############################################################################### # BRLTTY - A background process providing access to the console screen (when in # text mode) for a blind person using a refreshable braille display. # # Copyright (C) 1995-2013 by The BRLTTY Developers. # # BRLTTY comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. # # This is free software, placed under the terms of the # GNU Lesser General Public License, as published by the Free Software # Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any # later version. Please see the file LICENSE-LGPL for details. # # Web Page: http://mielke.cc/brltty/ # # This software is maintained by Dave Mielke <dave@mielke.cc>. ############################################################################### # BRLTTY Contraction Table - International Phonetic Alphabet # # Samuel Thibault <samuel.thibault@ens-lyon.org> # # This is based on the ICEB Braille IPA Draft Table, Nov. 3, 2005 # Typographic Description IPA No Articulatory Description # consonants always p 1234 # lowercase p 101 voiceless bilabial plosive always b 12 # lowercase b 102 voiced bilabial plosive always t 2345 # lowercase t 103 voiceless alveolar plosive always d 145 # lowercase d 104 voiced alveolar plosive always ʈ 256-2345 # right-tail t 105 voiceless retroflex plosive always ɖ 256-145 # right-tail d 106 voiced retroflex plosive always c 14 # lowercase c 107 voiceless palatal plosive always ɟ 35-245 # barred dotless j 108 voiced palatal plosive always k 13 # lowercase k 109 voiceless velar plosive always ɡ 1245 # lowercase script g 110 voiced velar plosive always g 1245 # lowercase g 110 voiced velar plosive (alt. glyph) always q 12345 # lowercase q 111 voiceless uvular plosive always ɢ 35-1245 # small capital g 112 voiced uvular plosive always ʔ 23 # glottal stop 113 glottal plosive always m 134 # lowercase m 114 voiced bilabial nasal always ɱ 235-134 # left-tail m (at right) 115 voiced labiodental nasal always n 1345 # lowercase n 116 voiced alveolar nasal always ɳ 256-1345 # right-tail n 117 voiced retroflex nasal always ɲ 123456 # left-tail n (at left) 118 voiced palatal nasal always ŋ 1246 # eng 119 voiced velar nasal always ɴ 35-1345 # small capital n 120 voiced uvular nasal always ʙ 35-12 # small capital b 121 voiced bilabial trill always r 1235 # lowercase r 122 voiced alveolar trill always ʀ 35-1235 # small capital r 123 voiced uvular trill # 235-1236 # right-hook v labiodental flap always ɾ 235-1235 # fish-hook r 124 voiced alveolar tap always ɽ 256-1235 # right-tail r 125 voiced retroflex flap always ɸ 46-124 # phi 126 voiceless bilabial fricative always β 46-12 # beta 127 voiced bilabial fricative always f 124 # lowercase f 128 voiceless labiodental fricative always v 1236 # lowercase v 129 voiced labiodental fricative always θ 46-1456 # theta 130 voiceless dental fricative always ð 12456 # edh 131 voiced dental fricative always s 234 # lowercase s 132 voiceless alveolar fricative always z 1356 # lowercase z 133 voiced alveolar fricative always ʃ 156 # esh 134 voiceless postalveolar fricative always ʒ 2346 # yogh 135 voiced postalveolar fricative always ʂ 256-234 # right-tail s (at left) 136 voiceless retroflex fricative always ʐ 256-1356 # right-tail z 137 voiced retroflex fricative always ç 235-14 # c cedilla 138 voiceless palatal fricative always ʝ 236-245 # curly-tail j 139 voiced palatal fricative always x 1346 # lowercase x 140 voiceless velar fricative always ɣ 46-1245 # gamma 141 voiced velar fricative always χ 46-12346 # chi 142 voiceless uvular fricative always ʁ 35-3456 # inverted small capital r 143 voiced uvular fricative always ħ 235-125 # crossed h 144 voiceless pharyngeal fricative always ʕ 235-23 # reversed glottal stop 145 voiced pharyngeal fricative always h 125 # lowercase h 146 voiceless glottal fricative always ɦ 236-125 # hooktop h 147 voiced glottal fricative always ɬ 236-123 # belted l 148 voiceless alveolar lateral fricative always ɮ 123-5-2346 # l-yogh digraph 149 voiced alveolar lateral fricative always ʋ 236-1236 # script v 150 voiced labiodental approximant always ɹ 3456 # turned r 151 voiced (post)alveolar approximant always ɻ 256-3456 # turned r, right tail 152 voiced retroflex approximant always j 245 # lowercase j 153 voiced palatal approximant always ɰ 236-134 # turned m, right leg 154 voiced velar approximant always l 123 # lowercase l 155 voiced alveolar lateral approximant always ɭ 256-123 # right-tail l 156 voiced retroflex lateral approxiant always ʎ 236-13456 # turned y 157 voiced palatal lateral approximant always ʟ 35-123 # small capital l 158 voiced velar lateral approximant always ɓ 236-12 # hooktop b 160 voiced bilabial implosive always ɗ 236-145 # hooktop d 162 voiced dental/alveolar implosive always ʄ 236-35-245 # hooktop barred dotless j 164 voiced palatal implosive always ɠ 236-1245 # hooktop g 166 voiced velar implosive always ʛ 236-35-1245 # hooktop small capital g 168 voiced uvular implosive always ʍ 235-2456 # turned w 169 voiceless labial-velar fricative always w 2456 # lowercase w 170 voiced labial-velar approximant always ɥ 256-125 # turned h 171 voiced labial-palatal approximant always ʜ 35-125 # small capital h 172 voiceless epiglottal fricative always ʡ 236-23 # barred glottal stop 173 epiglottal plosive always ʢ 35-23 # barred reversed glottal stop 174 voiced epiglottal fricative always ɧ 236-1246 # hooked eng 175 voiceless multiple-place fricative always ʘ 12346-1234 # bull's eye 176 bilabial click always ǀ 12346-1456 # pipe 177 dental click always ǃ 12346-2345 # exclamation point 178 (post-)alveolar click always ǂ 12346-156 # double-barred pipe 179 palatoalveolar click always ǁ 12346-123 # double pipe 180 alveolar lateral click always ɺ 236-3456 # turned long-leg r 181 voiced alveolar lateral flap always ɕ 236-14 # curly-tail c 182 voiceless alveolopalatal fricative always ʑ 236-1356 # curly-tail z 183 voiced alveolopalatal fricative always ɫ 235-123 # lowercase l with tilde 209 velarized voiced alveolar lateral always ʣ 145-5-1356 # d-z digraph voiced alveolar affricate always ʤ 145-5-2346 # d-yogh digraph voiced postalveolar affricate always ʥ 145-5-236-1356 # d-curly-tail-z digraph voiced alveolopalatal affricate always ʦ 2345-5-234 # t-s digraph voiceless alveolar affricate always ʧ 2345-5-156 # t-esh digraph voiceless postalveolar affricate always ʨ 2345-5-236-14 # t-curly-tail-c digraph voiceless alveolopalatal affricate # Voyels always i 24 # lowercase i 301 close front unrounded vowel always e 15 # lowercase e 302 close-mid front unrounded vowel always ɛ 345 # epsilon 303 open-mid front unrounded vowel always a 1 # lowercase a 304 open front unrounded vowel always ɑ 16 # script a 305 open back unrounded vowel always ɔ 126 # open o 306 open-mid back rounded vowel always o 135 # lowercase o 307 close-mid back rounded vowel always u 136 # lowercase u 308 close back rounded vowel always y 13456 # lowercase y 309 close front rounded vowel always ø 1256 # slashed o 310 close-mid front rounded vowel always œ 246 # o-e digraph 311 open-mid front rounded vowel always ɶ 35-246 # small capital o-e digraph 312 open front rounded vowel always ɒ 235-16 # turned script a 313 open back rounded vowel always ʌ 346 # turned v (caret) 314 open-mid back unrounded vowel always ɤ 235-135 # ram's horns 315 close-mid back unrounded vowel always ɯ 235-136 # turned m 316 close back unrounded vowel always ɨ 356-24 # barred i 317 close central unrounded vowel always ʉ 356-136 # barred u 318 close central rounded vowel always ɪ 34 # small capital i 319 near-close front unrounded vowel always ʏ 35-13456 # small capital y 320 near-close front rounded vowel always ʊ 12356 # upsilon 321 near-close back rounded vowel always ə 26 # schwa 322 mid central unrounded vowel always ɵ 356-135 # barred o 323 close-mid central rounded vowel always ɐ 235-1 # turned a 324 near-open central unrounded vowel always æ 146 # ash 325 near-open front unrounded vowel always ɜ 235-345 # reversed epsilon 326 open-mid central unrounded vowel always ɚ 26-5-1235 # schwa with hook 327 rhotacized schwa always ɞ 236-345 # closed reversed epsilon 395 open-mid central rounded vowel always ɘ 235-15 # reversed e 397 open-mid central unrounded vowel always ʼ 5-3 # apostrophe 401 ejective always ̥ 6-1246 # ring below 402 voiceless always ̊ 4-1246 # ring above 402 voiceless always ̬ 6-236 # wedge below 403 voiced always ʰ 4-125 # superscript h 404 aspirated always ̤ 6-25 # umlaut below 405 breathy voiced always ̰ 6-12456 # tilde below 406 creaky voiced always ̼ 6-12346 # seagull below 407 linguolabial always ̪ 6-1456 # bridge below 408 dental always ̺ 6-235-1456 # inverted bridge below 409 apical always ̻ 6-2356 # square below 410 laminal always ̹ 6-135 # right half-ring below 411 more rounded always ̜ 6-246 # left half-ring below 412 less rounded always ̟ 6-346 # plus below 413 advanced always ̠ 6-36 # minus below 414 retracted always ̈ 4-25 # umlaut above 415 centralized always ̽ 4-1346 # over-cross above 416 mid-centralized always ̘ 6-156 # advancing sign below 417 advanced tongue root always ̙ 6-234 # retracting sign below 418 retracted tongue root always ˞ 5-1235 # right hook 419 rhotacized always ʷ 4-2456 # superscript w 420 labialized always ʲ 4-245 # superscript j 421 palatalized always ˠ 4-46-1245 # superscript gamma 422 velarized always ˤ 4-235-23 # superscript reversed glottal stop 423 pharyngealized always ̃ 4-12456 # tiled above 424 nasalized always ⁿ 4-1345 # superscript n 425 nasal release always ˡ 4-123 # superscript l 426 lateral release always ̚ 4-145 # corner above 427 no audible release always ̴ 5-12456 # superimposed tilde 428 velarized or pharyngealized always ̝ 6-345 # raising sign below 429 raised always ̞ 6-126 # lowering sign below 430 lowered always ̩ 6-23 # vertical line below 431 syllabic always ̯ 6-23456 # arch below 432 non-syllabic always ͡ 5 # top tie bar 433 double articulation always , 2 # comma 491 (punctuation) always ˈ 456-12 # vertical stroke (superior) 501 (primary) stress mark always ˌ 456-23 # vertical stroke (inferior) 502 secondary stress mark always ː 25 # length mark 503 length mark always ˑ 5-2 # half-length mark 504 half-length always ̆ 4-12356 # breve above 505 extra-short always . 3 # period 506 syllable break always | 456-1256 # vertical line 507 minor (foot) group always ‖ 456-123456 # double vertical line 508 major (intonation) group always ‿ 456-123 # bottom tie bar 509 linking (absence of a break) always ↗ 456-145 # upward diagonal arrow 510 global rise always ↘ 456-356 # downward diagonal arrow 511 global fall always ̋ 4-6-34 # double acute accent above 512 extra high tone always ́ 4-34 # acute accent above 513 high tone always ̄ 4-14 # macron above 514 mid tone always ̀ 4-16 # grave accent above 515 low tone always ̏ 4-6-16 # double grave accent above 516 extra low tone always ↓ 456-2346 # down arrow 517 downstep always ↑ 456-1246 # up arrow 518 upstep always ˥ 456-4-14 # extra-high tone bar (55) 519 extra hight tone always ˦ 456-14 # high tone bar (44) 520 hight tone always ˧ 456-25 # mid tone bar (33) 521 mid tone always ˨ 456-36 # low tone bar (22) 522 low tone always ˩ 456-6-36 # extra-low tone bar (11) 523 extra low tone always ̌ 4-236 # wedge above 524 rising tone # 456-34 # rising tone bar (15) rising tone always ̂ 4-146 # circumflex above 525 falling tone # 456-16 # falling tone bar (15) falling tone always 4-24 # macro-acute above 526 high-rising tone # 456-24 # high-rising tone bar (35) high-rising tone always 4-35 # grave-macro above 527 low-rising tone # 456-35 # low-rising tone bar (13) low-rising tone always 4-256 # grave-acute-grave above 528 rising-falling tone # also used for switch into/out into/out of phonetic code. always [ 45-12356 # left square bracket 901 opening phonetic brackets always ] 45-23456 # right square bracket 902 closing phonetic brackets always / 45-34 # slash phonemic enclosure always → 456-135 # rightward arrow becomes (is realized as) always - 36 # hyphen (dash) (punctuation) # 56 # The following symbol is non-IPA and should be read in accordance with the primary braille code of the document # 56-56 # The following passage is non-IPA and should be read in accordance with the primary braille code of the document # 56-23 # Terminates a passage of non-IPA texte (opened by 56-56); return to IPA code
