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Mako 1.0.0 Documentation
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Syntax
<h2>
Syntax
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<h3><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Syntax</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#expression-substitution">Expression Substitution</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#expression-escaping">Expression Escaping</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#control-structures">Control Structures</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-loop-context">The Loop Context</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#comments">Comments</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#newline-filters">Newline Filters</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-blocks">Python Blocks</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-level-blocks">Module-level Blocks</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tags">Tags</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#page"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%page></span></tt></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#include"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%include></span></tt></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#def"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%def></span></tt></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#block"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%block></span></tt></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#namespace"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%namespace></span></tt></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#inherit"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%inherit></span></tt></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#nsname-defname"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%</span></tt>nsname<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">:</span></tt>defname<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">></span></tt></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#call"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%call></span></tt></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#doc"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%doc></span></tt></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#text"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%text></span></tt></a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#returning-early-from-a-template">Returning Early from a Template</a></li>
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<div class="section" id="syntax">
<span id="syntax-toplevel"></span><h1>Syntax<a class="headerlink" href="#syntax" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>A Mako template is parsed from a text stream containing any kind
of content, XML, HTML, email text, etc. The template can further
contain Mako-specific directives which represent variable and/or
expression substitutions, control structures (i.e. conditionals
and loops), server-side comments, full blocks of Python code, as
well as various tags that offer additional functionality. All of
these constructs compile into real Python code. This means that
you can leverage the full power of Python in almost every aspect
of a Mako template.</p>
<div class="section" id="expression-substitution">
<h2>Expression Substitution<a class="headerlink" href="#expression-substitution" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The simplest expression is just a variable substitution. The
syntax for this is the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">${}</span></tt> construct, which is inspired by
Perl, Genshi, JSP EL, and others:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">this is x: </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Above, the string representation of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span></tt> is applied to the
template’s output stream. If you’re wondering where <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span></tt> comes
from, it’s usually from the <a class="reference internal" href="runtime.html#mako.runtime.Context" title="mako.runtime.Context"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Context</span></tt></a> supplied to the
template’s rendering function. If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span></tt> was not supplied to the
template and was not otherwise assigned locally, it evaluates to
a special value <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UNDEFINED</span></tt>. More on that later.</p>
<p>The contents within the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">${}</span></tt> tag are evaluated by Python
directly, so full expressions are OK:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">pythagorean theorem: </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The results of the expression are evaluated into a string result
in all cases before being rendered to the output stream, such as
the above example where the expression produces a numeric
result.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="expression-escaping">
<h2>Expression Escaping<a class="headerlink" href="#expression-escaping" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Mako includes a number of built-in escaping mechanisms,
including HTML, URI and XML escaping, as well as a “trim”
function. These escapes can be added to an expression
substitution using the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">|</span></tt> operator:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">${</span><span class="s">"this is some text"</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">u</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above expression applies URL escaping to the expression, and
produces <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">this+is+some+text</span></tt>. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">u</span></tt> name indicates URL
escaping, whereas <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">h</span></tt> represents HTML escaping, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span></tt>
represents XML escaping, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trim</span></tt> applies a trim function.</p>
<p>Read more about built-in filtering functions, including how to
make your own filter functions, in <a class="reference internal" href="filtering.html"><em>Filtering and Buffering</em></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="control-structures">
<h2>Control Structures<a class="headerlink" href="#control-structures" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>A control structure refers to all those things that control the
flow of a program – conditionals (i.e. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span></tt>/<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">else</span></tt>), loops (like
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">while</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">for</span></tt>), as well as things like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">try</span></tt>/<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">except</span></tt>. In Mako,
control structures are written using the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%</span></tt> marker followed
by a regular Python control expression, and are “closed” by
using another <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%</span></tt> marker with the tag “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">end<name></span></tt>”, where
“<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><name></span></tt>” is the keyword of the expression:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> this is some output</span>
<span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endif</span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%</span></tt> can appear anywhere on the line as long as no text
precedes it; indentation is not significant. The full range of
Python “colon” expressions are allowed here, including
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span></tt>/<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">elif</span></tt>/<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">else</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">while</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">for</span></tt>, and even <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">def</span></tt>, although
Mako has a built-in tag for defs which is more full-featured.</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'one'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'two'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'three'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'four'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'five'</span><span class="p">]:</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">'t'</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> its two or three</span>
<span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">'f'</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> four/five</span>
<span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> one</span>
<span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endif</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endfor</span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%</span></tt> sign can also be “escaped”, if you actually want to
emit a percent sign as the first non whitespace character on a
line, by escaping it as in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%%</span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">%% some text</span>
<span class="x"> %% some more text</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-loop-context">
<h3>The Loop Context<a class="headerlink" href="#the-loop-context" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The <strong>loop context</strong> provides additional information about a loop
while inside of a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">for</span></tt> structure:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x"><ul></span>
<span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"one"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"two"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"three"</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> <li>Item </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">loop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x">: </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></li></span>
<span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endfor</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"></ul></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="runtime.html#loop-context"><em>The Loop Context</em></a> for more information on this feature.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span>New in version 0.7.</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="comments">
<h2>Comments<a class="headerlink" href="#comments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Comments come in two varieties. The single line comment uses
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">##</span></tt> as the first non-space characters on a line:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">## this is a comment.</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x">...text ...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A multiline version exists using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%doc></span> <span class="pre">...text...</span> <span class="pre"></%doc></span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%doc></span>
<span class="cp"> these are comments</span>
<span class="cp"> more comments</span>
<span class="cp"></%doc></span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="newline-filters">
<h2>Newline Filters<a class="headerlink" href="#newline-filters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The backslash (“<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\</span></tt>”) character, placed at the end of any
line, will consume the newline character before continuing to
the next line:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">here is a line that goes onto </span><span class="o">\</span>
<span class="x">another line.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above text evaluates to:</p>
<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>here is a line that goes onto another line.
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="python-blocks">
<h2>Python Blocks<a class="headerlink" href="#python-blocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Any arbitrary block of python can be dropped in using the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%</span>
<span class="pre">%></span></tt> tags:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">this is a template</span>
<span class="cp"><%</span>
<span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_resource</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">element</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">z</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">frobnizzle</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="cp">%></span>
<span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">elem</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> element: </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">elem</span><span class="cp">}</span>
<span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endfor</span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Within <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%</span> <span class="pre">%></span></tt>, you’re writing a regular block of Python code.
While the code can appear with an arbitrary level of preceding
whitespace, it has to be consistently formatted with itself.
Mako’s compiler will adjust the block of Python to be consistent
with the surrounding generated Python code.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="module-level-blocks">
<h2>Module-level Blocks<a class="headerlink" href="#module-level-blocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>A variant on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%</span> <span class="pre">%></span></tt> is the module-level code block, denoted
by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%!</span> <span class="pre">%></span></tt>. Code within these tags is executed at the module
level of the template, and not within the rendering function of
the template. Therefore, this code does not have access to the
template’s context and is only executed when the template is
loaded into memory (which can be only once per application, or
more, depending on the runtime environment). Use the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%!</span> <span class="pre">%></span></tt>
tags to declare your template’s imports, as well as any
pure-Python functions you might want to declare:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%!</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mylib</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">re</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r'^@'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">''</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="cp">%></span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Any number of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%!</span> <span class="pre">%></span></tt> blocks can be declared anywhere in a
template; they will be rendered in the resulting module
in a single contiguous block above all render callables,
in the order in which they appear in the source template.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="tags">
<h2>Tags<a class="headerlink" href="#tags" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The rest of what Mako offers takes place in the form of tags.
All tags use the same syntax, which is similar to an XML tag
except that the first character of the tag name is a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%</span></tt>
character. The tag is closed either by a contained slash
character, or an explicit closing tag:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">include</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"foo.txt"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"foo"</span> <span class="na">buffered=</span><span class="s">"True"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> this is a def</span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>All tags have a set of attributes which are defined for each
tag. Some of these attributes are required. Also, many
attributes support <strong>evaluation</strong>, meaning you can embed an
expression (using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">${}</span></tt>) inside the attribute text:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">include</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"/foo/bar/${myfile}.txt"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Whether or not an attribute accepts runtime evaluation depends
on the type of tag and how that tag is compiled into the
template. The best way to find out if you can stick an
expression in is to try it! The lexer will tell you if it’s not
valid.</p>
<p>Heres a quick summary of all the tags:</p>
<div class="section" id="page">
<h3><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%page></span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#page" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>This tag defines general characteristics of the template,
including caching arguments, and optional lists of arguments
which the template expects when invoked.</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">page</span> <span class="na">args=</span><span class="s">"x, y, z='default'"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Or a page tag that defines caching characteristics:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">page</span> <span class="na">cached=</span><span class="s">"True"</span> <span class="na">cache_type=</span><span class="s">"memory"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Currently, only one <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%page></span></tt> tag gets used per template, the
rest get ignored. While this will be improved in a future
release, for now make sure you have only one <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%page></span></tt> tag
defined in your template, else you may not get the results you
want. The details of what <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%page></span></tt> is used for are described
further in <a class="reference internal" href="namespaces.html#namespaces-body"><em>The body() Method</em></a> as well as <a class="reference internal" href="caching.html"><em>Caching</em></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="include">
<h3><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%include></span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#include" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>A tag that is familiar from other template languages, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%include</span></tt>
is a regular joe that just accepts a file argument and calls in
the rendered result of that file:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">include</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"header.html"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> hello world</span>
<span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">include</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"footer.html"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Include also accepts arguments which are available as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%page></span></tt> arguments in the receiving template:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">include</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"toolbar.html"</span> <span class="na">args=</span><span class="s">"current_section='members', username='ed'"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="def">
<h3><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%def></span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#def" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%def</span></tt> tag defines a Python function which contains a set
of content, that can be called at some other point in the
template. The basic idea is simple:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"myfunc(x)"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> this is myfunc, x is </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">myfunc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%def</span></tt> tag is a lot more powerful than a plain Python <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">def</span></tt>, as
the Mako compiler provides many extra services with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%def</span></tt> that
you wouldn’t normally have, such as the ability to export defs
as template “methods”, automatic propagation of the current
<a class="reference internal" href="runtime.html#mako.runtime.Context" title="mako.runtime.Context"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Context</span></tt></a>, buffering/filtering/caching flags, and def calls
with content, which enable packages of defs to be sent as
arguments to other def calls (not as hard as it sounds). Get the
full deal on what <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%def</span></tt> can do in <a class="reference internal" href="defs.html"><em>Defs and Blocks</em></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="block">
<h3><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%block></span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#block" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%block</span></tt> is a tag that is close to a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%def</span></tt>,
except executes itself immediately in its base-most scope,
and can also be anonymous (i.e. with no name):</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">filter=</span><span class="s">"h"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> some <html> stuff.</span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Inspired by Jinja2 blocks, named blocks offer a syntactically pleasing way
to do inheritance:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x"><html></span>
<span class="x"> <body></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> <h2></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"title"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></h2></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </body></span>
<span class="x"></html></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Blocks are introduced in <a class="reference internal" href="defs.html#blocks"><em>Using Blocks</em></a> and further described in <a class="reference internal" href="inheritance.html"><em>Inheritance</em></a>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span>New in version 0.4.1.</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="namespace">
<h3><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%namespace></span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#namespace" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%namespace</span></tt> is Mako’s equivalent of Python’s <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span></tt>
statement. It allows access to all the rendering functions and
metadata of other template files, plain Python modules, as well
as locally defined “packages” of functions.</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">namespace</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"functions.html"</span> <span class="na">import=</span><span class="s">"*"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The underlying object generated by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%namespace</span></tt>, an instance of
<a class="reference internal" href="namespaces.html#mako.runtime.Namespace" title="mako.runtime.Namespace"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">mako.runtime.Namespace</span></tt></a>, is a central construct used in
templates to reference template-specific information such as the
current URI, inheritance structures, and other things that are
not as hard as they sound right here. Namespaces are described
in <a class="reference internal" href="namespaces.html"><em>Namespaces</em></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="inherit">
<h3><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%inherit></span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#inherit" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Inherit allows templates to arrange themselves in <strong>inheritance
chains</strong>. This is a concept familiar in many other template
languages.</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">inherit</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"base.html"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>When using the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%inherit</span></tt> tag, control is passed to the topmost
inherited template first, which then decides how to handle
calling areas of content from its inheriting templates. Mako
offers a lot of flexibility in this area, including dynamic
inheritance, content wrapping, and polymorphic method calls.
Check it out in <a class="reference internal" href="inheritance.html"><em>Inheritance</em></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="nsname-defname">
<h3><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%</span></tt>nsname<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">:</span></tt>defname<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">></span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#nsname-defname" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Any user-defined “tag” can be created against
a namespace by using a tag with a name of the form
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%<namespacename>:<defname>></span></tt>. The closed and open formats of such a
tag are equivalent to an inline expression and the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%call></span></tt>
tag, respectively.</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">mynamespace:somedef</span> <span class="na">param=</span><span class="s">"some value"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> this is the body</span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">mynamespace:somedef</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To create custom tags which accept a body, see
<a class="reference internal" href="defs.html#defs-with-content"><em>Calling a Def with Embedded Content and/or Other Defs</em></a>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span>New in version 0.2.3.</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="call">
<h3><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%call></span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#call" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The call tag is the “classic” form of a user-defined tag, and is
roughly equivalent to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%namespacename:defname></span></tt> syntax
described above. This tag is also described in <a class="reference internal" href="defs.html#defs-with-content"><em>Calling a Def with Embedded Content and/or Other Defs</em></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="doc">
<h3><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%doc></span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doc" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%doc</span></tt> tag handles multiline comments:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%doc></span>
<span class="cp"> these are comments</span>
<span class="cp"> more comments</span>
<span class="cp"></%doc></span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Also the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">##</span></tt> symbol as the first non-space characters on a line can be used for single line comments.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="text">
<h3><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%text></span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#text" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>This tag suspends the Mako lexer’s normal parsing of Mako
template directives, and returns its entire body contents as
plain text. It is used pretty much to write documentation about
Mako:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">text</span> <span class="na">filter=</span><span class="s">"h"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> heres some fake mako </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">syntax</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"x()"</span><span class="cp">>${</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="cp">}</%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">text</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="returning-early-from-a-template">
<h2>Returning Early from a Template<a class="headerlink" href="#returning-early-from-a-template" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Sometimes you want to stop processing a template or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%def></span></tt>
method in the middle and just use the text you’ve accumulated so
far. You can use a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">return</span></tt> statement inside a Python
block to do that.</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">records</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="x"></span>
<span class="x"> No records found.</span>
<span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="cp">%></span>
<span class="cp">%</span><span class="k"> endif</span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Or perhaps:</p>
<div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp"><%</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">records</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span>
<span class="cp">%></span><span class="x"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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