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<div class="section" id="log">
<h1>log<a class="headerlink" href="#log" title="Permalink to this headline">ΒΆ</a></h1>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Purpose:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Show historical log for a branch or subset of a branch.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Usage:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">bzr log [FILE...]</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Options:</th><td class="field-body"><table class="first docutils option-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="option" />
<col class="description" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="option-group">
<kbd><span class="option">--signatures</span></kbd></td>
<td><p class="first last">Show digital signature validity.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group">
<kbd><span class="option">-v</span>, <span class="option">--verbose</span></kbd></td>
<td><p class="first last">Show files changed in each revision.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group" colspan="2">
<kbd><span class="option">--include-merged</span></kbd></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td><td><p class="first last">Show merged revisions like –levels 0 does.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group">
<kbd><span class="option">--timezone=<var>ARG</var></span></kbd></td>
<td><p class="first last">Display timezone as local, original, or utc.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group">
<kbd><span class="option">-h</span>, <span class="option">--help</span></kbd></td>
<td><p class="first last">Show help message.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group" colspan="2">
<kbd><span class="option">-p</span>, <span class="option">--show-diff</span></kbd></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td><td><p class="first last">Show changes made in each revision as a patch.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group">
<kbd><span class="option">--forward</span></kbd></td>
<td><p class="first last">Show from oldest to newest.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group" colspan="2">
<kbd><span class="option">-m <var>ARG</var></span>, <span class="option">--match=<var>ARG</var></span></kbd></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td><td><p class="first last">Show revisions whose properties match this expression.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group" colspan="2">
<kbd><span class="option">-r <var>ARG</var></span>, <span class="option">--revision=<var>ARG</var></span></kbd></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td><td><p class="first last">See “help revisionspec” for details.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group">
<kbd><span class="option">--omit-merges</span></kbd></td>
<td><p class="first last">Do not report commits with more than one parent.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group">
<kbd><span class="option">--usage</span></kbd></td>
<td><p class="first last">Show usage message and options.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group" colspan="2">
<kbd><span class="option">-n <var>N</var></span>, <span class="option">--levels=<var>N</var></span></kbd></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td><td><p class="first last">Number of levels to display - 0 for all, 1 for flat.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group">
<kbd><span class="option">--authors=<var>ARG</var></span></kbd></td>
<td><p class="first last">What names to list as authors - first, all or
committer.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group" colspan="2">
<kbd><span class="option">--match-author=<var>ARG</var></span></kbd></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td><td><p class="first last">Show revisions whose authors match this expression.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group" colspan="2">
<kbd><span class="option">--match-message=<var>ARG</var></span></kbd></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td><td><p class="first last">Show revisions whose message matches this expression.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group" colspan="2">
<kbd><span class="option">-c <var>ARG</var></span>, <span class="option">--change=<var>ARG</var></span></kbd></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td><td><p class="first last">Show just the specified revision. See also “help
revisionspec”.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group" colspan="2">
<kbd><span class="option">--match-bugs=<var>ARG</var></span></kbd></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td><td><p class="first last">Show revisions whose bugs match this expression.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group">
<kbd><span class="option">-q</span>, <span class="option">--quiet</span></kbd></td>
<td><p class="first last">Only display errors and warnings.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group" colspan="2">
<kbd><span class="option">--match-committer=<var>ARG</var></span></kbd></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td><td><p class="first last">Show revisions whose committer matches this
expression.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group" colspan="2">
<kbd><span class="option">-l <var>N</var></span>, <span class="option">--limit=<var>N</var></span></kbd></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td><td><p class="first last">Limit the output to the first N revisions.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group">
<kbd><span class="option">--show-ids</span></kbd></td>
<td><p class="first last">Show internal object ids.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group" colspan="2">
<kbd><span class="option">--exclude-common-ancestry</span></kbd></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td><td><p class="first last">Display only the revisions that are not part of both
ancestries (require -rX..Y).</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>Log format:</dt>
<dd><table class="first last docutils option-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="option" />
<col class="description" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="option-group" colspan="2">
<kbd><span class="option">--log-format=<var>ARG</var></span></kbd></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td><td><p class="first last">Use specified log format.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group" colspan="2">
<kbd><span class="option">--gnu-changelog</span></kbd></td>
</tr>
<tr><td> </td><td><p class="first last">Format used by GNU ChangeLog files.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group">
<kbd><span class="option">--line</span></kbd></td>
<td><p class="first last">Log format with one line per revision.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group">
<kbd><span class="option">--long</span></kbd></td>
<td><p class="first last">Detailed log format.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="option-group">
<kbd><span class="option">-S</span>, <span class="option">--short</span></kbd></td>
<td><p class="first last">Moderately short log format.</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Description:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">log is bzr’s default tool for exploring the history of a branch.
The branch to use is taken from the first parameter. If no parameters
are given, the branch containing the working directory is logged.
Here are some simple examples:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>bzr log log the current branch
bzr log foo.py log a file in its branch
bzr log http://server/branch log a branch on a server
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The filtering, ordering and information shown for each revision can
be controlled as explained below. By default, all revisions are
shown sorted (topologically) so that newer revisions appear before
older ones and descendants always appear before ancestors. If displayed,
merged revisions are shown indented under the revision in which they
were merged.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Output control:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The log format controls how information about each revision is
displayed. The standard log formats are called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">long</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">short</span></tt>
and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">line</span></tt>. The default is long. See <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bzr</span> <span class="pre">help</span> <span class="pre">log-formats</span></tt>
for more details on log formats.</p>
<p>The following options can be used to control what information is
displayed:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-l N display a maximum of N revisions
-n N display N levels of revisions (0 for all, 1 for collapsed)
-v display a status summary (delta) for each revision
-p display a diff (patch) for each revision
--show-ids display revision-ids (and file-ids), not just revnos
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that the default number of levels to display is a function of the
log format. If the -n option is not used, the standard log formats show
just the top level (mainline).</p>
<p>Status summaries are shown using status flags like A, M, etc. To see
the changes explained using words like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">added</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">modified</span></tt>
instead, use the -vv option.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">Ordering control:</th></tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><td> </td><td class="field-body"><p class="first">To display revisions from oldest to newest, use the –forward option.
In most cases, using this option will have little impact on the total
time taken to produce a log, though –forward does not incrementally
display revisions like –reverse does when it can.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">Revision filtering:</th></tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><td> </td><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The -r option can be used to specify what revision or range of revisions
to filter against. The various forms are shown below:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-rX display revision X
-rX.. display revision X and later
-r..Y display up to and including revision Y
-rX..Y display from X to Y inclusive
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>See <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bzr</span> <span class="pre">help</span> <span class="pre">revisionspec</span></tt> for details on how to specify X and Y.
Some common examples are given below:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-r-1 show just the tip
-r-10.. show the last 10 mainline revisions
-rsubmit:.. show what's new on this branch
-rancestor:path.. show changes since the common ancestor of this
branch and the one at location path
-rdate:yesterday.. show changes since yesterday
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>When logging a range of revisions using -rX..Y, log starts at
revision Y and searches back in history through the primary
(“left-hand”) parents until it finds X. When logging just the
top level (using -n1), an error is reported if X is not found
along the way. If multi-level logging is used (-n0), X may be
a nested merge revision and the log will be truncated accordingly.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Path filtering:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">If parameters are given and the first one is not a branch, the log
will be filtered to show only those revisions that changed the
nominated files or directories.</p>
<p>Filenames are interpreted within their historical context. To log a
deleted file, specify a revision range so that the file existed at
the end or start of the range.</p>
<p>Historical context is also important when interpreting pathnames of
renamed files/directories. Consider the following example:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>revision 1: add tutorial.txt</li>
<li>revision 2: modify tutorial.txt</li>
<li>revision 3: rename tutorial.txt to guide.txt; add tutorial.txt</li>
</ul>
<p>In this case:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bzr</span> <span class="pre">log</span> <span class="pre">guide.txt</span></tt> will log the file added in revision 1</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bzr</span> <span class="pre">log</span> <span class="pre">tutorial.txt</span></tt> will log the new file added in revision 3</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bzr</span> <span class="pre">log</span> <span class="pre">-r2</span> <span class="pre">-p</span> <span class="pre">tutorial.txt</span></tt> will show the changes made to
the original file in revision 2.</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bzr</span> <span class="pre">log</span> <span class="pre">-r2</span> <span class="pre">-p</span> <span class="pre">guide.txt</span></tt> will display an error message as there
was no file called guide.txt in revision 2.</li>
</ul>
<p>Renames are always followed by log. By design, there is no need to
explicitly ask for this (and no way to stop logging a file back
until it was last renamed).</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">Other filtering:</th></tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><td> </td><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The –match option can be used for finding revisions that match a
regular expression in a commit message, committer, author or bug.
Specifying the option several times will match any of the supplied
expressions. –match-author, –match-bugs, –match-committer and
–match-message can be used to only match a specific field.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Tips & tricks:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">GUI tools and IDEs are often better at exploring history than command
line tools: you may prefer qlog or viz from qbzr or bzr-gtk, the
bzr-explorer shell, or the Loggerhead web interface. See the Plugin
Guide <<a class="reference external" href="http://doc.bazaar.canonical.com/plugins/en/">http://doc.bazaar.canonical.com/plugins/en/</a>> and
<<a class="reference external" href="http://wiki.bazaar.canonical.com/IDEIntegration">http://wiki.bazaar.canonical.com/IDEIntegration</a>>.</p>
<p>You may find it useful to add the aliases below to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bazaar.conf</span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">ALIASES</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">tip</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">log</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="n">top</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">log</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">l10</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">line</span>
<span class="n">show</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">log</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">p</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bzr</span> <span class="pre">tip</span></tt> will then show the latest revision while <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bzr</span> <span class="pre">top</span></tt>
will show the last 10 mainline revisions. To see the details of a
particular revision X, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bzr</span> <span class="pre">show</span> <span class="pre">-rX</span></tt>.</p>
<p>If you are interested in looking deeper into a particular merge X,
use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bzr</span> <span class="pre">log</span> <span class="pre">-n0</span> <span class="pre">-rX</span></tt>.</p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bzr</span> <span class="pre">log</span> <span class="pre">-v</span></tt> on a branch with lots of history is currently
very slow. A fix for this issue is currently under development.
With or without that fix, it is recommended that a revision range
be given when using the -v option.</p>
<p>bzr has a generic full-text matching plugin, bzr-search, that can be
used to find revisions matching user names, commit messages, etc.
Among other features, this plugin can find all revisions containing
a list of words but not others.</p>
<p>When exploring non-mainline history on large projects with deep
history, the performance of log can be greatly improved by installing
the historycache plugin. This plugin buffers historical information
trading disk space for faster speed.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">See also:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last"><a class="reference internal" href="log-formats-help.html"><em>log-formats</em></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="revisionspec-help.html"><em>revisionspec</em></a></p>
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