persistent-connections.html">Persistent Database Connections</a></li><li><a href="features.safe-mode.html">Safe Mode</a></li><li><a href="features.commandline.html">Command line usage</a> — Using PHP from the command line</li><li><a href="features.gc.html">Garbage Collection</a></li><li><a href="features.dtrace.html">DTrace Dynamic Tracing</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="funcref.html">Function Reference</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="refs.basic.php.html">Affecting PHP's Behaviour</a></li><li><a href="refs.utilspec.audio.html">Audio Formats Manipulation</a></li><li><a href="refs.remote.auth.html">Authentication Services</a></li><li><a href="refs.utilspec.cmdline.html">Command Line Specific Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.compression.html">Compression and Archive Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.creditcard.html">Credit Card Processing</a></li><li><a href="refs.crypto.html">Cryptography Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.database.html">Database Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.calendar.html">Date and Time Related Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.fileprocess.file.html">File System Related Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.international.html">Human Language and Character Encoding Support</a></li><li><a href="refs.utilspec.image.html">Image Processing and Generation</a></li><li><a href="refs.remote.mail.html">Mail Related Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.math.html">Mathematical Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.utilspec.nontext.html">Non-Text MIME Output</a></li><li><a href="refs.fileprocess.process.html">Process Control Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.basic.other.html">Other Basic Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.remote.other.html">Other Services</a></li><li><a href="refs.search.html">Search Engine Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.utilspec.server.html">Server Specific Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.basic.session.html">Session Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.basic.text.html">Text Processing</a></li><li><a href="refs.basic.vartype.html">Variable and Type Related Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.webservice.html">Web Services</a></li><li><a href="refs.utilspec.windows.html">Windows Only Extensions</a></li><li><a href="refs.xml.html">XML Manipulation</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="internals2.html">PHP at the Core: A Hacker's Guide</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="internals2.preface.html">Preface</a></li><li><a href="internals2.memory.html">Memory management</a></li><li><a href="internals2.variables.html">Working with Variables</a></li><li><a href="internals2.funcs.html">Writing Functions</a></li><li><a href="internals2.classes.html">Writing Classes</a></li><li><a href="internals2.resources.html">Working with Resources</a></li><li><a href="internals2.ini.html">Working with INI settings</a></li><li><a href="internals2.streams.html">Working with streams</a></li><li><a href="internals2.counter.html">The "counter" Extension - A Continuing Example</a></li><li><a href="internals2.buildsys.html">The PHP 5 build system</a></li><li><a href="internals2.structure.html">Extension structure</a></li><li><a href="internals2.pdo.html">PDO Driver How-To</a></li><li><a href="internals2.faq.html">Extension FAQs</a></li><li><a href="internals2.apiref.html">Zend Engine 2 API reference</a></li><li><a href="internals2.opcodes.html">Zend Engine 2 Opcodes</a></li><li><a href="internals2.ze1.html">Zend Engine 1</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="faq.html">FAQ</a> — FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions<ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="faq.general.html">General Information</a></li><li><a href="faq.mailinglist.html">Mailing lists</a></li><li><a href="faq.obtaining.html">Obtaining PHP</a></li><li><a href="faq.databases.html">Database issues</a></li><li><a href="faq.installation.html">Installation</a></li><li><a href="faq.build.html">Build Problems</a></li><li><a href="faq.using.html">Using PHP</a></li><li><a href="faq.passwords.html">Password Hashing</a> — Safe Password Hashing</li><li><a href="faq.html.html">PHP and HTML</a></li><li><a href="faq.com.html">PHP and COM</a></li><li><a href="faq.languages.html">PHP and other languages</a></li><li><a href="faq.migration5.html">Migrating from PHP 4 to PHP 5</a></li><li><a href="faq.misc.html">Miscellaneous Questions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="appendices.html">Appendices</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="history.html">History of PHP and Related Projects</a></li><li><a href="migration55.html">Migrating from PHP 5.4.x to PHP 5.5.x</a></li><li><a href="migration54.html">Migrating from PHP 5.3.x to PHP 5.4.x</a></li><li><a href="migration53.html">Migrating from PHP 5.2.x to PHP 5.3.x</a></li><li><a href="migration52.html">Migrating from PHP 5.1.x to PHP 5.2.x</a></li><li><a href="migration51.html">Migrating from PHP 5.0.x to PHP 5.1.x</a></li><li><a href="migration5.html">Migrating from PHP 4 to PHP 5.0.x</a></li><li><a href="oop4.html">Classes and Objects (PHP 4)</a></li><li><a href="debugger.html">Debugging in PHP</a></li><li><a href="configure.html">Configure options</a></li><li><a href="ini.html">php.ini directives</a></li><li><a href="extensions.html">Extension List/Categorization</a></li><li><a href="aliases.html">List of Function Aliases</a></li><li><a href="reserved.html">List of Reserved Words</a></li><li><a href="resource.html">List of Resource Types</a></li><li><a href="filters.html">List of Available Filters</a></li><li><a href="transports.html">List of Supported Socket Transports</a></li><li><a href="types.comparisons.html">PHP type comparison tables</a></li><li><a href="tokens.html">List of Parser Tokens</a></li><li><a href="userlandnaming.html">Userland Naming Guide</a></li><li><a href="about.html">About the manual</a></li><li><a href="cc.license.html">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0</a></li><li><a href="indexes.html">Index listing</a></li><li><a href="doc.changelog.html">Changelog</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><hr /><div class="manualnavbar" style="text-align: center;">
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