<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>Python Documentation contents — Python 3.5.3 documentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pydoctheme.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
<script type="text/javascript">
var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
URL_ROOT: './',
VERSION: '3.5.3',
COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
HAS_SOURCE: true
};
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="_static/sidebar.js"></script>
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
title="Search within Python 3.5.3 documentation"
href="_static/opensearch.xml"/>
<link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="about.html" />
<link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="copyright.html" />
<link rel="top" title="Python 3.5.3 documentation" href="#" />
<link rel="next" title="What’s New in Python" href="whatsnew/index.html" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="_static/py.png" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="_static/copybutton.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="_static/version_switch.js"></script>
</head>
<body role="document">
<div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
<h3>Navigation</h3>
<ul>
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
<a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
accesskey="I">index</a></li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
>modules</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="whatsnew/index.html" title="What’s New in Python"
accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
<li><img src="_static/py.png" alt=""
style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
<li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>
<li>
<span class="version_switcher_placeholder">3.5.3</span>
<a href="index.html">Documentation </a> »
</li>
<li class="right">
<div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search">
<form class="inline-search" action="search.html" method="get">
<input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" />
<input type="submit" value="Go" />
<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
</form>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script>
|
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="document">
<div class="documentwrapper">
<div class="bodywrapper">
<div class="body" role="main">
<div class="section" id="python-documentation-contents">
<h1>Python Documentation contents<a class="headerlink" href="#python-documentation-contents" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/index.html">What’s New in Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html">What’s New In Python 3.5</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-492-coroutines-with-async-and-await-syntax">PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-465-a-dedicated-infix-operator-for-matrix-multiplication">PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-448-additional-unpacking-generalizations">PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-461-percent-formatting-support-for-bytes-and-bytearray">PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-484-type-hints">PEP 484 - Type Hints</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-471-os-scandir-function-a-better-and-faster-directory-iterator">PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-475-retry-system-calls-failing-with-eintr">PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-479-change-stopiteration-handling-inside-generators">PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-485-a-function-for-testing-approximate-equality">PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-486-make-the-python-launcher-aware-of-virtual-environments">PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-488-elimination-of-pyo-files">PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-489-multi-phase-extension-module-initialization">PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#typing">typing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#zipapp">zipapp</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#argparse">argparse</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#bz2">bz2</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#cgi">cgi</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#cmath">cmath</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#code">code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#collections">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#compileall">compileall</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#configparser">configparser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#csv">csv</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#curses">curses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#difflib">difflib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#doctest">doctest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#email">email</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#enum">enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#functools">functools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#glob">glob</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#gzip">gzip</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#heapq">heapq</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#http">http</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#http-client">http.client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#imghdr">imghdr</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#io">io</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#json">json</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#linecache">linecache</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#locale">locale</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#logging">logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#lzma">lzma</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#math">math</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#operator">operator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#poplib">poplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#re">re</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#readline">readline</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#selectors">selectors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#signal">signal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sndhdr">sndhdr</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#ssl">ssl</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#memory-bio-support">Memory BIO Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#application-layer-protocol-negotiation-support">Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#other-changes">Other Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sys">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sysconfig">sysconfig</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#threading">threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#time">time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#timeit">timeit</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#traceback">traceback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#types">types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#urllib">urllib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#wsgiref">wsgiref</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#xmlrpc">xmlrpc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#xml-sax">xml.sax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#other-module-level-changes">Other module-level changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#new-keywords">New Keywords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python Behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unsupported-operating-systems">Unsupported Operating Systems</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#removed">Removed</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#porting-to-python-3-5">Porting to Python 3.5</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html">What’s New In Python 3.4</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release Highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-453-explicit-bootstrapping-of-pip-in-python-installations">PEP 453: Explicit Bootstrapping of PIP in Python Installations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#bootstrapping-pip-by-default">Bootstrapping pip By Default</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#documentation-changes">Documentation Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-446-newly-created-file-descriptors-are-non-inheritable">PEP 446: Newly Created File Descriptors Are Non-Inheritable</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#improvements-to-codec-handling">Improvements to Codec Handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-451-a-modulespec-type-for-the-import-system">PEP 451: A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#ensurepip">ensurepip</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#enum">enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#selectors">selectors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#statistics">statistics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#abc">abc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#aifc">aifc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#argparse">argparse</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#audioop">audioop</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#base64">base64</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#collections">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#colorsys">colorsys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#dis">dis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#doctest">doctest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#email">email</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#filecmp">filecmp</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#functools">functools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#gc">gc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#glob">glob</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#hmac">hmac</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#html">html</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#http">http</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#logging">logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#marshal">marshal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#mmap">mmap</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#operator">operator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#plistlib">plistlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#poplib">poplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pprint">pprint</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pty">pty</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#re">re</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#resource">resource</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#select">select</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#shelve">shelve</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#stat">stat</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#struct">struct</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#sunau">sunau</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#sys">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#textwrap">textwrap</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#threading">threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#traceback">traceback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#types">types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#urllib">urllib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#venv">venv</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#wave">wave</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#weakref">weakref</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#xml-etree">xml.etree</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#cpython-implementation-changes">CPython Implementation Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-445-customization-of-cpython-memory-allocators">PEP 445: Customization of CPython Memory Allocators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-442-safe-object-finalization">PEP 442: Safe Object Finalization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-456-secure-and-interchangeable-hash-algorithm">PEP 456: Secure and Interchangeable Hash Algorithm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-436-argument-clinic">PEP 436: Argument Clinic</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#other-build-and-c-api-changes">Other Build and C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#other-improvements">Other Improvements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#significant-optimizations">Significant Optimizations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#deprecations-in-the-python-api">Deprecations in the Python API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#deprecated-features">Deprecated Features</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#removed">Removed</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#operating-systems-no-longer-supported">Operating Systems No Longer Supported</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#code-cleanups">Code Cleanups</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#porting-to-python-3-4">Porting to Python 3.4</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#changes-in-python-command-behavior">Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#changed-in-3-4-3">Changed in 3.4.3</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-476-enabling-certificate-verification-by-default-for-stdlib-http-clients">PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html">What’s New In Python 3.3</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-405-virtual-environments">PEP 405: Virtual Environments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-420-implicit-namespace-packages">PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-3118-new-memoryview-implementation-and-buffer-protocol-documentation">PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#features">Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#api-changes">API changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-393-flexible-string-representation">PEP 393: Flexible String Representation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#functionality">Functionality</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#performance-and-resource-usage">Performance and resource usage</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-397-python-launcher-for-windows">PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-3151-reworking-the-os-and-io-exception-hierarchy">PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-380-syntax-for-delegating-to-a-subgenerator">PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-409-suppressing-exception-context">PEP 409: Suppressing exception context</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-414-explicit-unicode-literals">PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-3155-qualified-name-for-classes-and-functions">PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-412-key-sharing-dictionary">PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-362-function-signature-object">PEP 362: Function Signature Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-421-adding-sys-implementation">PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#simplenamespace">SimpleNamespace</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#using-importlib-as-the-implementation-of-import">Using importlib as the Implementation of Import</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#new-apis">New APIs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#visible-changes">Visible Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#a-finer-grained-import-lock">A Finer-Grained Import Lock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#builtin-functions-and-types">Builtin functions and types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#lzma">lzma</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#abc">abc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#array">array</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#base64">base64</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#binascii">binascii</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#bz2">bz2</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#codecs">codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#collections">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#crypt">crypt</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#curses">curses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#datetime">datetime</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#decimal">decimal</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#id1">Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#id2">API changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#email">email</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#policy-framework">Policy Framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#provisional-policy-with-new-header-api">Provisional Policy with New Header API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#other-api-changes">Other API Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#ftplib">ftplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#functools">functools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#gc">gc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#hmac">hmac</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#http">http</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#html">html</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#io">io</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#itertools">itertools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#logging">logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#math">math</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#mmap">mmap</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#nntplib">nntplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#re">re</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#sched">sched</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#select">select</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#shlex">shlex</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#signal">signal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#socketserver">socketserver</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#stat">stat</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#struct">struct</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#sys">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#tempfile">tempfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#textwrap">textwrap</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#threading">threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#time">time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#types">types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#urllib">urllib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#webbrowser">webbrowser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#xml-etree-elementtree">xml.etree.ElementTree</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#zlib">zlib</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#unsupported-operating-systems">Unsupported Operating Systems</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api">Deprecated functions and types of the C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated-features">Deprecated features</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-to-python-3-3">Porting to Python 3.3</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-python-code">Porting Python code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-c-code">Porting C code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#building-c-extensions">Building C extensions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#command-line-switch-changes">Command Line Switch Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html">What’s New In Python 3.2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-384-defining-a-stable-abi">PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-389-argparse-command-line-parsing-module">PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-391-dictionary-based-configuration-for-logging">PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3148-the-concurrent-futures-module">PEP 3148: The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures</span></code> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3147-pyc-repository-directories">PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3149-abi-version-tagged-so-files">PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3333-python-web-server-gateway-interface-v1-0-1">PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#email">email</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#elementtree">elementtree</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#functools">functools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#itertools">itertools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#collections">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#threading">threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#datetime-and-time">datetime and time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#math">math</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#abc">abc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#io">io</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#reprlib">reprlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#logging">logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#csv">csv</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#decimal-and-fractions">decimal and fractions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#ftp">ftp</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#popen">popen</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#select">select</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#gzip-and-zipfile">gzip and zipfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#ast">ast</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#html">html</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#nntp">nntp</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#certificates">certificates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#http-client">http.client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#random">random</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#poplib">poplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#asyncore">asyncore</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#tempfile">tempfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#dis">dis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#ctypes">ctypes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#site">site</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#sysconfig">sysconfig</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#configparser">configparser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#mailbox">mailbox</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#turtledemo">turtledemo</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#multi-threading">Multi-threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#unicode">Unicode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#codecs">Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#documentation">Documentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#idle">IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#code-repository">Code Repository</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#porting-to-python-3-2">Porting to Python 3.2</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html">What’s New In Python 3.1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#pep-372-ordered-dictionaries">PEP 372: Ordered Dictionaries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#pep-378-format-specifier-for-thousands-separator">PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#idle">IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#porting-to-python-3-1">Porting to Python 3.1</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html">What’s New In Python 3.0</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#common-stumbling-blocks">Common Stumbling Blocks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#print-is-a-function">Print Is A Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#views-and-iterators-instead-of-lists">Views And Iterators Instead Of Lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#ordering-comparisons">Ordering Comparisons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#integers">Integers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#text-vs-data-instead-of-unicode-vs-8-bit">Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#overview-of-syntax-changes">Overview Of Syntax Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#new-syntax">New Syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#changed-syntax">Changed Syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#removed-syntax">Removed Syntax</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#changes-already-present-in-python-2-6">Changes Already Present In Python 2.6</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#library-changes">Library Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#pep-3101-a-new-approach-to-string-formatting"><strong>PEP 3101</strong>: A New Approach To String Formatting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#changes-to-exceptions">Changes To Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#miscellaneous-other-changes">Miscellaneous Other Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#operators-and-special-methods">Operators And Special Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#builtins">Builtins</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#performance">Performance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#porting-to-python-3-0">Porting To Python 3.0</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html">What’s New in Python 2.7</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#the-future-for-python-2-x">The Future for Python 2.x</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#changes-to-the-handling-of-deprecation-warnings">Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#python-3-1-features">Python 3.1 Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-372-adding-an-ordered-dictionary-to-collections">PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-378-format-specifier-for-thousands-separator">PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-389-the-argparse-module-for-parsing-command-lines">PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-391-dictionary-based-configuration-for-logging">PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-3106-dictionary-views">PEP 3106: Dictionary Views</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-3137-the-memoryview-object">PEP 3137: The memoryview Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#interpreter-changes">Interpreter Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-module-importlib">New module: importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-module-sysconfig">New module: sysconfig</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#ttk-themed-widgets-for-tk">ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#updated-module-unittest">Updated module: unittest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#updated-module-elementtree-1-3">Updated module: ElementTree 1.3</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#capsules">Capsules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-windows">Port-Specific Changes: Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-mac-os-x">Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-freebsd">Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#porting-to-python-2-7">Porting to Python 2.7</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-features-added-to-python-2-7-maintenance-releases">New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-434-idle-enhancement-exception-for-all-branches">PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-466-network-security-enhancements-for-python-2-7">PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html">What’s New in Python 2.6</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#python-3-0">Python 3.0</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#changes-to-the-development-process">Changes to the Development Process</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#new-issue-tracker-roundup">New Issue Tracker: Roundup</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#new-documentation-format-restructuredtext-using-sphinx">New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-343-the-with-statement">PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#writing-context-managers">Writing Context Managers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-contextlib-module">The contextlib module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-366-explicit-relative-imports-from-a-main-module">PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-370-per-user-site-packages-directory">PEP 370: Per-user <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">site-packages</span></code> Directory</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-371-the-multiprocessing-package">PEP 371: The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code> Package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3101-advanced-string-formatting">PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3105-print-as-a-function">PEP 3105: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">print</span></code> As a Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3110-exception-handling-changes">PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3112-byte-literals">PEP 3112: Byte Literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3116-new-i-o-library">PEP 3116: New I/O Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3118-revised-buffer-protocol">PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3119-abstract-base-classes">PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3127-integer-literal-support-and-syntax">PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3129-class-decorators">PEP 3129: Class Decorators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3141-a-type-hierarchy-for-numbers">PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-fractions-module">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fractions</span></code> Module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#interpreter-changes">Interpreter Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-ast-module">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-future-builtins-module">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">future_builtins</span></code> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-json-module-javascript-object-notation">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></code> module: JavaScript Object Notation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-plistlib-module-a-property-list-parser">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plistlib</span></code> module: A Property-List Parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#ctypes-enhancements">ctypes Enhancements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#improved-ssl-support">Improved SSL Support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#deprecations-and-removals">Deprecations and Removals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-windows">Port-Specific Changes: Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-mac-os-x">Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-irix">Port-Specific Changes: IRIX</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#porting-to-python-2-6">Porting to Python 2.6</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html">What’s New in Python 2.5</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-308-conditional-expressions">PEP 308: Conditional Expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-309-partial-function-application">PEP 309: Partial Function Application</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-314-metadata-for-python-software-packages-v1-1">PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-328-absolute-and-relative-imports">PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-338-executing-modules-as-scripts">PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-341-unified-try-except-finally">PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-342-new-generator-features">PEP 342: New Generator Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-343-the-with-statement">PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#writing-context-managers">Writing Context Managers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-contextlib-module">The contextlib module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-352-exceptions-as-new-style-classes">PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-353-using-ssize-t-as-the-index-type">PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-357-the-index-method">PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#interactive-interpreter-changes">Interactive Interpreter Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#new-improved-and-removed-modules">New, Improved, and Removed Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-ctypes-package">The ctypes package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-elementtree-package">The ElementTree package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-hashlib-package">The hashlib package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-sqlite3-package">The sqlite3 package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-wsgiref-package">The wsgiref package</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#porting-to-python-2-5">Porting to Python 2.5</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html">What’s New in Python 2.4</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-218-built-in-set-objects">PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers">PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-289-generator-expressions">PEP 289: Generator Expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-292-simpler-string-substitutions">PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-318-decorators-for-functions-and-methods">PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-322-reverse-iteration">PEP 322: Reverse Iteration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-324-new-subprocess-module">PEP 324: New subprocess Module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-327-decimal-data-type">PEP 327: Decimal Data Type</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#why-is-decimal-needed">Why is Decimal needed?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#the-decimal-type">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Decimal</span></code> type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#the-context-type">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Context</span></code> type</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-328-multi-line-imports">PEP 328: Multi-line Imports</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-331-locale-independent-float-string-conversions">PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#cookielib">cookielib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#doctest">doctest</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#porting-to-python-2-4">Porting to Python 2.4</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html">What’s New in Python 2.3</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-218-a-standard-set-datatype">PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-255-simple-generators">PEP 255: Simple Generators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-263-source-code-encodings">PEP 263: Source Code Encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-273-importing-modules-from-zip-archives">PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-277-unicode-file-name-support-for-windows-nt">PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-278-universal-newline-support">PEP 278: Universal Newline Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-279-enumerate">PEP 279: enumerate()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-282-the-logging-package">PEP 282: The logging Package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-285-a-boolean-type">PEP 285: A Boolean Type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-293-codec-error-handling-callbacks">PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-301-package-index-and-metadata-for-distutils">PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-302-new-import-hooks">PEP 302: New Import Hooks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-305-comma-separated-files">PEP 305: Comma-separated Files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-307-pickle-enhancements">PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#extended-slices">Extended Slices</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#string-changes">String Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#date-time-type">Date/Time Type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#the-optparse-module">The optparse Module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pymalloc-a-specialized-object-allocator">Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#porting-to-python-2-3">Porting to Python 2.3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html">What’s New in Python 2.2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#peps-252-and-253-type-and-class-changes">PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#old-and-new-classes">Old and New Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#descriptors">Descriptors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#multiple-inheritance-the-diamond-rule">Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#attribute-access">Attribute Access</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#related-links">Related Links</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-234-iterators">PEP 234: Iterators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-255-simple-generators">PEP 255: Simple Generators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers">PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-238-changing-the-division-operator">PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#unicode-changes">Unicode Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-227-nested-scopes">PEP 227: Nested Scopes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#interpreter-changes-and-fixes">Interpreter Changes and Fixes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html">What’s New in Python 2.1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-227-nested-scopes">PEP 227: Nested Scopes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-236-future-directives">PEP 236: __future__ Directives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-207-rich-comparisons">PEP 207: Rich Comparisons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-230-warning-framework">PEP 230: Warning Framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-229-new-build-system">PEP 229: New Build System</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-205-weak-references">PEP 205: Weak References</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-232-function-attributes">PEP 232: Function Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-235-importing-modules-on-case-insensitive-platforms">PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-217-interactive-display-hook">PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-208-new-coercion-model">PEP 208: New Coercion Model</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-241-metadata-in-python-packages">PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html">What’s New in Python 2.0</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#what-about-python-1-6">What About Python 1.6?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#new-development-process">New Development Process</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#unicode">Unicode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#list-comprehensions">List Comprehensions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#augmented-assignment">Augmented Assignment</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#string-methods">String Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#garbage-collection-of-cycles">Garbage Collection of Cycles</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#other-core-changes">Other Core Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#minor-language-changes">Minor Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#changes-to-built-in-functions">Changes to Built-in Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#porting-to-2-0">Porting to 2.0</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#extending-embedding-changes">Extending/Embedding Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#distutils-making-modules-easy-to-install">Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#xml-modules">XML Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#sax2-support">SAX2 Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#dom-support">DOM Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#relationship-to-pyxml">Relationship to PyXML</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#module-changes">Module changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#new-modules">New modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#idle-improvements">IDLE Improvements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#deleted-and-deprecated-modules">Deleted and Deprecated Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html">Changelog</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-4-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.4 release candidate 1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#core-and-builtins">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#library">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#c-api">C API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-3">Python 3.5.3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-3-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id2">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id3">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#idle">IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id4">C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#documentation">Documentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#tests">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#tools-demos">Tools/Demos</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#windows">Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#build">Build</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-2">Python 3.5.2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id5">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id6">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id7">IDLE</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-2-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id8">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id9">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id10">IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id11">Documentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id12">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id13">Build</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id14">Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id15">Tools/Demos</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#misc">Misc</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-1-final">Python 3.5.1 final</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id16">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id17">Windows</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-1-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id18">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id19">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id20">IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id21">Documentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id22">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id23">Build</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id24">Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id25">Tools/Demos</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-final">Python 3.5.0 final</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id26">Build</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-release-candidate-4">Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id27">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id28">Build</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-release-candidate-3">Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id29">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id30">Library</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-release-candidate-2">Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id31">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id32">Library</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id33">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id34">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id35">IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id36">Documentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id37">Tests</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-beta-4">Python 3.5.0 beta 4</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id38">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id39">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id40">Build</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-beta-3">Python 3.5.0 beta 3</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id41">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id42">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id43">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id44">Documentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id45">Build</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-beta-2">Python 3.5.0 beta 2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id46">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id47">Library</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-beta-1">Python 3.5.0 beta 1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id48">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id49">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id50">IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id51">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id52">Documentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id53">Tools/Demos</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-alpha-4">Python 3.5.0 alpha 4</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id54">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id55">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id56">Build</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id57">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id58">Tools/Demos</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id59">C API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-alpha-3">Python 3.5.0 alpha 3</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id60">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id61">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id62">Build</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id63">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id64">Tools/Demos</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-alpha-2">Python 3.5 alpha 2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id65">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id66">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id67">Build</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id68">C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id69">Windows</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-alpha-1">Python 3.5 alpha 1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id70">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id71">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id72">IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id73">Build</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id74">C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id75">Documentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id76">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id77">Tools/Demos</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id78">Windows</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-4-0">Python 3.4.0</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id79">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id80">Documentation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-4-0-release-candidate-3">Python 3.4.0 release candidate 3</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id81">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id82">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id83">Build</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-4-0-release-candidate-2">Python 3.4.0 release candidate 2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id84">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id85">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id86">Build</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-4-0-release-candidate-1">Python 3.4.0 release candidate 1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id87">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id88">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id89">IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id90">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id91">Tools/Demos</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id92">Build</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id93">C-API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id94">Documentation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-4-0-beta-3">Python 3.4.0 Beta 3</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id95">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id96">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id97">IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id98">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id99">Tools/Demos</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id100">Build</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-4-0-beta-2">Python 3.4.0 Beta 2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id101">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id102">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id103">IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id104">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id105">Build</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id106">Documentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id107">Tools/Demos</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-4-0-beta-1">Python 3.4.0 Beta 1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id108">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id109">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id110">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id111">Documentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id112">Build</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id113">Tools/Demos</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-4-0-alpha-4">Python 3.4.0 Alpha 4</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id114">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id115">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id116">C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id117">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id118">Documentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id119">Build</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-4-0-alpha-3">Python 3.4.0 Alpha 3</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id120">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id121">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id122">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id123">IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id124">Documentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id125">Build</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id126">Tools/Demos</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-4-0-alpha-2">Python 3.4.0 Alpha 2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id127">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id128">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id129">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id130">IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id131">Documentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id132">Build</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id133">Tools/Demos</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-4-0-alpha-1">Python 3.4.0 Alpha 1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id134">Core and Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id135">Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id136">IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id137">Tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id138">Build</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id139">C-API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id140">Documentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id141">Tools/Demos</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id142">Windows</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index.html">The Python Tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appetite.html">1. Whetting Your Appetite</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html">2. Using the Python Interpreter</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#invoking-the-interpreter">2.1. Invoking the Interpreter</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#argument-passing">2.1.1. Argument Passing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#interactive-mode">2.1.2. Interactive Mode</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#the-interpreter-and-its-environment">2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#source-code-encoding">2.2.1. Source Code Encoding</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html">3. An Informal Introduction to Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator">3.1. Using Python as a Calculator</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#numbers">3.1.1. Numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#strings">3.1.2. Strings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#lists">3.1.3. Lists</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#first-steps-towards-programming">3.2. First Steps Towards Programming</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html">4. More Control Flow Tools</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#if-statements">4.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span></code> Statements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#for-statements">4.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">for</span></code> Statements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#the-range-function">4.3. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">range()</span></code> Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#break-and-continue-statements-and-else-clauses-on-loops">4.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">break</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">continue</span></code> Statements, and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">else</span></code> Clauses on Loops</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#pass-statements">4.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pass</span></code> Statements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#defining-functions">4.6. Defining Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#more-on-defining-functions">4.7. More on Defining Functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#default-argument-values">4.7.1. Default Argument Values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#keyword-arguments">4.7.2. Keyword Arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#arbitrary-argument-lists">4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#unpacking-argument-lists">4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#lambda-expressions">4.7.5. Lambda Expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#documentation-strings">4.7.6. Documentation Strings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#function-annotations">4.7.7. Function Annotations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#intermezzo-coding-style">4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html">5. Data Structures</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-lists">5.1. More on Lists</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#using-lists-as-stacks">5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#using-lists-as-queues">5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#list-comprehensions">5.1.3. List Comprehensions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#nested-list-comprehensions">5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#the-del-statement">5.2. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#tuples-and-sequences">5.3. Tuples and Sequences</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#sets">5.4. Sets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#dictionaries">5.5. Dictionaries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#looping-techniques">5.6. Looping Techniques</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-conditions">5.7. More on Conditions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#comparing-sequences-and-other-types">5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html">6. Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#more-on-modules">6.1. More on Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#executing-modules-as-scripts">6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#the-module-search-path">6.1.2. The Module Search Path</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#compiled-python-files">6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#standard-modules">6.2. Standard Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#the-dir-function">6.3. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dir()</span></code> Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#packages">6.4. Packages</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#importing-from-a-package">6.4.1. Importing * From a Package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#intra-package-references">6.4.2. Intra-package References</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#packages-in-multiple-directories">6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html">7. Input and Output</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#fancier-output-formatting">7.1. Fancier Output Formatting</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#old-string-formatting">7.1.1. Old string formatting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files">7.2. Reading and Writing Files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#methods-of-file-objects">7.2.1. Methods of File Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#saving-structured-data-with-json">7.2.2. Saving structured data with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html">8. Errors and Exceptions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#syntax-errors">8.1. Syntax Errors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#exceptions">8.2. Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#handling-exceptions">8.3. Handling Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#raising-exceptions">8.4. Raising Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#user-defined-exceptions">8.5. User-defined Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#defining-clean-up-actions">8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#predefined-clean-up-actions">8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html">9. Classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#a-word-about-names-and-objects">9.1. A Word About Names and Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#python-scopes-and-namespaces">9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#scopes-and-namespaces-example">9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#a-first-look-at-classes">9.3. A First Look at Classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#class-definition-syntax">9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#class-objects">9.3.2. Class Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#instance-objects">9.3.3. Instance Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#method-objects">9.3.4. Method Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#class-and-instance-variables">9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#random-remarks">9.4. Random Remarks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#inheritance">9.5. Inheritance</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#multiple-inheritance">9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#private-variables">9.6. Private Variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#odds-and-ends">9.7. Odds and Ends</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#iterators">9.8. Iterators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#generators">9.9. Generators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#generator-expressions">9.10. Generator Expressions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html">10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#operating-system-interface">10.1. Operating System Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#file-wildcards">10.2. File Wildcards</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#command-line-arguments">10.3. Command Line Arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#error-output-redirection-and-program-termination">10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#string-pattern-matching">10.5. String Pattern Matching</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#mathematics">10.6. Mathematics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#internet-access">10.7. Internet Access</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#dates-and-times">10.8. Dates and Times</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#data-compression">10.9. Data Compression</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#performance-measurement">10.10. Performance Measurement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#quality-control">10.11. Quality Control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#batteries-included">10.12. Batteries Included</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html">11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#output-formatting">11.1. Output Formatting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#templating">11.2. Templating</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#working-with-binary-data-record-layouts">11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#multi-threading">11.4. Multi-threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#logging">11.5. Logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#weak-references">11.6. Weak References</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#tools-for-working-with-lists">11.7. Tools for Working with Lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#decimal-floating-point-arithmetic">11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv.html">12. Virtual Environments and Packages</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv.html#introduction">12.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv.html#creating-virtual-environments">12.2. Creating Virtual Environments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv.html#managing-packages-with-pip">12.3. Managing Packages with pip</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/whatnow.html">13. What Now?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html">14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html#tab-completion-and-history-editing">14.1. Tab Completion and History Editing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html#alternatives-to-the-interactive-interpreter">14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/floatingpoint.html">15. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/floatingpoint.html#representation-error">15.1. Representation Error</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html">16. Appendix</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#interactive-mode">16.1. Interactive Mode</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#error-handling">16.1.1. Error Handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#executable-python-scripts">16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#the-interactive-startup-file">16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#the-customization-modules">16.1.4. The Customization Modules</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="using/index.html">Python Setup and Usage</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html">1. Command line and environment</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#command-line">1.1. Command line</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#interface-options">1.1.1. Interface options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#generic-options">1.1.2. Generic options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#miscellaneous-options">1.1.3. Miscellaneous options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#options-you-shouldn-t-use">1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#environment-variables">1.2. Environment variables</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#debug-mode-variables">1.2.1. Debug-mode variables</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html">2. Using Python on Unix platforms</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python">2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#on-linux">2.1.1. On Linux</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#on-freebsd-and-openbsd">2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#on-opensolaris">2.1.3. On OpenSolaris</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#building-python">2.2. Building Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#python-related-paths-and-files">2.3. Python-related paths and files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#miscellaneous">2.4. Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#editors">2.5. Editors</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html">3. Using Python on Windows</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#installing-python">3.1. Installing Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#supported-versions">3.1.1. Supported Versions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#installation-steps">3.1.2. Installation Steps</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#installing-without-ui">3.1.3. Installing Without UI</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#installing-without-downloading">3.1.4. Installing Without Downloading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#modifying-an-install">3.1.5. Modifying an install</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#other-platforms">3.1.6. Other Platforms</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#alternative-bundles">3.2. Alternative bundles</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#configuring-python">3.3. Configuring Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#excursus-setting-environment-variables">3.3.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#finding-the-python-executable">3.3.2. Finding the Python executable</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#python-launcher-for-windows">3.4. Python Launcher for Windows</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#getting-started">3.4.1. Getting started</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#from-the-command-line">3.4.1.1. From the command-line</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#virtual-environments">3.4.1.2. Virtual environments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#from-a-script">3.4.1.3. From a script</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#from-file-associations">3.4.1.4. From file associations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#shebang-lines">3.4.2. Shebang Lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#arguments-in-shebang-lines">3.4.3. Arguments in shebang lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#customization">3.4.4. Customization</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#customization-via-ini-files">3.4.4.1. Customization via INI files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#customizing-default-python-versions">3.4.4.2. Customizing default Python versions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#diagnostics">3.4.5. Diagnostics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#finding-modules">3.5. Finding modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#additional-modules">3.6. Additional modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#pywin32">3.6.1. PyWin32</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#cx-freeze">3.6.2. cx_Freeze</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#wconio">3.6.3. WConio</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#compiling-python-on-windows">3.7. Compiling Python on Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#embedded-distribution">3.8. Embedded Distribution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#python-application">3.8.1. Python Application</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#embedding-python">3.8.2. Embedding Python</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#other-resources">3.9. Other resources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html">4. Using Python on a Macintosh</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#getting-and-installing-macpython">4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#how-to-run-a-python-script">4.1.1. How to run a Python script</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#running-scripts-with-a-gui">4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#configuration">4.1.3. Configuration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#the-ide">4.2. The IDE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#installing-additional-python-packages">4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#gui-programming-on-the-mac">4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#distributing-python-applications-on-the-mac">4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#other-resources">4.6. Other Resources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/scripts.html">5. Additional Tools and Scripts</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/scripts.html#pyvenv-creating-virtual-environments">5.1. pyvenv - Creating virtual environments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/index.html">The Python Language Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction.html">1. Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction.html#alternate-implementations">1.1. Alternate Implementations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction.html#notation">1.2. Notation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html">2. Lexical analysis</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#line-structure">2.1. Line structure</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#logical-lines">2.1.1. Logical lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#physical-lines">2.1.2. Physical lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#comments">2.1.3. Comments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#encoding-declarations">2.1.4. Encoding declarations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#explicit-line-joining">2.1.5. Explicit line joining</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#implicit-line-joining">2.1.6. Implicit line joining</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#blank-lines">2.1.7. Blank lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#indentation">2.1.8. Indentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#whitespace-between-tokens">2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#other-tokens">2.2. Other tokens</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#identifiers">2.3. Identifiers and keywords</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords">2.3.1. Keywords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#reserved-classes-of-identifiers">2.3.2. Reserved classes of identifiers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#literals">2.4. Literals</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-and-bytes-literals">2.4.1. String and Bytes literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-literal-concatenation">2.4.2. String literal concatenation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#numeric-literals">2.4.3. Numeric literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#integer-literals">2.4.4. Integer literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#floating-point-literals">2.4.5. Floating point literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#imaginary-literals">2.4.6. Imaginary literals</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#operators">2.5. Operators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#delimiters">2.6. Delimiters</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html">3. Data model</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#objects-values-and-types">3.1. Objects, values and types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#the-standard-type-hierarchy">3.2. The standard type hierarchy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-method-names">3.3. Special method names</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#basic-customization">3.3.1. Basic customization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-attribute-access">3.3.2. Customizing attribute access</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#implementing-descriptors">3.3.2.1. Implementing Descriptors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#invoking-descriptors">3.3.2.2. Invoking Descriptors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#slots">3.3.2.3. __slots__</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#notes-on-using-slots">3.3.2.3.1. Notes on using <em>__slots__</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-class-creation">3.3.3. Customizing class creation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#determining-the-appropriate-metaclass">3.3.3.1. Determining the appropriate metaclass</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#preparing-the-class-namespace">3.3.3.2. Preparing the class namespace</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#executing-the-class-body">3.3.3.3. Executing the class body</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#creating-the-class-object">3.3.3.4. Creating the class object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#metaclass-example">3.3.3.5. Metaclass example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-instance-and-subclass-checks">3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-callable-objects">3.3.5. Emulating callable objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-container-types">3.3.6. Emulating container types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-numeric-types">3.3.7. Emulating numeric types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#with-statement-context-managers">3.3.8. With Statement Context Managers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-method-lookup">3.3.9. Special method lookup</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#coroutines">3.4. Coroutines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#awaitable-objects">3.4.1. Awaitable Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#coroutine-objects">3.4.2. Coroutine Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#asynchronous-iterators">3.4.3. Asynchronous Iterators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#asynchronous-context-managers">3.4.4. Asynchronous Context Managers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html">4. Execution model</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#structure-of-a-program">4.1. Structure of a program</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#naming-and-binding">4.2. Naming and binding</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#binding-of-names">4.2.1. Binding of names</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#resolution-of-names">4.2.2. Resolution of names</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#builtins-and-restricted-execution">4.2.3. Builtins and restricted execution</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#interaction-with-dynamic-features">4.2.4. Interaction with dynamic features</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#exceptions">4.3. Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html">5. The import system</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#importlib">5.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#packages">5.2. Packages</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#regular-packages">5.2.1. Regular packages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#namespace-packages">5.2.2. Namespace packages</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#searching">5.3. Searching</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#the-module-cache">5.3.1. The module cache</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#finders-and-loaders">5.3.2. Finders and loaders</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#import-hooks">5.3.3. Import hooks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#the-meta-path">5.3.4. The meta path</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#loading">5.4. Loading</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#loaders">5.4.1. Loaders</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#submodules">5.4.2. Submodules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#module-spec">5.4.3. Module spec</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#import-related-module-attributes">5.4.4. Import-related module attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#module-path">5.4.5. module.__path__</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#module-reprs">5.4.6. Module reprs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#the-path-based-finder">5.5. The Path Based Finder</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#path-entry-finders">5.5.1. Path entry finders</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#path-entry-finder-protocol">5.5.2. Path entry finder protocol</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#replacing-the-standard-import-system">5.6. Replacing the standard import system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#special-considerations-for-main">5.7. Special considerations for __main__</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#main-spec">5.7.1. __main__.__spec__</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#open-issues">5.8. Open issues</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#references">5.9. References</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html">6. Expressions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#arithmetic-conversions">6.1. Arithmetic conversions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#atoms">6.2. Atoms</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#atom-identifiers">6.2.1. Identifiers (Names)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#literals">6.2.2. Literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#parenthesized-forms">6.2.3. Parenthesized forms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#displays-for-lists-sets-and-dictionaries">6.2.4. Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#list-displays">6.2.5. List displays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#set-displays">6.2.6. Set displays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#dictionary-displays">6.2.7. Dictionary displays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#generator-expressions">6.2.8. Generator expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#yield-expressions">6.2.9. Yield expressions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#generator-iterator-methods">6.2.9.1. Generator-iterator methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#examples">6.2.9.2. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#primaries">6.3. Primaries</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#attribute-references">6.3.1. Attribute references</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#subscriptions">6.3.2. Subscriptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#slicings">6.3.3. Slicings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#calls">6.3.4. Calls</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#await-expression">6.4. Await expression</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#the-power-operator">6.5. The power operator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#unary-arithmetic-and-bitwise-operations">6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#binary-arithmetic-operations">6.7. Binary arithmetic operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#shifting-operations">6.8. Shifting operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations">6.9. Binary bitwise operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#comparisons">6.10. Comparisons</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#value-comparisons">6.10.1. Value comparisons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#membership-test-operations">6.10.2. Membership test operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#is-not">6.10.3. Identity comparisons</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#boolean-operations">6.11. Boolean operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#conditional-expressions">6.12. Conditional expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#lambda">6.13. Lambdas</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#expression-lists">6.14. Expression lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#evaluation-order">6.15. Evaluation order</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#operator-precedence">6.16. Operator precedence</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html">7. Simple statements</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#expression-statements">7.1. Expression statements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#assignment-statements">7.2. Assignment statements</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#augmented-assignment-statements">7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-assert-statement">7.3. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-pass-statement">7.4. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pass</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-del-statement">7.5. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-return-statement">7.6. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">return</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-yield-statement">7.7. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">yield</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-raise-statement">7.8. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">raise</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-break-statement">7.9. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">break</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-continue-statement">7.10. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">continue</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-import-statement">7.11. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span></code> statement</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#future-statements">7.11.1. Future statements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-global-statement">7.12. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">global</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-nonlocal-statement">7.13. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nonlocal</span></code> statement</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html">8. Compound statements</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-if-statement">8.1. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-while-statement">8.2. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">while</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-for-statement">8.3. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">for</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-try-statement">8.4. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">try</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-with-statement">8.5. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#function-definitions">8.6. Function definitions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#class-definitions">8.7. Class definitions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#coroutines">8.8. Coroutines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#coroutine-function-definition">8.8.1. Coroutine function definition</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-async-for-statement">8.8.2. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">async</span> <span class="pre">for</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-async-with-statement">8.8.3. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">async</span> <span class="pre">with</span></code> statement</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html">9. Top-level components</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#complete-python-programs">9.1. Complete Python programs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#file-input">9.2. File input</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#interactive-input">9.3. Interactive input</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#expression-input">9.4. Expression input</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/grammar.html">10. Full Grammar specification</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="library/index.html">The Python Standard Library</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/intro.html">1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functions.html">2. Built-in Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/constants.html">3. Built-in Constants</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/constants.html#constants-added-by-the-site-module">3.1. Constants added by the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">site</span></code> module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html">4. Built-in Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing">4.1. Truth Value Testing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#boolean-operations-and-or-not">4.2. Boolean Operations — <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">and</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">not</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#comparisons">4.3. Comparisons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#numeric-types-int-float-complex">4.4. Numeric Types — <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">complex</span></code></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bitwise-operations-on-integer-types">4.4.1. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#additional-methods-on-integer-types">4.4.2. Additional Methods on Integer Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#additional-methods-on-float">4.4.3. Additional Methods on Float</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#hashing-of-numeric-types">4.4.4. Hashing of numeric types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#iterator-types">4.5. Iterator Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#generator-types">4.5.1. Generator Types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#sequence-types-list-tuple-range">4.6. Sequence Types — <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tuple</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">range</span></code></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#common-sequence-operations">4.6.1. Common Sequence Operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#immutable-sequence-types">4.6.2. Immutable Sequence Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#mutable-sequence-types">4.6.3. Mutable Sequence Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#lists">4.6.4. Lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#tuples">4.6.5. Tuples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#ranges">4.6.6. Ranges</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#text-sequence-type-str">4.7. Text Sequence Type — <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#string-methods">4.7.1. String Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting">4.7.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">printf</span></code>-style String Formatting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#binary-sequence-types-bytes-bytearray-memoryview">4.8. Binary Sequence Types — <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">memoryview</span></code></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bytes">4.8.1. Bytes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bytearray-objects">4.8.2. Bytearray Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bytes-and-bytearray-operations">4.8.3. Bytes and Bytearray Operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-bytes-formatting">4.8.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">printf</span></code>-style Bytes Formatting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#memory-views">4.8.5. Memory Views</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#set-types-set-frozenset">4.9. Set Types — <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#mapping-types-dict">4.10. Mapping Types — <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#dictionary-view-objects">4.10.1. Dictionary view objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#context-manager-types">4.11. Context Manager Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#other-built-in-types">4.12. Other Built-in Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#modules">4.12.1. Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#classes-and-class-instances">4.12.2. Classes and Class Instances</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#functions">4.12.3. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#methods">4.12.4. Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#code-objects">4.12.5. Code Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#type-objects">4.12.6. Type Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#the-null-object">4.12.7. The Null Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#the-ellipsis-object">4.12.8. The Ellipsis Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#the-notimplemented-object">4.12.9. The NotImplemented Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#boolean-values">4.12.10. Boolean Values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#internal-objects">4.12.11. Internal Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#special-attributes">4.13. Special Attributes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html">5. Built-in Exceptions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#base-classes">5.1. Base classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#concrete-exceptions">5.2. Concrete exceptions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#os-exceptions">5.2.1. OS exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#warnings">5.3. Warnings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#exception-hierarchy">5.4. Exception hierarchy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/text.html">6. Text Processing Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html">6.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">string</span></code> — Common string operations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#string-constants">6.1.1. String constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#custom-string-formatting">6.1.2. Custom String Formatting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#format-string-syntax">6.1.3. Format String Syntax</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#format-specification-mini-language">6.1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#format-examples">6.1.3.2. Format examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#template-strings">6.1.4. Template strings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#helper-functions">6.1.5. Helper functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html">6.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">re</span></code> — Regular expression operations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#regular-expression-syntax">6.2.1. Regular Expression Syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#module-contents">6.2.2. Module Contents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#regular-expression-objects">6.2.3. Regular Expression Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#match-objects">6.2.4. Match Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#regular-expression-examples">6.2.5. Regular Expression Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#checking-for-a-pair">6.2.5.1. Checking for a Pair</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#simulating-scanf">6.2.5.2. Simulating scanf()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#search-vs-match">6.2.5.3. search() vs. match()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#making-a-phonebook">6.2.5.4. Making a Phonebook</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#text-munging">6.2.5.5. Text Munging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#finding-all-adverbs">6.2.5.6. Finding all Adverbs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#finding-all-adverbs-and-their-positions">6.2.5.7. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#raw-string-notation">6.2.5.8. Raw String Notation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#writing-a-tokenizer">6.2.5.9. Writing a Tokenizer</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html">6.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">difflib</span></code> — Helpers for computing deltas</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#sequencematcher-objects">6.3.1. SequenceMatcher Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#sequencematcher-examples">6.3.2. SequenceMatcher Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#differ-objects">6.3.3. Differ Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#differ-example">6.3.4. Differ Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#a-command-line-interface-to-difflib">6.3.5. A command-line interface to difflib</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/textwrap.html">6.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">textwrap</span></code> — Text wrapping and filling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unicodedata.html">6.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicodedata</span></code> — Unicode Database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stringprep.html">6.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stringprep</span></code> — Internet String Preparation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html">6.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></code> — GNU readline interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#init-file">6.7.1. Init file</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#line-buffer">6.7.2. Line buffer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#history-file">6.7.3. History file</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#history-list">6.7.4. History list</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#startup-hooks">6.7.5. Startup hooks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#completion">6.7.6. Completion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#example">6.7.7. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rlcompleter.html">6.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></code> — Completion function for GNU readline</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rlcompleter.html#completer-objects">6.8.1. Completer Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binary.html">7. Binary Data Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html">7.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct</span></code> — Interpret bytes as packed binary data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#functions-and-exceptions">7.1.1. Functions and Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#format-strings">7.1.2. Format Strings</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#byte-order-size-and-alignment">7.1.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#format-characters">7.1.2.2. Format Characters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#examples">7.1.2.3. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#classes">7.1.3. Classes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html">7.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs</span></code> — Codec registry and base classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#codec-base-classes">7.2.1. Codec Base Classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#error-handlers">7.2.1.1. Error Handlers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#stateless-encoding-and-decoding">7.2.1.2. Stateless Encoding and Decoding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#incremental-encoding-and-decoding">7.2.1.3. Incremental Encoding and Decoding</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#incrementalencoder-objects">7.2.1.3.1. IncrementalEncoder Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#incrementaldecoder-objects">7.2.1.3.2. IncrementalDecoder Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#stream-encoding-and-decoding">7.2.1.4. Stream Encoding and Decoding</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamwriter-objects">7.2.1.4.1. StreamWriter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamreader-objects">7.2.1.4.2. StreamReader Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamreaderwriter-objects">7.2.1.4.3. StreamReaderWriter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamrecoder-objects">7.2.1.4.4. StreamRecoder Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#encodings-and-unicode">7.2.2. Encodings and Unicode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#standard-encodings">7.2.3. Standard Encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#python-specific-encodings">7.2.4. Python Specific Encodings</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#text-encodings">7.2.4.1. Text Encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#binary-transforms">7.2.4.2. Binary Transforms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#text-transforms">7.2.4.3. Text Transforms</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.idna">7.2.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encodings.idna</span></code> — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.mbcs">7.2.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encodings.mbcs</span></code> — Windows ANSI codepage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.utf_8_sig">7.2.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encodings.utf_8_sig</span></code> — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datatypes.html">8. Data Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html">8.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code> — Basic date and time types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#available-types">8.1.1. Available Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#timedelta-objects">8.1.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timedelta</span></code> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#date-objects">8.1.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">date</span></code> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#datetime-objects">8.1.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#time-objects">8.1.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">time</span></code> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#tzinfo-objects">8.1.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tzinfo</span></code> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#timezone-objects">8.1.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timezone</span></code> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-behavior">8.1.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strftime()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strptime()</span></code> Behavior</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/calendar.html">8.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">calendar</span></code> — General calendar-related functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html">8.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections</span></code> — Container datatypes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#chainmap-objects">8.3.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ChainMap</span></code> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#chainmap-examples-and-recipes">8.3.1.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ChainMap</span></code> Examples and Recipes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#counter-objects">8.3.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Counter</span></code> objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#deque-objects">8.3.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">deque</span></code> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#deque-recipes">8.3.3.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">deque</span></code> Recipes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#defaultdict-objects">8.3.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">defaultdict</span></code> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#defaultdict-examples">8.3.4.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">defaultdict</span></code> Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#namedtuple-factory-function-for-tuples-with-named-fields">8.3.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">namedtuple()</span></code> Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#ordereddict-objects">8.3.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OrderedDict</span></code> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#ordereddict-examples-and-recipes">8.3.6.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OrderedDict</span></code> Examples and Recipes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#userdict-objects">8.3.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code> objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#userlist-objects">8.3.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code> objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#userstring-objects">8.3.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code> objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc.html">8.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections.abc</span></code> — Abstract Base Classes for Containers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc.html#collections-abstract-base-classes">8.4.1. Collections Abstract Base Classes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html">8.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heapq</span></code> — Heap queue algorithm</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html#basic-examples">8.5.1. Basic Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html#priority-queue-implementation-notes">8.5.2. Priority Queue Implementation Notes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html#theory">8.5.3. Theory</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html">8.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bisect</span></code> — Array bisection algorithm</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html#searching-sorted-lists">8.6.1. Searching Sorted Lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html#other-examples">8.6.2. Other Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/array.html">8.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">array</span></code> — Efficient arrays of numeric values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html">8.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">weakref</span></code> — Weak references</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#weak-reference-objects">8.8.1. Weak Reference Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#example">8.8.2. Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#finalizer-objects">8.8.3. Finalizer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#comparing-finalizers-with-del-methods">8.8.4. Comparing finalizers with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__del__()</span></code> methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html">8.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">types</span></code> — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html#dynamic-type-creation">8.9.1. Dynamic Type Creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html#standard-interpreter-types">8.9.2. Standard Interpreter Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html#additional-utility-classes-and-functions">8.9.3. Additional Utility Classes and Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html#coroutine-utility-functions">8.9.4. Coroutine Utility Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copy.html">8.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> — Shallow and deep copy operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html">8.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pprint</span></code> — Data pretty printer</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html#prettyprinter-objects">8.11.1. PrettyPrinter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html#example">8.11.2. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/reprlib.html">8.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">reprlib</span></code> — Alternate <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code> implementation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/reprlib.html#repr-objects">8.12.1. Repr Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/reprlib.html#subclassing-repr-objects">8.12.2. Subclassing Repr Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html">8.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">enum</span></code> — Support for enumerations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#module-contents">8.13.1. Module Contents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#creating-an-enum">8.13.2. Creating an Enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#programmatic-access-to-enumeration-members-and-their-attributes">8.13.3. Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#duplicating-enum-members-and-values">8.13.4. Duplicating enum members and values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#ensuring-unique-enumeration-values">8.13.5. Ensuring unique enumeration values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#iteration">8.13.6. Iteration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#comparisons">8.13.7. Comparisons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#allowed-members-and-attributes-of-enumerations">8.13.8. Allowed members and attributes of enumerations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#restricted-subclassing-of-enumerations">8.13.9. Restricted subclassing of enumerations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#pickling">8.13.10. Pickling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#functional-api">8.13.11. Functional API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#derived-enumerations">8.13.12. Derived Enumerations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#intenum">8.13.12.1. IntEnum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#others">8.13.12.2. Others</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#interesting-examples">8.13.13. Interesting examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#autonumber">8.13.13.1. AutoNumber</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#orderedenum">8.13.13.2. OrderedEnum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#duplicatefreeenum">8.13.13.3. DuplicateFreeEnum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#planet">8.13.13.4. Planet</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#how-are-enums-different">8.13.14. How are Enums different?</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#enum-classes">8.13.14.1. Enum Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#enum-members-aka-instances">8.13.14.2. Enum Members (aka instances)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#finer-points">8.13.14.3. Finer Points</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numeric.html">9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html">9.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">numbers</span></code> — Numeric abstract base classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#the-numeric-tower">9.1.1. The numeric tower</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#notes-for-type-implementors">9.1.2. Notes for type implementors</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#adding-more-numeric-abcs">9.1.2.1. Adding More Numeric ABCs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#implementing-the-arithmetic-operations">9.1.2.2. Implementing the arithmetic operations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html">9.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">math</span></code> — Mathematical functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#number-theoretic-and-representation-functions">9.2.1. Number-theoretic and representation functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#power-and-logarithmic-functions">9.2.2. Power and logarithmic functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#trigonometric-functions">9.2.3. Trigonometric functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#angular-conversion">9.2.4. Angular conversion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#hyperbolic-functions">9.2.5. Hyperbolic functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#special-functions">9.2.6. Special functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#constants">9.2.7. Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html">9.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmath</span></code> — Mathematical functions for complex numbers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#conversions-to-and-from-polar-coordinates">9.3.1. Conversions to and from polar coordinates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#power-and-logarithmic-functions">9.3.2. Power and logarithmic functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#trigonometric-functions">9.3.3. Trigonometric functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#hyperbolic-functions">9.3.4. Hyperbolic functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#classification-functions">9.3.5. Classification functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#constants">9.3.6. Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html">9.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code> — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#quick-start-tutorial">9.4.1. Quick-start Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#decimal-objects">9.4.2. Decimal objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#logical-operands">9.4.2.1. Logical operands</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#context-objects">9.4.3. Context objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#constants">9.4.4. Constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#rounding-modes">9.4.5. Rounding modes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#signals">9.4.6. Signals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#floating-point-notes">9.4.7. Floating Point Notes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#mitigating-round-off-error-with-increased-precision">9.4.7.1. Mitigating round-off error with increased precision</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#special-values">9.4.7.2. Special values</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#working-with-threads">9.4.8. Working with threads</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#recipes">9.4.9. Recipes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#decimal-faq">9.4.10. Decimal FAQ</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fractions.html">9.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fractions</span></code> — Rational numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html">9.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">random</span></code> — Generate pseudo-random numbers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#notes-on-reproducibility">9.6.1. Notes on Reproducibility</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#examples-and-recipes">9.6.2. Examples and Recipes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html">9.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">statistics</span></code> — Mathematical statistics functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#averages-and-measures-of-central-location">9.7.1. Averages and measures of central location</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#measures-of-spread">9.7.2. Measures of spread</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#function-details">9.7.3. Function details</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#exceptions">9.7.4. Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functional.html">10. Functional Programming Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools.html">10.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">itertools</span></code> — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools.html#itertool-functions">10.1.1. Itertool functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools.html#itertools-recipes">10.1.2. Itertools Recipes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functools.html">10.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">functools</span></code> — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functools.html#partial-objects">10.2.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">partial</span></code> Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator.html">10.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></code> — Standard operators as functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator.html#mapping-operators-to-functions">10.3.1. Mapping Operators to Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator.html#inplace-operators">10.3.2. Inplace Operators</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filesys.html">11. File and Directory Access</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html">11.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pathlib</span></code> — Object-oriented filesystem paths</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#basic-use">11.1.1. Basic use</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#pure-paths">11.1.2. Pure paths</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#general-properties">11.1.2.1. General properties</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#operators">11.1.2.2. Operators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#accessing-individual-parts">11.1.2.3. Accessing individual parts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#methods-and-properties">11.1.2.4. Methods and properties</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#concrete-paths">11.1.3. Concrete paths</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#methods">11.1.3.1. Methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.path.html">11.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code> — Common pathname manipulations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fileinput.html">11.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileinput</span></code> — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stat.html">11.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stat</span></code> — Interpreting <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stat()</span></code> results</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filecmp.html">11.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filecmp</span></code> — File and Directory Comparisons</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filecmp.html#the-dircmp-class">11.5.1. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dircmp</span></code> class</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tempfile.html">11.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tempfile</span></code> — Generate temporary files and directories</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tempfile.html#examples">11.6.1. Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tempfile.html#deprecated-functions-and-variables">11.6.2. Deprecated functions and variables</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/glob.html">11.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">glob</span></code> — Unix style pathname pattern expansion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fnmatch.html">11.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fnmatch</span></code> — Unix filename pattern matching</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/linecache.html">11.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">linecache</span></code> — Random access to text lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html">11.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil</span></code> — High-level file operations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#directory-and-files-operations">11.10.1. Directory and files operations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#copytree-example">11.10.1.1. copytree example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#rmtree-example">11.10.1.2. rmtree example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#archiving-operations">11.10.2. Archiving operations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#archiving-example">11.10.2.1. Archiving example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#querying-the-size-of-the-output-terminal">11.10.3. Querying the size of the output terminal</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/macpath.html">11.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macpath</span></code> — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/persistence.html">12. Data Persistence</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html">12.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code> — Python object serialization</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#relationship-to-other-python-modules">12.1.1. Relationship to other Python modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#comparison-with-marshal">12.1.1.1. Comparison with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">marshal</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#comparison-with-json">12.1.1.2. Comparison with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#data-stream-format">12.1.2. Data stream format</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#module-interface">12.1.3. Module Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#what-can-be-pickled-and-unpickled">12.1.4. What can be pickled and unpickled?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#pickling-class-instances">12.1.5. Pickling Class Instances</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#persistence-of-external-objects">12.1.5.1. Persistence of External Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#dispatch-tables">12.1.5.2. Dispatch Tables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#handling-stateful-objects">12.1.5.3. Handling Stateful Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#restricting-globals">12.1.6. Restricting Globals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#performance">12.1.7. Performance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#examples">12.1.8. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copyreg.html">12.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">copyreg</span></code> — Register <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code> support functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copyreg.html#example">12.2.1. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve.html">12.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shelve</span></code> — Python object persistence</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve.html#restrictions">12.3.1. Restrictions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve.html#example">12.3.2. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/marshal.html">12.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">marshal</span></code> — Internal Python object serialization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html">12.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dbm</span></code> — Interfaces to Unix “databases”</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.gnu">12.5.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dbm.gnu</span></code> — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.ndbm">12.5.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dbm.ndbm</span></code> — Interface based on ndbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.dumb">12.5.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dbm.dumb</span></code> — Portable DBM implementation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html">12.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sqlite3</span></code> — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#module-functions-and-constants">12.6.1. Module functions and constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#connection-objects">12.6.2. Connection Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#cursor-objects">12.6.3. Cursor Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#row-objects">12.6.4. Row Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#exceptions">12.6.5. Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#sqlite-and-python-types">12.6.6. SQLite and Python types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#introduction">12.6.6.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#using-adapters-to-store-additional-python-types-in-sqlite-databases">12.6.6.2. Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#letting-your-object-adapt-itself">12.6.6.2.1. Letting your object adapt itself</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#registering-an-adapter-callable">12.6.6.2.2. Registering an adapter callable</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#converting-sqlite-values-to-custom-python-types">12.6.6.3. Converting SQLite values to custom Python types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#default-adapters-and-converters">12.6.6.4. Default adapters and converters</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#controlling-transactions">12.6.7. Controlling Transactions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#using-sqlite3-efficiently">12.6.8. Using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sqlite3</span></code> efficiently</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#using-shortcut-methods">12.6.8.1. Using shortcut methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#accessing-columns-by-name-instead-of-by-index">12.6.8.2. Accessing columns by name instead of by index</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#using-the-connection-as-a-context-manager">12.6.8.3. Using the connection as a context manager</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#common-issues">12.6.9. Common issues</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#multithreading">12.6.9.1. Multithreading</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/archiving.html">13. Data Compression and Archiving</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zlib.html">13.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">zlib</span></code> — Compression compatible with <strong class="program">gzip</strong></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip.html">13.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gzip</span></code> — Support for <strong class="program">gzip</strong> files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip.html#examples-of-usage">13.2.1. Examples of usage</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html">13.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bz2</span></code> — Support for <strong class="program">bzip2</strong> compression</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#de-compression-of-files">13.3.1. (De)compression of files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#incremental-de-compression">13.3.2. Incremental (de)compression</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#one-shot-de-compression">13.3.3. One-shot (de)compression</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html">13.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lzma</span></code> — Compression using the LZMA algorithm</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#reading-and-writing-compressed-files">13.4.1. Reading and writing compressed files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#compressing-and-decompressing-data-in-memory">13.4.2. Compressing and decompressing data in memory</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#miscellaneous">13.4.3. Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#specifying-custom-filter-chains">13.4.4. Specifying custom filter chains</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#examples">13.4.5. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html">13.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">zipfile</span></code> — Work with ZIP archives</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#zipfile-objects">13.5.1. ZipFile Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#pyzipfile-objects">13.5.2. PyZipFile Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#zipinfo-objects">13.5.3. ZipInfo Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#command-line-interface">13.5.4. Command-Line Interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#command-line-options">13.5.4.1. Command-line options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html">13.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tarfile</span></code> — Read and write tar archive files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#tarfile-objects">13.6.1. TarFile Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#tarinfo-objects">13.6.2. TarInfo Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#command-line-interface">13.6.3. Command-Line Interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#command-line-options">13.6.3.1. Command-line options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#examples">13.6.4. Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#supported-tar-formats">13.6.5. Supported tar formats</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#unicode-issues">13.6.6. Unicode issues</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fileformats.html">14. File Formats</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html">14.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">csv</span></code> — CSV File Reading and Writing</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#module-contents">14.1.1. Module Contents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#dialects-and-formatting-parameters">14.1.2. Dialects and Formatting Parameters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#reader-objects">14.1.3. Reader Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#writer-objects">14.1.4. Writer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#examples">14.1.5. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html">14.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configparser</span></code> — Configuration file parser</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#quick-start">14.2.1. Quick Start</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#supported-datatypes">14.2.2. Supported Datatypes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#fallback-values">14.2.3. Fallback Values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#supported-ini-file-structure">14.2.4. Supported INI File Structure</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#interpolation-of-values">14.2.5. Interpolation of values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#mapping-protocol-access">14.2.6. Mapping Protocol Access</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#customizing-parser-behaviour">14.2.7. Customizing Parser Behaviour</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#legacy-api-examples">14.2.8. Legacy API Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#configparser-objects">14.2.9. ConfigParser Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#rawconfigparser-objects">14.2.10. RawConfigParser Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#exceptions">14.2.11. Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netrc.html">14.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">netrc</span></code> — netrc file processing</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netrc.html#netrc-objects">14.3.1. netrc Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html">14.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xdrlib</span></code> — Encode and decode XDR data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html#packer-objects">14.4.1. Packer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html#unpacker-objects">14.4.2. Unpacker Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html#exceptions">14.4.3. Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/plistlib.html">14.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plistlib</span></code> — Generate and parse Mac OS X <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.plist</span></code> files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/plistlib.html#examples">14.5.1. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypto.html">15. Cryptographic Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html">15.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hashlib</span></code> — Secure hashes and message digests</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#hash-algorithms">15.1.1. Hash algorithms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#key-derivation">15.1.2. Key derivation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hmac.html">15.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hmac</span></code> — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/allos.html">16. Generic Operating System Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html">16.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os</span></code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#file-names-command-line-arguments-and-environment-variables">16.1.1. File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#process-parameters">16.1.2. Process Parameters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#file-object-creation">16.1.3. File Object Creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#file-descriptor-operations">16.1.4. File Descriptor Operations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#querying-the-size-of-a-terminal">16.1.4.1. Querying the size of a terminal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#inheritance-of-file-descriptors">16.1.4.2. Inheritance of File Descriptors</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#files-and-directories">16.1.5. Files and Directories</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#linux-extended-attributes">16.1.5.1. Linux extended attributes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#process-management">16.1.6. Process Management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#interface-to-the-scheduler">16.1.7. Interface to the scheduler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#miscellaneous-system-information">16.1.8. Miscellaneous System Information</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#miscellaneous-functions">16.1.9. Miscellaneous Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html">16.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">io</span></code> — Core tools for working with streams</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#overview">16.2.1. Overview</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#text-i-o">16.2.1.1. Text I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#binary-i-o">16.2.1.2. Binary I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#raw-i-o">16.2.1.3. Raw I/O</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#high-level-module-interface">16.2.2. High-level Module Interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#in-memory-streams">16.2.2.1. In-memory streams</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#class-hierarchy">16.2.3. Class hierarchy</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#i-o-base-classes">16.2.3.1. I/O Base Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#raw-file-i-o">16.2.3.2. Raw File I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#buffered-streams">16.2.3.3. Buffered Streams</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#id1">16.2.3.4. Text I/O</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#performance">16.2.4. Performance</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#id2">16.2.4.1. Binary I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#id3">16.2.4.2. Text I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#multi-threading">16.2.4.3. Multi-threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#reentrancy">16.2.4.4. Reentrancy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/time.html">16.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">time</span></code> — Time access and conversions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html">16.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code> — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#example">16.4.1. Example</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#creating-a-parser">16.4.1.1. Creating a parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#adding-arguments">16.4.1.2. Adding arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#parsing-arguments">16.4.1.3. Parsing arguments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argumentparser-objects">16.4.2. ArgumentParser objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#prog">16.4.2.1. prog</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#usage">16.4.2.2. usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#description">16.4.2.3. description</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#epilog">16.4.2.4. epilog</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#parents">16.4.2.5. parents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#formatter-class">16.4.2.6. formatter_class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#prefix-chars">16.4.2.7. prefix_chars</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#fromfile-prefix-chars">16.4.2.8. fromfile_prefix_chars</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argument-default">16.4.2.9. argument_default</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#allow-abbrev">16.4.2.10. allow_abbrev</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#conflict-handler">16.4.2.11. conflict_handler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#add-help">16.4.2.12. add_help</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#the-add-argument-method">16.4.3. The add_argument() method</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#name-or-flags">16.4.3.1. name or flags</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#action">16.4.3.2. action</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#nargs">16.4.3.3. nargs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#const">16.4.3.4. const</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#default">16.4.3.5. default</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#type">16.4.3.6. type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#choices">16.4.3.7. choices</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#required">16.4.3.8. required</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#help">16.4.3.9. help</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#metavar">16.4.3.10. metavar</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#dest">16.4.3.11. dest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#action-classes">16.4.3.12. Action classes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#the-parse-args-method">16.4.4. The parse_args() method</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#option-value-syntax">16.4.4.1. Option value syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#invalid-arguments">16.4.4.2. Invalid arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#arguments-containing">16.4.4.3. Arguments containing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argument-abbreviations-prefix-matching">16.4.4.4. Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#beyond-sys-argv">16.4.4.5. Beyond <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#the-namespace-object">16.4.4.6. The Namespace object</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#other-utilities">16.4.5. Other utilities</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#sub-commands">16.4.5.1. Sub-commands</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#filetype-objects">16.4.5.2. FileType objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argument-groups">16.4.5.3. Argument groups</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#mutual-exclusion">16.4.5.4. Mutual exclusion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#parser-defaults">16.4.5.5. Parser defaults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#printing-help">16.4.5.6. Printing help</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#partial-parsing">16.4.5.7. Partial parsing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#customizing-file-parsing">16.4.5.8. Customizing file parsing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#exiting-methods">16.4.5.9. Exiting methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#upgrading-optparse-code">16.4.6. Upgrading optparse code</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/getopt.html">16.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getopt</span></code> — C-style parser for command line options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html">16.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging</span></code> — Logging facility for Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logger-objects">16.6.1. Logger Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logging-levels">16.6.2. Logging Levels</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#handler-objects">16.6.3. Handler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#formatter-objects">16.6.4. Formatter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#filter-objects">16.6.5. Filter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logrecord-objects">16.6.6. LogRecord Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logrecord-attributes">16.6.7. LogRecord attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#loggeradapter-objects">16.6.8. LoggerAdapter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#thread-safety">16.6.9. Thread Safety</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#module-level-functions">16.6.10. Module-Level Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#module-level-attributes">16.6.11. Module-Level Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module">16.6.12. Integration with the warnings module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html">16.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code> — Logging configuration</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuration-functions">16.7.1. Configuration functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema">16.7.2. Configuration dictionary schema</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details">16.7.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#incremental-configuration">16.7.2.2. Incremental Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#object-connections">16.7.2.3. Object connections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#user-defined-objects">16.7.2.4. User-defined objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#access-to-external-objects">16.7.2.5. Access to external objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#access-to-internal-objects">16.7.2.6. Access to internal objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#import-resolution-and-custom-importers">16.7.2.7. Import resolution and custom importers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuration-file-format">16.7.3. Configuration file format</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html">16.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code> — Logging handlers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#streamhandler">16.8.1. StreamHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#filehandler">16.8.2. FileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#nullhandler">16.8.3. NullHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler">16.8.4. WatchedFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#baserotatinghandler">16.8.5. BaseRotatingHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler">16.8.6. RotatingFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler">16.8.7. TimedRotatingFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#sockethandler">16.8.8. SocketHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler">16.8.9. DatagramHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler">16.8.10. SysLogHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler">16.8.11. NTEventLogHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#smtphandler">16.8.12. SMTPHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#memoryhandler">16.8.13. MemoryHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#httphandler">16.8.14. HTTPHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#queuehandler">16.8.15. QueueHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#queuelistener">16.8.16. QueueListener</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/getpass.html">16.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code> — Portable password input</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html">16.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses</span></code> — Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#functions">16.10.1. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#window-objects">16.10.2. Window Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#constants">16.10.3. Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#module-curses.textpad">16.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses.textpad</span></code> — Text input widget for curses programs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#textbox-objects">16.11.1. Textbox objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.ascii.html">16.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses.ascii</span></code> — Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel.html">16.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses.panel</span></code> — A panel stack extension for curses</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel.html#functions">16.13.1. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel.html#panel-objects">16.13.2. Panel Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html">16.14. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">platform</span></code> — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#cross-platform">16.14.1. Cross Platform</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#java-platform">16.14.2. Java Platform</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#windows-platform">16.14.3. Windows Platform</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#win95-98-specific">16.14.3.1. Win95/98 specific</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#mac-os-platform">16.14.4. Mac OS Platform</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#unix-platforms">16.14.5. Unix Platforms</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/errno.html">16.15. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">errno</span></code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html">16.16. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> — A foreign function library for Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#ctypes-tutorial">16.16.1. ctypes tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#loading-dynamic-link-libraries">16.16.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#accessing-functions-from-loaded-dlls">16.16.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-functions">16.16.1.3. Calling functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#fundamental-data-types">16.16.1.4. Fundamental data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-continued">16.16.1.5. Calling functions, continued</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-with-your-own-custom-data-types">16.16.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#specifying-the-required-argument-types-function-prototypes">16.16.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#return-types">16.16.1.8. Return types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#passing-pointers-or-passing-parameters-by-reference">16.16.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#structures-and-unions">16.16.1.10. Structures and unions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#structure-union-alignment-and-byte-order">16.16.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#bit-fields-in-structures-and-unions">16.16.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#arrays">16.16.1.13. Arrays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#pointers">16.16.1.14. Pointers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#type-conversions">16.16.1.15. Type conversions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#incomplete-types">16.16.1.16. Incomplete Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#callback-functions">16.16.1.17. Callback functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#accessing-values-exported-from-dlls">16.16.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#surprises">16.16.1.19. Surprises</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#variable-sized-data-types">16.16.1.20. Variable-sized data types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#ctypes-reference">16.16.2. ctypes reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#finding-shared-libraries">16.16.2.1. Finding shared libraries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#loading-shared-libraries">16.16.2.2. Loading shared libraries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#foreign-functions">16.16.2.3. Foreign functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#function-prototypes">16.16.2.4. Function prototypes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#utility-functions">16.16.2.5. Utility functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#data-types">16.16.2.6. Data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#ctypes-fundamental-data-types-2">16.16.2.7. Fundamental data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#structured-data-types">16.16.2.8. Structured data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#arrays-and-pointers">16.16.2.9. Arrays and pointers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrency.html">17. Concurrent Execution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html">17.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> — Thread-based parallelism</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#thread-local-data">17.1.1. Thread-Local Data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#thread-objects">17.1.2. Thread Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#lock-objects">17.1.3. Lock Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#rlock-objects">17.1.4. RLock Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#condition-objects">17.1.5. Condition Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#semaphore-objects">17.1.6. Semaphore Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#semaphore-example">17.1.6.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Semaphore</span></code> Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#event-objects">17.1.7. Event Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#timer-objects">17.1.8. Timer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#barrier-objects">17.1.9. Barrier Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#using-locks-conditions-and-semaphores-in-the-with-statement">17.1.10. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></code> statement</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html">17.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code> — Process-based parallelism</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#introduction">17.2.1. Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#the-process-class">17.2.1.1. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Process</span></code> class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#contexts-and-start-methods">17.2.1.2. Contexts and start methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#exchanging-objects-between-processes">17.2.1.3. Exchanging objects between processes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#synchronization-between-processes">17.2.1.4. Synchronization between processes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#sharing-state-between-processes">17.2.1.5. Sharing state between processes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#using-a-pool-of-workers">17.2.1.6. Using a pool of workers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#reference">17.2.2. Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#process-and-exceptions">17.2.2.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Process</span></code> and exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#pipes-and-queues">17.2.2.2. Pipes and Queues</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#miscellaneous">17.2.2.3. Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#connection-objects">17.2.2.4. Connection Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#synchronization-primitives">17.2.2.5. Synchronization primitives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#shared-ctypes-objects">17.2.2.6. Shared <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.sharedctypes">17.2.2.6.1. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.sharedctypes</span></code> module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#managers">17.2.2.7. Managers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#customized-managers">17.2.2.7.1. Customized managers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#using-a-remote-manager">17.2.2.7.2. Using a remote manager</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#proxy-objects">17.2.2.8. Proxy Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#cleanup">17.2.2.8.1. Cleanup</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.pool">17.2.2.9. Process Pools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.connection">17.2.2.10. Listeners and Clients</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#address-formats">17.2.2.10.1. Address Formats</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#authentication-keys">17.2.2.11. Authentication keys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#logging">17.2.2.12. Logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.dummy">17.2.2.13. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.dummy</span></code> module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#programming-guidelines">17.2.3. Programming guidelines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#all-start-methods">17.2.3.1. All start methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#the-spawn-and-forkserver-start-methods">17.2.3.2. The <em>spawn</em> and <em>forkserver</em> start methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#examples">17.2.4. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.html">17.3. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">concurrent</span></code> package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html">17.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures</span></code> — Launching parallel tasks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#executor-objects">17.4.1. Executor Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#threadpoolexecutor">17.4.2. ThreadPoolExecutor</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#threadpoolexecutor-example">17.4.2.1. ThreadPoolExecutor Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#processpoolexecutor">17.4.3. ProcessPoolExecutor</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#processpoolexecutor-example">17.4.3.1. ProcessPoolExecutor Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#future-objects">17.4.4. Future Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#module-functions">17.4.5. Module Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#exception-classes">17.4.6. Exception classes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html">17.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> — Subprocess management</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#using-the-subprocess-module">17.5.1. Using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> Module</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#frequently-used-arguments">17.5.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#popen-constructor">17.5.1.2. Popen Constructor</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#exceptions">17.5.1.3. Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#security-considerations">17.5.2. Security Considerations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#popen-objects">17.5.3. Popen Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#windows-popen-helpers">17.5.4. Windows Popen Helpers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#constants">17.5.4.1. Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#older-high-level-api">17.5.5. Older high-level API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-older-functions-with-the-subprocess-module">17.5.6. Replacing Older Functions with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> Module</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-bin-sh-shell-backquote">17.5.6.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-shell-pipeline">17.5.6.2. Replacing shell pipeline</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-os-system">17.5.6.3. Replacing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.system()</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-the-os-spawn-family">17.5.6.4. Replacing the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.spawn</span></code> family</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-os-popen-os-popen2-os-popen3">17.5.6.5. Replacing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.popen()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.popen2()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.popen3()</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-functions-from-the-popen2-module">17.5.6.6. Replacing functions from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">popen2</span></code> module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#legacy-shell-invocation-functions">17.5.7. Legacy Shell Invocation Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#notes">17.5.8. Notes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#converting-an-argument-sequence-to-a-string-on-windows">17.5.8.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sched.html">17.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sched</span></code> — Event scheduler</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sched.html#scheduler-objects">17.6.1. Scheduler Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/queue.html">17.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">queue</span></code> — A synchronized queue class</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/queue.html#queue-objects">17.7.1. Queue Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dummy_threading.html">17.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dummy_threading</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/_thread.html">17.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_thread</span></code> — Low-level threading API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/_dummy_thread.html">17.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_dummy_thread</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_thread</span></code> module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipc.html">18. Interprocess Communication and Networking</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html">18.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></code> — Low-level networking interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#socket-families">18.1.1. Socket families</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#module-contents">18.1.2. Module contents</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#exceptions">18.1.2.1. Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#constants">18.1.2.2. Constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#functions">18.1.2.3. Functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#creating-sockets">18.1.2.3.1. Creating sockets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#other-functions">18.1.2.3.2. Other functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#socket-objects">18.1.3. Socket Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#notes-on-socket-timeouts">18.1.4. Notes on socket timeouts</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#timeouts-and-the-connect-method">18.1.4.1. Timeouts and the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">connect</span></code> method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#timeouts-and-the-accept-method">18.1.4.2. Timeouts and the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">accept</span></code> method</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#example">18.1.5. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html">18.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ssl</span></code> — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#functions-constants-and-exceptions">18.2.1. Functions, Constants, and Exceptions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#socket-creation">18.2.1.1. Socket creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#context-creation">18.2.1.2. Context creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#random-generation">18.2.1.3. Random generation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#certificate-handling">18.2.1.4. Certificate handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#constants">18.2.1.5. Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ssl-sockets">18.2.2. SSL Sockets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ssl-contexts">18.2.3. SSL Contexts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#certificates">18.2.4. Certificates</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#certificate-chains">18.2.4.1. Certificate chains</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ca-certificates">18.2.4.2. CA certificates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#combined-key-and-certificate">18.2.4.3. Combined key and certificate</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#self-signed-certificates">18.2.4.4. Self-signed certificates</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#examples">18.2.5. Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#testing-for-ssl-support">18.2.5.1. Testing for SSL support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#client-side-operation">18.2.5.2. Client-side operation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#server-side-operation">18.2.5.3. Server-side operation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#notes-on-non-blocking-sockets">18.2.6. Notes on non-blocking sockets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#memory-bio-support">18.2.7. Memory BIO Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#security-considerations">18.2.8. Security considerations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#best-defaults">18.2.8.1. Best defaults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#manual-settings">18.2.8.2. Manual settings</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#verifying-certificates">18.2.8.2.1. Verifying certificates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#protocol-versions">18.2.8.2.2. Protocol versions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#cipher-selection">18.2.8.2.3. Cipher selection</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#multi-processing">18.2.8.3. Multi-processing</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html">18.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">select</span></code> — Waiting for I/O completion</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#dev-poll-polling-objects">18.3.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/dev/poll</span></code> Polling Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#edge-and-level-trigger-polling-epoll-objects">18.3.2. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#polling-objects">18.3.3. Polling Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#kqueue-objects">18.3.4. Kqueue Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#kevent-objects">18.3.5. Kevent Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors.html">18.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">selectors</span></code> — High-level I/O multiplexing</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors.html#introduction">18.4.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors.html#classes">18.4.2. Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors.html#examples">18.4.3. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio.html">18.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">asyncio</span></code> — Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html">18.5.1. Base Event Loop</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#run-an-event-loop">18.5.1.1. Run an event loop</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#calls">18.5.1.2. Calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#delayed-calls">18.5.1.3. Delayed calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#futures">18.5.1.4. Futures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#tasks">18.5.1.5. Tasks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#creating-connections">18.5.1.6. Creating connections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#creating-listening-connections">18.5.1.7. Creating listening connections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#watch-file-descriptors">18.5.1.8. Watch file descriptors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#low-level-socket-operations">18.5.1.9. Low-level socket operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#resolve-host-name">18.5.1.10. Resolve host name</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#connect-pipes">18.5.1.11. Connect pipes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#unix-signals">18.5.1.12. UNIX signals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#executor">18.5.1.13. Executor</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#error-handling-api">18.5.1.14. Error Handling API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#debug-mode">18.5.1.15. Debug mode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#server">18.5.1.16. Server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#handle">18.5.1.17. Handle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#event-loop-examples">18.5.1.18. Event loop examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#hello-world-with-call-soon">18.5.1.18.1. Hello World with call_soon()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#display-the-current-date-with-call-later">18.5.1.18.2. Display the current date with call_later()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#watch-a-file-descriptor-for-read-events">18.5.1.18.3. Watch a file descriptor for read events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#set-signal-handlers-for-sigint-and-sigterm">18.5.1.18.4. Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloops.html">18.5.2. Event loops</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloops.html#event-loop-functions">18.5.2.1. Event loop functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloops.html#available-event-loops">18.5.2.2. Available event loops</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloops.html#platform-support">18.5.2.3. Platform support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloops.html#windows">18.5.2.3.1. Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloops.html#mac-os-x">18.5.2.3.2. Mac OS X</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloops.html#event-loop-policies-and-the-default-policy">18.5.2.4. Event loop policies and the default policy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloops.html#event-loop-policy-interface">18.5.2.5. Event loop policy interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloops.html#access-to-the-global-loop-policy">18.5.2.6. Access to the global loop policy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html">18.5.3. Tasks and coroutines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#coroutines">18.5.3.1. Coroutines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#example-hello-world-coroutine">18.5.3.1.1. Example: Hello World coroutine</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#example-coroutine-displaying-the-current-date">18.5.3.1.2. Example: Coroutine displaying the current date</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#example-chain-coroutines">18.5.3.1.3. Example: Chain coroutines</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#invalidstateerror">18.5.3.2. InvalidStateError</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#timeouterror">18.5.3.3. TimeoutError</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#future">18.5.3.4. Future</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#example-future-with-run-until-complete">18.5.3.4.1. Example: Future with run_until_complete()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#example-future-with-run-forever">18.5.3.4.2. Example: Future with run_forever()</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#task">18.5.3.5. Task</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#example-parallel-execution-of-tasks">18.5.3.5.1. Example: Parallel execution of tasks</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#task-functions">18.5.3.6. Task functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html">18.5.4. Transports and protocols (callback based API)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#transports">18.5.4.1. Transports</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#basetransport">18.5.4.1.1. BaseTransport</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#readtransport">18.5.4.1.2. ReadTransport</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#writetransport">18.5.4.1.3. WriteTransport</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#datagramtransport">18.5.4.1.4. DatagramTransport</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#basesubprocesstransport">18.5.4.1.5. BaseSubprocessTransport</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#protocols">18.5.4.2. Protocols</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#protocol-classes">18.5.4.2.1. Protocol classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#connection-callbacks">18.5.4.2.2. Connection callbacks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#streaming-protocols">18.5.4.2.3. Streaming protocols</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#datagram-protocols">18.5.4.2.4. Datagram protocols</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#flow-control-callbacks">18.5.4.2.5. Flow control callbacks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#coroutines-and-protocols">18.5.4.2.6. Coroutines and protocols</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#protocol-examples">18.5.4.3. Protocol examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#tcp-echo-client-protocol">18.5.4.3.1. TCP echo client protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#tcp-echo-server-protocol">18.5.4.3.2. TCP echo server protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#udp-echo-client-protocol">18.5.4.3.3. UDP echo client protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#udp-echo-server-protocol">18.5.4.3.4. UDP echo server protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#register-an-open-socket-to-wait-for-data-using-a-protocol">18.5.4.3.5. Register an open socket to wait for data using a protocol</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html">18.5.5. Streams (coroutine based API)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#stream-functions">18.5.5.1. Stream functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#streamreader">18.5.5.2. StreamReader</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#streamwriter">18.5.5.3. StreamWriter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#streamreaderprotocol">18.5.5.4. StreamReaderProtocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#incompletereaderror">18.5.5.5. IncompleteReadError</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#limitoverrunerror">18.5.5.6. LimitOverrunError</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#stream-examples">18.5.5.7. Stream examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#tcp-echo-client-using-streams">18.5.5.7.1. TCP echo client using streams</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#tcp-echo-server-using-streams">18.5.5.7.2. TCP echo server using streams</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#get-http-headers">18.5.5.7.3. Get HTTP headers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#register-an-open-socket-to-wait-for-data-using-streams">18.5.5.7.4. Register an open socket to wait for data using streams</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html">18.5.6. Subprocess</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#windows-event-loop">18.5.6.1. Windows event loop</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#create-a-subprocess-high-level-api-using-process">18.5.6.2. Create a subprocess: high-level API using Process</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#create-a-subprocess-low-level-api-using-subprocess-popen">18.5.6.3. Create a subprocess: low-level API using subprocess.Popen</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#constants">18.5.6.4. Constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#process">18.5.6.5. Process</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#subprocess-and-threads">18.5.6.6. Subprocess and threads</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#subprocess-examples">18.5.6.7. Subprocess examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#subprocess-using-transport-and-protocol">18.5.6.7.1. Subprocess using transport and protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#subprocess-using-streams">18.5.6.7.2. Subprocess using streams</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html">18.5.7. Synchronization primitives</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#locks">18.5.7.1. Locks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#lock">18.5.7.1.1. Lock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#event">18.5.7.1.2. Event</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#condition">18.5.7.1.3. Condition</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#semaphores">18.5.7.2. Semaphores</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#semaphore">18.5.7.2.1. Semaphore</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#boundedsemaphore">18.5.7.2.2. BoundedSemaphore</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html">18.5.8. Queues</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html#queue">18.5.8.1. Queue</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html#priorityqueue">18.5.8.2. PriorityQueue</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html#lifoqueue">18.5.8.3. LifoQueue</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html#exceptions">18.5.8.3.1. Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html">18.5.9. Develop with asyncio</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#debug-mode-of-asyncio">18.5.9.1. Debug mode of asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#cancellation">18.5.9.2. Cancellation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#concurrency-and-multithreading">18.5.9.3. Concurrency and multithreading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#handle-blocking-functions-correctly">18.5.9.4. Handle blocking functions correctly</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#logging">18.5.9.5. Logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#detect-coroutine-objects-never-scheduled">18.5.9.6. Detect coroutine objects never scheduled</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#detect-exceptions-never-consumed">18.5.9.7. Detect exceptions never consumed</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#chain-coroutines-correctly">18.5.9.8. Chain coroutines correctly</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#pending-task-destroyed">18.5.9.9. Pending task destroyed</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#close-transports-and-event-loops">18.5.9.10. Close transports and event loops</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncore.html">18.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">asyncore</span></code> — Asynchronous socket handler</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncore.html#asyncore-example-basic-http-client">18.6.1. asyncore Example basic HTTP client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncore.html#asyncore-example-basic-echo-server">18.6.2. asyncore Example basic echo server</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asynchat.html">18.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">asynchat</span></code> — Asynchronous socket command/response handler</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asynchat.html#asynchat-example">18.7.1. asynchat Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html">18.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">signal</span></code> — Set handlers for asynchronous events</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#general-rules">18.8.1. General rules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#execution-of-python-signal-handlers">18.8.1.1. Execution of Python signal handlers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#signals-and-threads">18.8.1.2. Signals and threads</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#module-contents">18.8.2. Module contents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#example">18.8.3. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mmap.html">18.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mmap</span></code> — Memory-mapped file support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netdata.html">19. Internet Data Handling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.html">19.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></code> — An email and MIME handling package</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.message.html">19.1.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.message</span></code>: Representing an email message</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html">19.1.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></code>: Parsing email messages</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html#feedparser-api">19.1.2.1. FeedParser API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html#parser-class-api">19.1.2.2. Parser class API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html#additional-notes">19.1.2.3. Additional notes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.generator.html">19.1.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></code>: Generating MIME documents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.policy.html">19.1.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.policy</span></code>: Policy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.headerregistry.html">19.1.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.headerregistry</span></code>: Custom Header Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.contentmanager.html">19.1.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.contentmanager</span></code>: Managing MIME Content</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.contentmanager.html#content-manager-instances">19.1.6.1. Content Manager Instances</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.mime.html">19.1.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.mime</span></code>: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.header.html">19.1.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.header</span></code>: Internationalized headers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.charset.html">19.1.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.charset</span></code>: Representing character sets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.encoders.html">19.1.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.encoders</span></code>: Encoders</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.errors.html">19.1.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.errors</span></code>: Exception and Defect classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.util.html">19.1.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.utils</span></code>: Miscellaneous utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.iterators.html">19.1.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.iterators</span></code>: Iterators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email-examples.html">19.1.14. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></code>: Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email-examples.html#examples-using-the-provisional-api">19.1.14.1. Examples using the Provisional API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.html#package-history">19.1.15. Package History</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.html#differences-from-mimelib">19.1.16. Differences from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimelib</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html">19.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></code> — JSON encoder and decoder</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#basic-usage">19.2.1. Basic Usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#encoders-and-decoders">19.2.2. Encoders and Decoders</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#exceptions">19.2.3. Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#standard-compliance-and-interoperability">19.2.4. Standard Compliance and Interoperability</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#character-encodings">19.2.4.1. Character Encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#infinite-and-nan-number-values">19.2.4.2. Infinite and NaN Number Values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#repeated-names-within-an-object">19.2.4.3. Repeated Names Within an Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#top-level-non-object-non-array-values">19.2.4.4. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#implementation-limitations">19.2.4.5. Implementation Limitations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#module-json.tool">19.2.5. Command Line Interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#command-line-options">19.2.5.1. Command line options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailcap.html">19.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mailcap</span></code> — Mailcap file handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html">19.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></code> — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mailbox-objects">19.4.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mailbox</span></code> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#maildir">19.4.1.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Maildir</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mbox">19.4.1.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mbox</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mh">19.4.1.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MH</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#babyl">19.4.1.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Babyl</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mmdf">19.4.1.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MMDF</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#message-objects">19.4.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></code> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#maildirmessage">19.4.2.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MaildirMessage</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mboxmessage">19.4.2.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mboxMessage</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mhmessage">19.4.2.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MHMessage</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#babylmessage">19.4.2.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BabylMessage</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mmdfmessage">19.4.2.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MMDFMessage</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#exceptions">19.4.3. Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#examples">19.4.4. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimetypes.html">19.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimetypes</span></code> — Map filenames to MIME types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimetypes.html#mimetypes-objects">19.5.1. MimeTypes Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/base64.html">19.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base64</span></code> — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binhex.html">19.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">binhex</span></code> — Encode and decode binhex4 files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binhex.html#notes">19.7.1. Notes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binascii.html">19.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code> — Convert between binary and ASCII</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/quopri.html">19.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">quopri</span></code> — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uu.html">19.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uu</span></code> — Encode and decode uuencode files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/markup.html">20. Structured Markup Processing Tools</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.html">20.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">html</span></code> — HyperText Markup Language support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html">20.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">html.parser</span></code> — Simple HTML and XHTML parser</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html#example-html-parser-application">20.2.1. Example HTML Parser Application</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html#htmlparser-methods">20.2.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTMLParser</span></code> Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html#examples">20.2.3. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.entities.html">20.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">html.entities</span></code> — Definitions of HTML general entities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.html">20.4. XML Processing Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.html#xml-vulnerabilities">20.4.1. XML vulnerabilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.html#the-defusedxml-and-defusedexpat-packages">20.4.2. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">defusedxml</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">defusedexpat</span></code> Packages</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html">20.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.etree.ElementTree</span></code> — The ElementTree XML API</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#tutorial">20.5.1. Tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xml-tree-and-elements">20.5.1.1. XML tree and elements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#parsing-xml">20.5.1.2. Parsing XML</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#pull-api-for-non-blocking-parsing">20.5.1.3. Pull API for non-blocking parsing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#finding-interesting-elements">20.5.1.4. Finding interesting elements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#modifying-an-xml-file">20.5.1.5. Modifying an XML File</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#building-xml-documents">20.5.1.6. Building XML documents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#parsing-xml-with-namespaces">20.5.1.7. Parsing XML with Namespaces</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#additional-resources">20.5.1.8. Additional resources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xpath-support">20.5.2. XPath support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#example">20.5.2.1. Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#supported-xpath-syntax">20.5.2.2. Supported XPath syntax</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#reference">20.5.3. Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#functions">20.5.3.1. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#element-objects">20.5.3.2. Element Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#elementtree-objects">20.5.3.3. ElementTree Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#qname-objects">20.5.3.4. QName Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#treebuilder-objects">20.5.3.5. TreeBuilder Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xmlparser-objects">20.5.3.6. XMLParser Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xmlpullparser-objects">20.5.3.7. XMLPullParser Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#exceptions">20.5.3.8. Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html">20.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></code> — The Document Object Model API</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#module-contents">20.6.1. Module Contents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#objects-in-the-dom">20.6.2. Objects in the DOM</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#domimplementation-objects">20.6.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#node-objects">20.6.2.2. Node Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#nodelist-objects">20.6.2.3. NodeList Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#documenttype-objects">20.6.2.4. DocumentType Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#document-objects">20.6.2.5. Document Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#element-objects">20.6.2.6. Element Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#attr-objects">20.6.2.7. Attr Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#namednodemap-objects">20.6.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#comment-objects">20.6.2.9. Comment Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#text-and-cdatasection-objects">20.6.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#processinginstruction-objects">20.6.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#exceptions">20.6.2.12. Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#conformance">20.6.3. Conformance</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#type-mapping">20.6.3.1. Type Mapping</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#accessor-methods">20.6.3.2. Accessor Methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html">20.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.dom.minidom</span></code> — Minimal DOM implementation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#dom-objects">20.7.1. DOM Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#dom-example">20.7.2. DOM Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#minidom-and-the-dom-standard">20.7.3. minidom and the DOM standard</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.pulldom.html">20.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.dom.pulldom</span></code> — Support for building partial DOM trees</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.pulldom.html#domeventstream-objects">20.8.1. DOMEventStream Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.html">20.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></code> — Support for SAX2 parsers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.html#saxexception-objects">20.9.1. SAXException Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html">20.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax.handler</span></code> — Base classes for SAX handlers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#contenthandler-objects">20.10.1. ContentHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#dtdhandler-objects">20.10.2. DTDHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#entityresolver-objects">20.10.3. EntityResolver Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#errorhandler-objects">20.10.4. ErrorHandler Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.utils.html">20.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax.saxutils</span></code> — SAX Utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html">20.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax.xmlreader</span></code> — Interface for XML parsers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#xmlreader-objects">20.12.1. XMLReader Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#incrementalparser-objects">20.12.2. IncrementalParser Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#locator-objects">20.12.3. Locator Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#inputsource-objects">20.12.4. InputSource Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#the-attributes-interface">20.12.5. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Attributes</span></code> Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#the-attributesns-interface">20.12.6. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AttributesNS</span></code> Interface</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html">20.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></code> — Fast XML parsing using Expat</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#xmlparser-objects">20.13.1. XMLParser Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#expaterror-exceptions">20.13.2. ExpatError Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#example">20.13.3. Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat.model">20.13.4. Content Model Descriptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat.errors">20.13.5. Expat error constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/internet.html">21. Internet Protocols and Support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/webbrowser.html">21.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code> — Convenient Web-browser controller</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/webbrowser.html#browser-controller-objects">21.1.1. Browser Controller Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html">21.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> — Common Gateway Interface support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#introduction">21.2.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#using-the-cgi-module">21.2.2. Using the cgi module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#higher-level-interface">21.2.3. Higher Level Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#functions">21.2.4. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#caring-about-security">21.2.5. Caring about security</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#installing-your-cgi-script-on-a-unix-system">21.2.6. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#testing-your-cgi-script">21.2.7. Testing your CGI script</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#debugging-cgi-scripts">21.2.8. Debugging CGI scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#common-problems-and-solutions">21.2.9. Common problems and solutions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgitb.html">21.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgitb</span></code> — Traceback manager for CGI scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html">21.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.util">21.4.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref.util</span></code> – WSGI environment utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.headers">21.4.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref.headers</span></code> – WSGI response header tools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.simple_server">21.4.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref.simple_server</span></code> – a simple WSGI HTTP server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.validate">21.4.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref.validate</span></code> — WSGI conformance checker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.handlers">21.4.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref.handlers</span></code> – server/gateway base classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#examples">21.4.6. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.html">21.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> — URL handling modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html">21.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> — Extensible library for opening URLs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#request-objects">21.6.1. Request Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#openerdirector-objects">21.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#basehandler-objects">21.6.3. BaseHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpredirecthandler-objects">21.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpcookieprocessor-objects">21.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#proxyhandler-objects">21.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgr-objects">21.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgrwithpriorauth-objects">21.6.8. HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#abstractbasicauthhandler-objects">21.6.9. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpbasicauthhandler-objects">21.6.10. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#proxybasicauthhandler-objects">21.6.11. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#abstractdigestauthhandler-objects">21.6.12. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpdigestauthhandler-objects">21.6.13. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#proxydigestauthhandler-objects">21.6.14. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httphandler-objects">21.6.15. HTTPHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpshandler-objects">21.6.16. HTTPSHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#filehandler-objects">21.6.17. FileHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#datahandler-objects">21.6.18. DataHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#ftphandler-objects">21.6.19. FTPHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#cacheftphandler-objects">21.6.20. CacheFTPHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#unknownhandler-objects">21.6.21. UnknownHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httperrorprocessor-objects">21.6.22. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#examples">21.6.23. Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#legacy-interface">21.6.24. Legacy interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#urllib-request-restrictions">21.6.25. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> Restrictions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#module-urllib.response">21.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.response</span></code> — Response classes used by urllib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html">21.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.parse</span></code> — Parse URLs into components</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#url-parsing">21.8.1. URL Parsing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes">21.8.2. Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#structured-parse-results">21.8.3. Structured Parse Results</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#url-quoting">21.8.4. URL Quoting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.error.html">21.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.error</span></code> — Exception classes raised by urllib.request</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.robotparser.html">21.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.robotparser</span></code> — Parser for robots.txt</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.html">21.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http</span></code> — HTTP modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.html#http-status-codes">21.11.1. HTTP status codes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html">21.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.client</span></code> — HTTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#httpconnection-objects">21.12.1. HTTPConnection Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#httpresponse-objects">21.12.2. HTTPResponse Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#examples">21.12.3. Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#httpmessage-objects">21.12.4. HTTPMessage Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html">21.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></code> — FTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html#ftp-objects">21.13.1. FTP Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html#ftp-tls-objects">21.13.2. FTP_TLS Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib.html">21.14. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code> — POP3 protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib.html#pop3-objects">21.14.1. POP3 Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib.html#pop3-example">21.14.2. POP3 Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib.html">21.15. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib.html#imap4-objects">21.15.1. IMAP4 Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib.html#imap4-example">21.15.2. IMAP4 Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html">21.16. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code> — NNTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html#nntp-objects">21.16.1. NNTP Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html#attributes">21.16.1.1. Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html#methods">21.16.1.2. Methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html#utility-functions">21.16.2. Utility functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib.html">21.17. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code> — SMTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib.html#smtp-objects">21.17.1. SMTP Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib.html#smtp-example">21.17.2. SMTP Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html">21.18. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></code> — SMTP Server</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html#smtpserver-objects">21.18.1. SMTPServer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html#debuggingserver-objects">21.18.2. DebuggingServer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html#pureproxy-objects">21.18.3. PureProxy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html#mailmanproxy-objects">21.18.4. MailmanProxy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html#smtpchannel-objects">21.18.5. SMTPChannel Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/telnetlib.html">21.19. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">telnetlib</span></code> — Telnet client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/telnetlib.html#telnet-objects">21.19.1. Telnet Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/telnetlib.html#telnet-example">21.19.2. Telnet Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid.html">21.20. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code> — UUID objects according to RFC 4122</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid.html#example">21.20.1. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html">21.21. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socketserver</span></code> — A framework for network servers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#server-creation-notes">21.21.1. Server Creation Notes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#server-objects">21.21.2. Server Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#request-handler-objects">21.21.3. Request Handler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#examples">21.21.4. Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#socketserver-tcpserver-example">21.21.4.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socketserver.TCPServer</span></code> Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#socketserver-udpserver-example">21.21.4.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socketserver.UDPServer</span></code> Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#asynchronous-mixins">21.21.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.server.html">21.22. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.server</span></code> — HTTP servers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html">21.23. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.cookies</span></code> — HTTP state management</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html#cookie-objects">21.23.1. Cookie Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html#morsel-objects">21.23.2. Morsel Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html#example">21.23.3. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html">21.24. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.cookiejar</span></code> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects">21.24.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers">21.24.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#cookiepolicy-objects">21.24.3. CookiePolicy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#defaultcookiepolicy-objects">21.24.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#cookie-objects">21.24.5. Cookie Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#examples">21.24.6. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.html">21.25. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpc</span></code> — XMLRPC server and client modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html">21.26. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.client</span></code> — XML-RPC client access</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#serverproxy-objects">21.26.1. ServerProxy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#datetime-objects">21.26.2. DateTime Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#binary-objects">21.26.3. Binary Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#fault-objects">21.26.4. Fault Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#protocolerror-objects">21.26.5. ProtocolError Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#multicall-objects">21.26.6. MultiCall Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#convenience-functions">21.26.7. Convenience Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#example-of-client-usage">21.26.8. Example of Client Usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#example-of-client-and-server-usage">21.26.9. Example of Client and Server Usage</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html">21.27. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.server</span></code> — Basic XML-RPC servers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#simplexmlrpcserver-objects">21.27.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#simplexmlrpcserver-example">21.27.1.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#cgixmlrpcrequesthandler">21.27.2. CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#documenting-xmlrpc-server">21.27.3. Documenting XMLRPC server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#docxmlrpcserver-objects">21.27.4. DocXMLRPCServer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#doccgixmlrpcrequesthandler">21.27.5. DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html">21.28. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ipaddress</span></code> — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#convenience-factory-functions">21.28.1. Convenience factory functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#ip-addresses">21.28.2. IP Addresses</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#address-objects">21.28.2.1. Address objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#conversion-to-strings-and-integers">21.28.2.2. Conversion to Strings and Integers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#operators">21.28.2.3. Operators</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#comparison-operators">21.28.2.3.1. Comparison operators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#arithmetic-operators">21.28.2.3.2. Arithmetic operators</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#ip-network-definitions">21.28.3. IP Network definitions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#prefix-net-mask-and-host-mask">21.28.3.1. Prefix, net mask and host mask</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#network-objects">21.28.3.2. Network objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#id1">21.28.3.3. Operators</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#logical-operators">21.28.3.3.1. Logical operators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#iteration">21.28.3.3.2. Iteration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#networks-as-containers-of-addresses">21.28.3.3.3. Networks as containers of addresses</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#interface-objects">21.28.4. Interface objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#other-module-level-functions">21.28.5. Other Module Level Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#custom-exceptions">21.28.6. Custom Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mm.html">22. Multimedia Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/audioop.html">22.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">audioop</span></code> — Manipulate raw audio data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/aifc.html">22.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">aifc</span></code> — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sunau.html">22.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sunau</span></code> — Read and write Sun AU files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sunau.html#au-read-objects">22.3.1. AU_read Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sunau.html#au-write-objects">22.3.2. AU_write Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave.html">22.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wave</span></code> — Read and write WAV files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave.html#wave-read-objects">22.4.1. Wave_read Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave.html#wave-write-objects">22.4.2. Wave_write Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/chunk.html">22.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">chunk</span></code> — Read IFF chunked data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/colorsys.html">22.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">colorsys</span></code> — Conversions between color systems</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imghdr.html">22.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imghdr</span></code> — Determine the type of an image</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sndhdr.html">22.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sndhdr</span></code> — Determine type of sound file</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ossaudiodev.html">22.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ossaudiodev</span></code> — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ossaudiodev.html#audio-device-objects">22.9.1. Audio Device Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ossaudiodev.html#mixer-device-objects">22.9.2. Mixer Device Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/i18n.html">23. Internationalization</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html">23.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></code> — Multilingual internationalization services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#gnu-gettext-api">23.1.1. GNU <strong class="program">gettext</strong> API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#class-based-api">23.1.2. Class-based API</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#the-nulltranslations-class">23.1.2.1. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NullTranslations</span></code> class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#the-gnutranslations-class">23.1.2.2. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GNUTranslations</span></code> class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#solaris-message-catalog-support">23.1.2.3. Solaris message catalog support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#the-catalog-constructor">23.1.2.4. The Catalog constructor</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#internationalizing-your-programs-and-modules">23.1.3. Internationalizing your programs and modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#localizing-your-module">23.1.3.1. Localizing your module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#localizing-your-application">23.1.3.2. Localizing your application</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#changing-languages-on-the-fly">23.1.3.3. Changing languages on the fly</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#deferred-translations">23.1.3.4. Deferred translations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#acknowledgements">23.1.4. Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html">23.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">locale</span></code> — Internationalization services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html#background-details-hints-tips-and-caveats">23.2.1. Background, details, hints, tips and caveats</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html#for-extension-writers-and-programs-that-embed-python">23.2.2. For extension writers and programs that embed Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html#access-to-message-catalogs">23.2.3. Access to message catalogs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/frameworks.html">24. Program Frameworks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html">24.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> — Turtle graphics</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#introduction">24.1.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#overview-of-available-turtle-and-screen-methods">24.1.2. Overview of available Turtle and Screen methods</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-methods">24.1.2.1. Turtle methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen">24.1.2.2. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions">24.1.3. Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-motion">24.1.3.1. Turtle motion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#tell-turtle-s-state">24.1.3.2. Tell Turtle’s state</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#settings-for-measurement">24.1.3.3. Settings for measurement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#pen-control">24.1.3.4. Pen control</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#drawing-state">24.1.3.4.1. Drawing state</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#color-control">24.1.3.4.2. Color control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#filling">24.1.3.4.3. Filling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#more-drawing-control">24.1.3.4.4. More drawing control</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-state">24.1.3.5. Turtle state</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#visibility">24.1.3.5.1. Visibility</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#appearance">24.1.3.5.2. Appearance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#using-events">24.1.3.6. Using events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#special-turtle-methods">24.1.3.7. Special Turtle methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#compound-shapes">24.1.3.8. Compound shapes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions">24.1.4. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#window-control">24.1.4.1. Window control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#animation-control">24.1.4.2. Animation control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#using-screen-events">24.1.4.3. Using screen events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#input-methods">24.1.4.4. Input methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#settings-and-special-methods">24.1.4.5. Settings and special methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen">24.1.4.6. Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#public-classes">24.1.5. Public classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#help-and-configuration">24.1.6. Help and configuration</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#how-to-use-help">24.1.6.1. How to use help</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages">24.1.6.2. Translation of docstrings into different languages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles">24.1.6.3. How to configure Screen and Turtles</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#module-turtledemo">24.1.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">turtledemo</span></code> — Demo scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#changes-since-python-2-6">24.1.8. Changes since Python 2.6</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#changes-since-python-3-0">24.1.9. Changes since Python 3.0</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd.html">24.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmd</span></code> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd.html#cmd-objects">24.2.1. Cmd Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd.html#cmd-example">24.2.2. Cmd Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html">24.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code> — Simple lexical analysis</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html#shlex-objects">24.3.1. shlex Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html#parsing-rules">24.3.2. Parsing Rules</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tk.html">25. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html">25.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code> — Python interface to Tcl/Tk</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#tkinter-modules">25.1.1. Tkinter Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#tkinter-life-preserver">25.1.2. Tkinter Life Preserver</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#how-to-use-this-section">25.1.2.1. How To Use This Section</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#a-simple-hello-world-program">25.1.2.2. A Simple Hello World Program</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#a-very-quick-look-at-tcl-tk">25.1.3. A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#mapping-basic-tk-into-tkinter">25.1.4. Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#how-tk-and-tkinter-are-related">25.1.5. How Tk and Tkinter are Related</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#handy-reference">25.1.6. Handy Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#setting-options">25.1.6.1. Setting Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#the-packer">25.1.6.2. The Packer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#packer-options">25.1.6.3. Packer Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#coupling-widget-variables">25.1.6.4. Coupling Widget Variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#the-window-manager">25.1.6.5. The Window Manager</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#tk-option-data-types">25.1.6.6. Tk Option Data Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#bindings-and-events">25.1.6.7. Bindings and Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#the-index-parameter">25.1.6.8. The index Parameter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#images">25.1.6.9. Images</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#file-handlers">25.1.7. File Handlers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html">25.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter.ttk</span></code> — Tk themed widgets</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#using-ttk">25.2.1. Using Ttk</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-widgets">25.2.2. Ttk Widgets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#widget">25.2.3. Widget</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#standard-options">25.2.3.1. Standard Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#scrollable-widget-options">25.2.3.2. Scrollable Widget Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#label-options">25.2.3.3. Label Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#compatibility-options">25.2.3.4. Compatibility Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#widget-states">25.2.3.5. Widget States</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-widget">25.2.3.6. ttk.Widget</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#combobox">25.2.4. Combobox</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#options">25.2.4.1. Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#virtual-events">25.2.4.2. Virtual events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-combobox">25.2.4.3. ttk.Combobox</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#notebook">25.2.5. Notebook</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#id1">25.2.5.1. Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#tab-options">25.2.5.2. Tab Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#tab-identifiers">25.2.5.3. Tab Identifiers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#id2">25.2.5.4. Virtual Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-notebook">25.2.5.5. ttk.Notebook</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#progressbar">25.2.6. Progressbar</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#id3">25.2.6.1. Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-progressbar">25.2.6.2. ttk.Progressbar</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#separator">25.2.7. Separator</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#id4">25.2.7.1. Options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#sizegrip">25.2.8. Sizegrip</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#platform-specific-notes">25.2.8.1. Platform-specific notes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#bugs">25.2.8.2. Bugs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#treeview">25.2.9. Treeview</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#id5">25.2.9.1. Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#item-options">25.2.9.2. Item Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#tag-options">25.2.9.3. Tag Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#column-identifiers">25.2.9.4. Column Identifiers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#id6">25.2.9.5. Virtual Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-treeview">25.2.9.6. ttk.Treeview</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-styling">25.2.10. Ttk Styling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#layouts">25.2.10.1. Layouts</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html">25.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter.tix</span></code> — Extension widgets for Tk</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#using-tix">25.3.1. Using Tix</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#tix-widgets">25.3.2. Tix Widgets</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#basic-widgets">25.3.2.1. Basic Widgets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#file-selectors">25.3.2.2. File Selectors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#hierarchical-listbox">25.3.2.3. Hierarchical ListBox</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#tabular-listbox">25.3.2.4. Tabular ListBox</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#manager-widgets">25.3.2.5. Manager Widgets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#image-types">25.3.2.6. Image Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#miscellaneous-widgets">25.3.2.7. Miscellaneous Widgets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#form-geometry-manager">25.3.2.8. Form Geometry Manager</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#tix-commands">25.3.3. Tix Commands</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.scrolledtext.html">25.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter.scrolledtext</span></code> — Scrolled Text Widget</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html">25.5. IDLE</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#menus">25.5.1. Menus</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#file-menu-shell-and-editor">25.5.1.1. File menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#edit-menu-shell-and-editor">25.5.1.2. Edit menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#format-menu-editor-window-only">25.5.1.3. Format menu (Editor window only)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#run-menu-editor-window-only">25.5.1.4. Run menu (Editor window only)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#shell-menu-shell-window-only">25.5.1.5. Shell menu (Shell window only)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#debug-menu-shell-window-only">25.5.1.6. Debug menu (Shell window only)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#options-menu-shell-and-editor">25.5.1.7. Options menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#window-menu-shell-and-editor">25.5.1.8. Window menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#help-menu-shell-and-editor">25.5.1.9. Help menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#context-menus">25.5.1.10. Context Menus</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#editing-and-navigation">25.5.2. Editing and navigation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#automatic-indentation">25.5.2.1. Automatic indentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#completions">25.5.2.2. Completions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#calltips">25.5.2.3. Calltips</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#python-shell-window">25.5.2.4. Python Shell window</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#text-colors">25.5.2.5. Text colors</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#startup-and-code-execution">25.5.3. Startup and code execution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#command-line-usage">25.5.3.1. Command line usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#idle-console-differences">25.5.3.2. IDLE-console differences</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#running-without-a-subprocess">25.5.3.3. Running without a subprocess</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#help-and-preferences">25.5.4. Help and preferences</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#additional-help-sources">25.5.4.1. Additional help sources</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#setting-preferences">25.5.4.2. Setting preferences</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#extensions">25.5.4.3. Extensions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/othergui.html">25.6. Other Graphical User Interface Packages</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/development.html">26. Development Tools</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html">26.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">typing</span></code> — Support for type hints</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#type-aliases">26.1.1. Type aliases</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#newtype">26.1.2. NewType</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#callable">26.1.3. Callable</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#generics">26.1.4. Generics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#user-defined-generic-types">26.1.5. User-defined generic types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#the-any-type">26.1.6. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Any</span></code> type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#classes-functions-and-decorators">26.1.7. Classes, functions, and decorators</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pydoc.html">26.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code> — Documentation generator and online help system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html">26.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code> — Test interactive Python examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-docstrings">26.3.1. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-a-text-file">26.3.2. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#how-it-works">26.3.3. How It Works</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#which-docstrings-are-examined">26.3.3.1. Which Docstrings Are Examined?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#how-are-docstring-examples-recognized">26.3.3.2. How are Docstring Examples Recognized?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#what-s-the-execution-context">26.3.3.3. What’s the Execution Context?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#what-about-exceptions">26.3.3.4. What About Exceptions?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#option-flags">26.3.3.5. Option Flags</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#directives">26.3.3.6. Directives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#warnings">26.3.3.7. Warnings</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#basic-api">26.3.4. Basic API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#unittest-api">26.3.5. Unittest API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#advanced-api">26.3.6. Advanced API</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctest-objects">26.3.6.1. DocTest Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#example-objects">26.3.6.2. Example Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctestfinder-objects">26.3.6.3. DocTestFinder objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctestparser-objects">26.3.6.4. DocTestParser objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctestrunner-objects">26.3.6.5. DocTestRunner objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#outputchecker-objects">26.3.6.6. OutputChecker objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#debugging">26.3.7. Debugging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#soapbox">26.3.8. Soapbox</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html">26.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code> — Unit testing framework</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#basic-example">26.4.1. Basic example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#command-line-interface">26.4.2. Command-Line Interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#command-line-options">26.4.2.1. Command-line options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#test-discovery">26.4.3. Test Discovery</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#organizing-test-code">26.4.4. Organizing test code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#re-using-old-test-code">26.4.5. Re-using old test code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#skipping-tests-and-expected-failures">26.4.6. Skipping tests and expected failures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#distinguishing-test-iterations-using-subtests">26.4.7. Distinguishing test iterations using subtests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#classes-and-functions">26.4.8. Classes and functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#test-cases">26.4.8.1. Test cases</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#deprecated-aliases">26.4.8.1.1. Deprecated aliases</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#grouping-tests">26.4.8.2. Grouping tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#loading-and-running-tests">26.4.8.3. Loading and running tests</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#load-tests-protocol">26.4.8.3.1. load_tests Protocol</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#class-and-module-fixtures">26.4.9. Class and Module Fixtures</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#setupclass-and-teardownclass">26.4.9.1. setUpClass and tearDownClass</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#setupmodule-and-teardownmodule">26.4.9.2. setUpModule and tearDownModule</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#signal-handling">26.4.10. Signal Handling</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html">26.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></code> — mock object library</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#quick-guide">26.5.1. Quick Guide</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#the-mock-class">26.5.2. The Mock Class</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#calling">26.5.2.1. Calling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#deleting-attributes">26.5.2.2. Deleting Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#mock-names-and-the-name-attribute">26.5.2.3. Mock names and the name attribute</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#attaching-mocks-as-attributes">26.5.2.4. Attaching Mocks as Attributes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#the-patchers">26.5.3. The patchers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch">26.5.3.1. patch</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch-object">26.5.3.2. patch.object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch-dict">26.5.3.3. patch.dict</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch-multiple">26.5.3.4. patch.multiple</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch-methods-start-and-stop">26.5.3.5. patch methods: start and stop</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch-builtins">26.5.3.6. patch builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#test-prefix">26.5.3.7. TEST_PREFIX</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#nesting-patch-decorators">26.5.3.8. Nesting Patch Decorators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#where-to-patch">26.5.3.9. Where to patch</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects">26.5.3.10. Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#magicmock-and-magic-method-support">26.5.4. MagicMock and magic method support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#mocking-magic-methods">26.5.4.1. Mocking Magic Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#magic-mock">26.5.4.2. Magic Mock</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#helpers">26.5.5. Helpers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#sentinel">26.5.5.1. sentinel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#default">26.5.5.2. DEFAULT</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#call">26.5.5.3. call</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#create-autospec">26.5.5.4. create_autospec</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#any">26.5.5.5. ANY</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#filter-dir">26.5.5.6. FILTER_DIR</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#mock-open">26.5.5.7. mock_open</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#autospeccing">26.5.5.8. Autospeccing</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html">26.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></code> — getting started</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#using-mock">26.6.1. Using Mock</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-patching-methods">26.6.1.1. Mock Patching Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object">26.6.1.2. Mock for Method Calls on an Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-classes">26.6.1.3. Mocking Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#naming-your-mocks">26.6.1.4. Naming your mocks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-all-calls">26.6.1.5. Tracking all Calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#setting-return-values-and-attributes">26.6.1.6. Setting Return Values and Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#raising-exceptions-with-mocks">26.6.1.7. Raising exceptions with mocks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#side-effect-functions-and-iterables">26.6.1.8. Side effect functions and iterables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object">26.6.1.9. Creating a Mock from an Existing Object</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#patch-decorators">26.6.2. Patch Decorators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#further-examples">26.6.3. Further Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-chained-calls">26.6.3.1. Mocking chained calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#partial-mocking">26.6.3.2. Partial mocking</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-generator-method">26.6.3.3. Mocking a Generator Method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">26.6.3.4. Applying the same patch to every test method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-unbound-methods">26.6.3.5. Mocking Unbound Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">26.6.3.6. Checking multiple calls with mock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#coping-with-mutable-arguments">26.6.3.7. Coping with mutable arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#nesting-patches">26.6.3.8. Nesting Patches</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">26.6.3.9. Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">26.6.3.10. Mock subclasses and their attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">26.6.3.11. Mocking imports with patch.dict</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">26.6.3.12. Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#more-complex-argument-matching">26.6.3.13. More complex argument matching</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html">26.7. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html#using-2to3">26.7.1. Using 2to3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html#fixers">26.7.2. Fixers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html#module-lib2to3">26.7.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code> - 2to3’s library</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html">26.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test</span></code> — Regression tests package for Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#writing-unit-tests-for-the-test-package">26.8.1. Writing Unit Tests for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test</span></code> package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#running-tests-using-the-command-line-interface">26.8.2. Running tests using the command-line interface</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#module-test.support">26.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test.support</span></code> — Utilities for the Python test suite</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/debug.html">27. Debugging and Profiling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bdb.html">27.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bdb</span></code> — Debugger framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html">27.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">faulthandler</span></code> — Dump the Python traceback</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#dumping-the-traceback">27.2.1. Dumping the traceback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#fault-handler-state">27.2.2. Fault handler state</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#dumping-the-tracebacks-after-a-timeout">27.2.3. Dumping the tracebacks after a timeout</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#dumping-the-traceback-on-a-user-signal">27.2.4. Dumping the traceback on a user signal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#issue-with-file-descriptors">27.2.5. Issue with file descriptors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#example">27.2.6. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pdb.html">27.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code> — The Python Debugger</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pdb.html#debugger-commands">27.3.1. Debugger Commands</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html">27.4. The Python Profilers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#introduction-to-the-profilers">27.4.1. Introduction to the profilers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#instant-user-s-manual">27.4.2. Instant User’s Manual</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#module-cProfile">27.4.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">profile</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cProfile</span></code> Module Reference</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#the-stats-class">27.4.4. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Stats</span></code> Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#what-is-deterministic-profiling">27.4.5. What Is Deterministic Profiling?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#limitations">27.4.6. Limitations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#calibration">27.4.7. Calibration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#using-a-custom-timer">27.4.8. Using a custom timer</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html">27.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timeit</span></code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html#basic-examples">27.5.1. Basic Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html#python-interface">27.5.2. Python Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html#command-line-interface">27.5.3. Command-Line Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html#examples">27.5.4. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html">27.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></code> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#command-line-usage">27.6.1. Command-Line Usage</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#main-options">27.6.1.1. Main options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#modifiers">27.6.1.2. Modifiers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#filters">27.6.1.3. Filters</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#programmatic-interface">27.6.2. Programmatic Interface</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html">27.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code> — Trace memory allocations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#examples">27.7.1. Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#display-the-top-10">27.7.1.1. Display the top 10</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#compute-differences">27.7.1.2. Compute differences</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#get-the-traceback-of-a-memory-block">27.7.1.3. Get the traceback of a memory block</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#pretty-top">27.7.1.4. Pretty top</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#api">27.7.2. API</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#functions">27.7.2.1. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#filter">27.7.2.2. Filter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#frame">27.7.2.3. Frame</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#snapshot">27.7.2.4. Snapshot</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#statistic">27.7.2.5. Statistic</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#statisticdiff">27.7.2.6. StatisticDiff</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#trace">27.7.2.7. Trace</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#traceback">27.7.2.8. Traceback</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/distribution.html">28. Software Packaging and Distribution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/distutils.html">28.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils</span></code> — Building and installing Python modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ensurepip.html">28.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ensurepip</span></code> — Bootstrapping the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> installer</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ensurepip.html#command-line-interface">28.2.1. Command line interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ensurepip.html#module-api">28.2.2. Module API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv.html">28.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> — Creation of virtual environments</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv.html#creating-virtual-environments">28.3.1. Creating virtual environments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv.html#api">28.3.2. API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv.html#an-example-of-extending-envbuilder">28.3.3. An example of extending <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EnvBuilder</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp.html">28.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">zipapp</span></code> — Manage executable python zip archives</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp.html#basic-example">28.4.1. Basic Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp.html#command-line-interface">28.4.2. Command-Line Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp.html#python-api">28.4.3. Python API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp.html#examples">28.4.4. Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp.html#the-python-zip-application-archive-format">28.4.5. The Python Zip Application Archive Format</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/python.html">29. Python Runtime Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.html">29.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys</span></code> — System-specific parameters and functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html">29.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sysconfig</span></code> — Provide access to Python’s configuration information</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#configuration-variables">29.2.1. Configuration variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#installation-paths">29.2.2. Installation paths</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#other-functions">29.2.3. Other functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#using-sysconfig-as-a-script">29.2.4. Using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sysconfig</span></code> as a script</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/builtins.html">29.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">builtins</span></code> — Built-in objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__.html">29.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> — Top-level script environment</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html">29.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">warnings</span></code> — Warning control</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#warning-categories">29.5.1. Warning Categories</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#the-warnings-filter">29.5.2. The Warnings Filter</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#default-warning-filters">29.5.2.1. Default Warning Filters</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#temporarily-suppressing-warnings">29.5.3. Temporarily Suppressing Warnings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#testing-warnings">29.5.4. Testing Warnings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#updating-code-for-new-versions-of-python">29.5.5. Updating Code For New Versions of Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#available-functions">29.5.6. Available Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#available-context-managers">29.5.7. Available Context Managers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html">29.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">contextlib</span></code> — Utilities for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></code>-statement contexts</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#utilities">29.6.1. Utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#examples-and-recipes">29.6.2. Examples and Recipes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#supporting-a-variable-number-of-context-managers">29.6.2.1. Supporting a variable number of context managers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#simplifying-support-for-single-optional-context-managers">29.6.2.2. Simplifying support for single optional context managers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#catching-exceptions-from-enter-methods">29.6.2.3. Catching exceptions from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__</span></code> methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#cleaning-up-in-an-enter-implementation">29.6.2.4. Cleaning up in an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__</span></code> implementation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#replacing-any-use-of-try-finally-and-flag-variables">29.6.2.5. Replacing any use of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">try-finally</span></code> and flag variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#using-a-context-manager-as-a-function-decorator">29.6.2.6. Using a context manager as a function decorator</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#single-use-reusable-and-reentrant-context-managers">29.6.3. Single use, reusable and reentrant context managers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#reentrant-context-managers">29.6.3.1. Reentrant context managers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#reusable-context-managers">29.6.3.2. Reusable context managers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/abc.html">29.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">abc</span></code> — Abstract Base Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/atexit.html">29.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> — Exit handlers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/atexit.html#atexit-example">29.8.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback.html">29.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">traceback</span></code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback.html#tracebackexception-objects">29.9.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TracebackException</span></code> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback.html#stacksummary-objects">29.9.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">StackSummary</span></code> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback.html#framesummary-objects">29.9.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FrameSummary</span></code> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback.html#traceback-examples">29.9.4. Traceback Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__future__.html">29.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code> — Future statement definitions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gc.html">29.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gc</span></code> — Garbage Collector interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html">29.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect</span></code> — Inspect live objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#types-and-members">29.12.1. Types and members</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#retrieving-source-code">29.12.2. Retrieving source code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#introspecting-callables-with-the-signature-object">29.12.3. Introspecting callables with the Signature object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#classes-and-functions">29.12.4. Classes and functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#the-interpreter-stack">29.12.5. The interpreter stack</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#fetching-attributes-statically">29.12.6. Fetching attributes statically</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#current-state-of-generators-and-coroutines">29.12.7. Current State of Generators and Coroutines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#code-objects-bit-flags">29.12.8. Code Objects Bit Flags</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#command-line-interface">29.12.9. Command Line Interface</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site.html">29.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">site</span></code> — Site-specific configuration hook</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site.html#readline-configuration">29.13.1. Readline configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site.html#module-contents">29.13.2. Module contents</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fpectl.html">29.14. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fpectl</span></code> — Floating point exception control</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fpectl.html#example">29.14.1. Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fpectl.html#limitations-and-other-considerations">29.14.2. Limitations and other considerations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/custominterp.html">30. Custom Python Interpreters</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/code.html">30.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">code</span></code> — Interpreter base classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/code.html#interactive-interpreter-objects">30.1.1. Interactive Interpreter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/code.html#interactive-console-objects">30.1.2. Interactive Console Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codeop.html">30.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">codeop</span></code> — Compile Python code</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/modules.html">31. Importing Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport.html">31.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">zipimport</span></code> — Import modules from Zip archives</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport.html#zipimporter-objects">31.1.1. zipimporter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport.html#examples">31.1.2. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pkgutil.html">31.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pkgutil</span></code> — Package extension utility</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/modulefinder.html">31.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">modulefinder</span></code> — Find modules used by a script</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/modulefinder.html#example-usage-of-modulefinder">31.3.1. Example usage of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ModuleFinder</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/runpy.html">31.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runpy</span></code> — Locating and executing Python modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html">31.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code> — The implementation of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span></code></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#introduction">31.5.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#functions">31.5.2. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.abc">31.5.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">importlib.abc</span></code> – Abstract base classes related to import</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.machinery">31.5.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">importlib.machinery</span></code> – Importers and path hooks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.util">31.5.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">importlib.util</span></code> – Utility code for importers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/language.html">32. Python Language Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html">32.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parser</span></code> — Access Python parse trees</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#creating-st-objects">32.1.1. Creating ST Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#converting-st-objects">32.1.2. Converting ST Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#queries-on-st-objects">32.1.3. Queries on ST Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#exceptions-and-error-handling">32.1.4. Exceptions and Error Handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#st-objects">32.1.5. ST Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#example-emulation-of-compile">32.1.6. Example: Emulation of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html">32.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> — Abstract Syntax Trees</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#node-classes">32.2.1. Node classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#abstract-grammar">32.2.2. Abstract Grammar</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#ast-helpers">32.2.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> Helpers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable.html">32.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">symtable</span></code> — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable.html#generating-symbol-tables">32.3.1. Generating Symbol Tables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable.html#examining-symbol-tables">32.3.2. Examining Symbol Tables</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symbol.html">32.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">symbol</span></code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/token.html">32.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">token</span></code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/keyword.html">32.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">keyword</span></code> — Testing for Python keywords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize.html">32.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></code> — Tokenizer for Python source</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize.html#tokenizing-input">32.7.1. Tokenizing Input</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize.html#command-line-usage">32.7.2. Command-Line Usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize.html#examples">32.7.3. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tabnanny.html">32.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tabnanny</span></code> — Detection of ambiguous indentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr.html">32.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pyclbr</span></code> — Python class browser support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr.html#class-objects">32.9.1. Class Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr.html#function-objects">32.9.2. Function Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/py_compile.html">32.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">py_compile</span></code> — Compile Python source files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall.html">32.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">compileall</span></code> — Byte-compile Python libraries</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall.html#command-line-use">32.11.1. Command-line use</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall.html#public-functions">32.11.2. Public functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html">32.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis</span></code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#bytecode-analysis">32.12.1. Bytecode analysis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#analysis-functions">32.12.2. Analysis functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#python-bytecode-instructions">32.12.3. Python Bytecode Instructions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#opcode-collections">32.12.4. Opcode collections</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html">32.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickletools</span></code> — Tools for pickle developers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html#command-line-usage">32.13.1. Command line usage</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html#command-line-options">32.13.1.1. Command line options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html#programmatic-interface">32.13.2. Programmatic Interface</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/misc.html">33. Miscellaneous Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/formatter.html">33.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">formatter</span></code> — Generic output formatting</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/formatter.html#the-formatter-interface">33.1.1. The Formatter Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/formatter.html#formatter-implementations">33.1.2. Formatter Implementations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/formatter.html#the-writer-interface">33.1.3. The Writer Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/formatter.html#writer-implementations">33.1.4. Writer Implementations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/windows.html">34. MS Windows Specific Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html">34.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">msilib</span></code> — Read and write Microsoft Installer files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#database-objects">34.1.1. Database Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#view-objects">34.1.2. View Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#summary-information-objects">34.1.3. Summary Information Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#record-objects">34.1.4. Record Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#errors">34.1.5. Errors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#cab-objects">34.1.6. CAB Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#directory-objects">34.1.7. Directory Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#features">34.1.8. Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#gui-classes">34.1.9. GUI classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#precomputed-tables">34.1.10. Precomputed tables</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html">34.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">msvcrt</span></code> — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html#file-operations">34.2.1. File Operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html#console-i-o">34.2.2. Console I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html#other-functions">34.2.3. Other Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html">34.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">winreg</span></code> — Windows registry access</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#functions">34.3.1. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#constants">34.3.2. Constants</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#hkey-constants">34.3.2.1. HKEY_* Constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#access-rights">34.3.2.2. Access Rights</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#bit-specific">34.3.2.2.1. 64-bit Specific</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#value-types">34.3.2.3. Value Types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#registry-handle-objects">34.3.3. Registry Handle Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winsound.html">34.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">winsound</span></code> — Sound-playing interface for Windows</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unix.html">35. Unix Specific Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix.html">35.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">posix</span></code> — The most common POSIX system calls</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix.html#large-file-support">35.1.1. Large File Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix.html#notable-module-contents">35.1.2. Notable Module Contents</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pwd.html">35.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pwd</span></code> — The password database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/spwd.html">35.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">spwd</span></code> — The shadow password database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/grp.html">35.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">grp</span></code> — The group database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html">35.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">crypt</span></code> — Function to check Unix passwords</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html#hashing-methods">35.5.1. Hashing Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html#module-attributes">35.5.2. Module Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html#module-functions">35.5.3. Module Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html#examples">35.5.4. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/termios.html">35.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">termios</span></code> — POSIX style tty control</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/termios.html#example">35.6.1. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tty.html">35.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tty</span></code> — Terminal control functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pty.html">35.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pty</span></code> — Pseudo-terminal utilities</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pty.html#example">35.8.1. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fcntl.html">35.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></code> — The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ioctl</span></code> system calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pipes.html">35.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pipes</span></code> — Interface to shell pipelines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pipes.html#template-objects">35.10.1. Template Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource.html">35.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resource</span></code> — Resource usage information</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource.html#resource-limits">35.11.1. Resource Limits</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource.html#resource-usage">35.11.2. Resource Usage</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nis.html">35.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nis</span></code> — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog.html">35.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">syslog</span></code> — Unix syslog library routines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog.html#examples">35.13.1. Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog.html#simple-example">35.13.1.1. Simple example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/superseded.html">36. Superseded Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html">36.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code> — Parser for command line options</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#background">36.1.1. Background</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#terminology">36.1.1.1. Terminology</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#what-are-options-for">36.1.1.2. What are options for?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#what-are-positional-arguments-for">36.1.1.3. What are positional arguments for?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#tutorial">36.1.2. Tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#understanding-option-actions">36.1.2.1. Understanding option actions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#the-store-action">36.1.2.2. The store action</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#handling-boolean-flag-options">36.1.2.3. Handling boolean (flag) options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#other-actions">36.1.2.4. Other actions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#default-values">36.1.2.5. Default values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#generating-help">36.1.2.6. Generating help</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#grouping-options">36.1.2.6.1. Grouping Options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#printing-a-version-string">36.1.2.7. Printing a version string</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#how-optparse-handles-errors">36.1.2.8. How <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code> handles errors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#putting-it-all-together">36.1.2.9. Putting it all together</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#reference-guide">36.1.3. Reference Guide</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#creating-the-parser">36.1.3.1. Creating the parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#populating-the-parser">36.1.3.2. Populating the parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#defining-options">36.1.3.3. Defining options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#option-attributes">36.1.3.4. Option attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#standard-option-actions">36.1.3.5. Standard option actions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#standard-option-types">36.1.3.6. Standard option types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#parsing-arguments">36.1.3.7. Parsing arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#querying-and-manipulating-your-option-parser">36.1.3.8. Querying and manipulating your option parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#conflicts-between-options">36.1.3.9. Conflicts between options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#cleanup">36.1.3.10. Cleanup</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#other-methods">36.1.3.11. Other methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#option-callbacks">36.1.4. Option Callbacks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#defining-a-callback-option">36.1.4.1. Defining a callback option</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#how-callbacks-are-called">36.1.4.2. How callbacks are called</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#raising-errors-in-a-callback">36.1.4.3. Raising errors in a callback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-1-trivial-callback">36.1.4.4. Callback example 1: trivial callback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-2-check-option-order">36.1.4.5. Callback example 2: check option order</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-3-check-option-order-generalized">36.1.4.6. Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-4-check-arbitrary-condition">36.1.4.7. Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-5-fixed-arguments">36.1.4.8. Callback example 5: fixed arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-6-variable-arguments">36.1.4.9. Callback example 6: variable arguments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#extending-optparse">36.1.5. Extending <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#adding-new-types">36.1.5.1. Adding new types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#adding-new-actions">36.1.5.2. Adding new actions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imp.html">36.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imp</span></code> — Access the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span></code> internals</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imp.html#examples">36.2.1. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html">37. Undocumented Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#platform-specific-modules">37.1. Platform specific modules</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/index.html">Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/index.html#recommended-third-party-tools">Recommended third party tools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/index.html#creating-extensions-without-third-party-tools">Creating extensions without third party tools</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html">1. Extending Python with C or C++</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#a-simple-example">1.1. A Simple Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#intermezzo-errors-and-exceptions">1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#back-to-the-example">1.3. Back to the Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#the-module-s-method-table-and-initialization-function">1.4. The Module’s Method Table and Initialization Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#compilation-and-linkage">1.5. Compilation and Linkage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#calling-python-functions-from-c">1.6. Calling Python Functions from C</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#extracting-parameters-in-extension-functions">1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#keyword-parameters-for-extension-functions">1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#building-arbitrary-values">1.9. Building Arbitrary Values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#reference-counts">1.10. Reference Counts</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#reference-counting-in-python">1.10.1. Reference Counting in Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#ownership-rules">1.10.2. Ownership Rules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#thin-ice">1.10.3. Thin Ice</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#null-pointers">1.10.4. NULL Pointers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#writing-extensions-in-c">1.11. Writing Extensions in C++</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#providing-a-c-api-for-an-extension-module">1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html">2. Defining New Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#the-basics">2.1. The Basics</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#adding-data-and-methods-to-the-basic-example">2.1.1. Adding data and methods to the Basic example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#providing-finer-control-over-data-attributes">2.1.2. Providing finer control over data attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection">2.1.3. Supporting cyclic garbage collection</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#subclassing-other-types">2.1.4. Subclassing other types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#type-methods">2.2. Type Methods</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#finalization-and-de-allocation">2.2.1. Finalization and De-allocation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#object-presentation">2.2.2. Object Presentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#attribute-management">2.2.3. Attribute Management</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#generic-attribute-management">2.2.3.1. Generic Attribute Management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#type-specific-attribute-management">2.2.3.2. Type-specific Attribute Management</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#object-comparison">2.2.4. Object Comparison</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#abstract-protocol-support">2.2.5. Abstract Protocol Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#weak-reference-support">2.2.6. Weak Reference Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#more-suggestions">2.2.7. More Suggestions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/building.html">3. Building C and C++ Extensions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/building.html#building-c-and-c-extensions-with-distutils">3.1. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/building.html#distributing-your-extension-modules">3.2. Distributing your extension modules</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html">4. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html#a-cookbook-approach">4.1. A Cookbook Approach</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html#differences-between-unix-and-windows">4.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html#using-dlls-in-practice">4.3. Using DLLs in Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/index.html#embedding-the-cpython-runtime-in-a-larger-application">Embedding the CPython runtime in a larger application</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html">1. Embedding Python in Another Application</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#very-high-level-embedding">1.1. Very High Level Embedding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview">1.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#pure-embedding">1.3. Pure Embedding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#extending-embedded-python">1.4. Extending Embedded Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#embedding-python-in-c">1.5. Embedding Python in C++</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems">1.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/index.html">Python/C API Reference Manual</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html">Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#include-files">Include Files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#objects-types-and-reference-counts">Objects, Types and Reference Counts</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#reference-counts">Reference Counts</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#reference-count-details">Reference Count Details</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#types">Types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#embedding-python">Embedding Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#debugging-builds">Debugging Builds</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html">Stable Application Binary Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/veryhigh.html">The Very High Level Layer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/refcounting.html">Reference Counting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html">Exception Handling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#printing-and-clearing">Printing and clearing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#raising-exceptions">Raising exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#issuing-warnings">Issuing warnings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#querying-the-error-indicator">Querying the error indicator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#signal-handling">Signal Handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#exception-classes">Exception Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#exception-objects">Exception Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#unicode-exception-objects">Unicode Exception Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#recursion-control">Recursion Control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#standard-exceptions">Standard Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/utilities.html">Utilities</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys.html">Operating System Utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys.html#system-functions">System Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys.html#process-control">Process Control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/import.html">Importing Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/marshal.html">Data marshalling support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html">Parsing arguments and building values</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#parsing-arguments">Parsing arguments</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#strings-and-buffers">Strings and buffers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#numbers">Numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#other-objects">Other objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#api-functions">API Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#building-values">Building values</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/conversion.html">String conversion and formatting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/reflection.html">Reflection</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec.html">Codec registry and support functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec.html#codec-lookup-api">Codec lookup API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec.html#registry-api-for-unicode-encoding-error-handlers">Registry API for Unicode encoding error handlers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/abstract.html">Abstract Objects Layer</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/object.html">Object Protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/number.html">Number Protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sequence.html">Sequence Protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/mapping.html">Mapping Protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/iter.html">Iterator Protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html">Buffer Protocol</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#buffer-structure">Buffer structure</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#buffer-request-types">Buffer request types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#request-independent-fields">request-independent fields</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#readonly-format">readonly, format</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#shape-strides-suboffsets">shape, strides, suboffsets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#contiguity-requests">contiguity requests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#compound-requests">compound requests</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#complex-arrays">Complex arrays</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#numpy-style-shape-and-strides">NumPy-style: shape and strides</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#pil-style-shape-strides-and-suboffsets">PIL-style: shape, strides and suboffsets</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#buffer-related-functions">Buffer-related functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/objbuffer.html">Old Buffer Protocol</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html">Concrete Objects Layer</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#fundamental-objects">Fundamental Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/type.html">Type Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/none.html">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code> Object</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#numeric-objects">Numeric Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/long.html">Integer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bool.html">Boolean Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/float.html">Floating Point Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex.html">Complex Number Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex.html#complex-numbers-as-c-structures">Complex Numbers as C Structures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex.html#complex-numbers-as-python-objects">Complex Numbers as Python Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#sequence-objects">Sequence Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytes.html">Bytes Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html">Byte Array Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html#type-check-macros">Type check macros</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html#direct-api-functions">Direct API functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html#macros">Macros</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html">Unicode Objects and Codecs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-objects">Unicode Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-type">Unicode Type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-character-properties">Unicode Character Properties</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#creating-and-accessing-unicode-strings">Creating and accessing Unicode strings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#deprecated-py-unicode-apis">Deprecated Py_UNICODE APIs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#locale-encoding">Locale Encoding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#file-system-encoding">File System Encoding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#wchar-t-support">wchar_t Support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#built-in-codecs">Built-in Codecs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#generic-codecs">Generic Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-8-codecs">UTF-8 Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-32-codecs">UTF-32 Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-16-codecs">UTF-16 Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-7-codecs">UTF-7 Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-escape-codecs">Unicode-Escape Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#raw-unicode-escape-codecs">Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#latin-1-codecs">Latin-1 Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#ascii-codecs">ASCII Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#character-map-codecs">Character Map Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#mbcs-codecs-for-windows">MBCS codecs for Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#methods-slots">Methods & Slots</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#methods-and-slot-functions">Methods and Slot Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/tuple.html">Tuple Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/tuple.html#struct-sequence-objects">Struct Sequence Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/list.html">List Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#container-objects">Container Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/dict.html">Dictionary Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/set.html">Set Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#function-objects">Function Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/function.html">Function Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/method.html">Instance Method Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/method.html#method-objects">Method Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/cell.html">Cell Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/code.html">Code Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#other-objects">Other Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/file.html">File Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html">Module Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#initializing-c-modules">Initializing C modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#single-phase-initialization">Single-phase initialization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#multi-phase-initialization">Multi-phase initialization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#low-level-module-creation-functions">Low-level module creation functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#support-functions">Support functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#module-lookup">Module lookup</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/iterator.html">Iterator Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/descriptor.html">Descriptor Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/slice.html">Slice Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memoryview.html">MemoryView objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/weakref.html">Weak Reference Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/capsule.html">Capsules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/gen.html">Generator Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/coro.html">Coroutine Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/datetime.html">DateTime Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html">Initialization, Finalization, and Threads</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#initializing-and-finalizing-the-interpreter">Initializing and finalizing the interpreter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#process-wide-parameters">Process-wide parameters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#thread-state-and-the-global-interpreter-lock">Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#releasing-the-gil-from-extension-code">Releasing the GIL from extension code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#non-python-created-threads">Non-Python created threads</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#high-level-api">High-level API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#low-level-api">Low-level API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#sub-interpreter-support">Sub-interpreter support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#bugs-and-caveats">Bugs and caveats</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#asynchronous-notifications">Asynchronous Notifications</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#profiling-and-tracing">Profiling and Tracing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#advanced-debugger-support">Advanced Debugger Support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html">Memory Management</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#raw-memory-interface">Raw Memory Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#memory-interface">Memory Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#customize-memory-allocators">Customize Memory Allocators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#customize-pyobject-arena-allocator">Customize PyObject Arena Allocator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/objimpl.html">Object Implementation Support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/allocation.html">Allocating Objects on the Heap</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html">Common Object Structures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html">Type Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#number-object-structures">Number Object Structures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#mapping-object-structures">Mapping Object Structures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#sequence-object-structures">Sequence Object Structures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#buffer-object-structures">Buffer Object Structures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#async-object-structures">Async Object Structures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/gcsupport.html">Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/apiabiversion.html">API and ABI Versioning</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="distributing/index.html">Distributing Python Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributing/index.html#key-terms">Key terms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributing/index.html#open-source-licensing-and-collaboration">Open source licensing and collaboration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributing/index.html#installing-the-tools">Installing the tools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributing/index.html#reading-the-guide">Reading the guide</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributing/index.html#how-do-i">How do I...?</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distributing/index.html#choose-a-name-for-my-project">... choose a name for my project?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distributing/index.html#create-and-distribute-binary-extensions">... create and distribute binary extensions?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html">Installing Python Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#key-terms">Key terms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#basic-usage">Basic usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#how-do-i">How do I ...?</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#install-pip-in-versions-of-python-prior-to-python-3-4">... install <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> in versions of Python prior to Python 3.4?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#install-packages-just-for-the-current-user">... install packages just for the current user?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#install-scientific-python-packages">... install scientific Python packages?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#work-with-multiple-versions-of-python-installed-in-parallel">... work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#common-installation-issues">Common installation issues</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#installing-into-the-system-python-on-linux">Installing into the system Python on Linux</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#installing-binary-extensions">Installing binary extensions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/index.html">Python HOWTOs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html">Porting Python 2 Code to Python 3</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html#the-short-explanation">The Short Explanation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html#details">Details</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html#drop-support-for-python-2-6-and-older">Drop support for Python 2.6 and older</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html#make-sure-you-specify-the-proper-version-support-in-your-setup-py-file">Make sure you specify the proper version support in your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> file</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html#have-good-test-coverage">Have good test coverage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html#learn-the-differences-between-python-2-3">Learn the differences between Python 2 & 3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html#update-your-code">Update your code</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html#division">Division</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html#text-versus-binary-data">Text versus binary data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html#use-feature-detection-instead-of-version-detection">Use feature detection instead of version detection</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html#prevent-compatibility-regressions">Prevent compatibility regressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html#check-which-dependencies-block-your-transition">Check which dependencies block your transition</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html#update-your-setup-py-file-to-denote-python-3-compatibility">Update your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> file to denote Python 3 compatibility</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html#use-continuous-integration-to-stay-compatible">Use continuous integration to stay compatible</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting.html#consider-using-optional-static-type-checking">Consider using optional static type checking</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/cporting.html">Porting Extension Modules to Python 3</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/cporting.html#conditional-compilation">Conditional compilation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/cporting.html#changes-to-object-apis">Changes to Object APIs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/cporting.html#str-unicode-unification">str/unicode Unification</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/cporting.html#long-int-unification">long/int Unification</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/cporting.html#module-initialization-and-state">Module initialization and state</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/cporting.html#cobject-replaced-with-capsule">CObject replaced with Capsule</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/cporting.html#other-options">Other options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html">Curses Programming with Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#what-is-curses">What is curses?</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#the-python-curses-module">The Python curses module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#starting-and-ending-a-curses-application">Starting and ending a curses application</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#windows-and-pads">Windows and Pads</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#displaying-text">Displaying Text</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#attributes-and-color">Attributes and Color</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#user-input">User Input</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#for-more-information">For More Information</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html">Descriptor HowTo Guide</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#definition-and-introduction">Definition and Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#descriptor-protocol">Descriptor Protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#invoking-descriptors">Invoking Descriptors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#descriptor-example">Descriptor Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#properties">Properties</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#functions-and-methods">Functions and Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#static-methods-and-class-methods">Static Methods and Class Methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html">Functional Programming HOWTO</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#introduction">Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#formal-provability">Formal provability</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#modularity">Modularity</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#ease-of-debugging-and-testing">Ease of debugging and testing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#composability">Composability</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#iterators">Iterators</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#data-types-that-support-iterators">Data Types That Support Iterators</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#generator-expressions-and-list-comprehensions">Generator expressions and list comprehensions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#generators">Generators</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#passing-values-into-a-generator">Passing values into a generator</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#built-in-functions">Built-in functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#the-itertools-module">The itertools module</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#creating-new-iterators">Creating new iterators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#calling-functions-on-elements">Calling functions on elements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#selecting-elements">Selecting elements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#combinatoric-functions">Combinatoric functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#grouping-elements">Grouping elements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#the-functools-module">The functools module</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#the-operator-module">The operator module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#small-functions-and-the-lambda-expression">Small functions and the lambda expression</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#revision-history-and-acknowledgements">Revision History and Acknowledgements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#references">References</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#general">General</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#python-specific">Python-specific</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#python-documentation">Python documentation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html">Logging HOWTO</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#basic-logging-tutorial">Basic Logging Tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#when-to-use-logging">When to use logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#a-simple-example">A simple example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#logging-to-a-file">Logging to a file</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#logging-from-multiple-modules">Logging from multiple modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#logging-variable-data">Logging variable data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#changing-the-format-of-displayed-messages">Changing the format of displayed messages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#displaying-the-date-time-in-messages">Displaying the date/time in messages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#next-steps">Next Steps</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#advanced-logging-tutorial">Advanced Logging Tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#logging-flow">Logging Flow</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#loggers">Loggers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#handlers">Handlers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#formatters">Formatters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#configuring-logging">Configuring Logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#what-happens-if-no-configuration-is-provided">What happens if no configuration is provided</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#configuring-logging-for-a-library">Configuring Logging for a Library</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#logging-levels">Logging Levels</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#custom-levels">Custom Levels</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#useful-handlers">Useful Handlers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#exceptions-raised-during-logging">Exceptions raised during logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#using-arbitrary-objects-as-messages">Using arbitrary objects as messages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#optimization">Optimization</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html">Logging Cookbook</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-logging-in-multiple-modules">Using logging in multiple modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#logging-from-multiple-threads">Logging from multiple threads</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#multiple-handlers-and-formatters">Multiple handlers and formatters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#logging-to-multiple-destinations">Logging to multiple destinations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#configuration-server-example">Configuration server example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#dealing-with-handlers-that-block">Dealing with handlers that block</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#sending-and-receiving-logging-events-across-a-network">Sending and receiving logging events across a network</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#adding-contextual-information-to-your-logging-output">Adding contextual information to your logging output</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-loggeradapters-to-impart-contextual-information">Using LoggerAdapters to impart contextual information</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-objects-other-than-dicts-to-pass-contextual-information">Using objects other than dicts to pass contextual information</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-filters-to-impart-contextual-information">Using Filters to impart contextual information</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#logging-to-a-single-file-from-multiple-processes">Logging to a single file from multiple processes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-file-rotation">Using file rotation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#use-of-alternative-formatting-styles">Use of alternative formatting styles</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#customizing-logrecord">Customizing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">LogRecord</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#subclassing-queuehandler-a-zeromq-example">Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#subclassing-queuelistener-a-zeromq-example">Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#an-example-dictionary-based-configuration">An example dictionary-based configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-a-rotator-and-namer-to-customize-log-rotation-processing">Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#a-more-elaborate-multiprocessing-example">A more elaborate multiprocessing example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#inserting-a-bom-into-messages-sent-to-a-sysloghandler">Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#implementing-structured-logging">Implementing structured logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#customizing-handlers-with-dictconfig">Customizing handlers with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dictConfig()</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-particular-formatting-styles-throughout-your-application">Using particular formatting styles throughout your application</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-logrecord-factories">Using LogRecord factories</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-custom-message-objects">Using custom message objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#configuring-filters-with-dictconfig">Configuring filters with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dictConfig()</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#customized-exception-formatting">Customized exception formatting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#speaking-logging-messages">Speaking logging messages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#buffering-logging-messages-and-outputting-them-conditionally">Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#formatting-times-using-utc-gmt-via-configuration">Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-a-context-manager-for-selective-logging">Using a context manager for selective logging</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html">Regular Expression HOWTO</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#simple-patterns">Simple Patterns</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#matching-characters">Matching Characters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#repeating-things">Repeating Things</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#using-regular-expressions">Using Regular Expressions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#compiling-regular-expressions">Compiling Regular Expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#the-backslash-plague">The Backslash Plague</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#performing-matches">Performing Matches</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#module-level-functions">Module-Level Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#compilation-flags">Compilation Flags</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#more-pattern-power">More Pattern Power</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#more-metacharacters">More Metacharacters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#grouping">Grouping</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#non-capturing-and-named-groups">Non-capturing and Named Groups</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#lookahead-assertions">Lookahead Assertions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#modifying-strings">Modifying Strings</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#splitting-strings">Splitting Strings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#search-and-replace">Search and Replace</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#common-problems">Common Problems</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#use-string-methods">Use String Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#match-versus-search">match() versus search()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#greedy-versus-non-greedy">Greedy versus Non-Greedy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#using-re-verbose">Using re.VERBOSE</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#feedback">Feedback</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html">Socket Programming HOWTO</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#sockets">Sockets</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#history">History</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#creating-a-socket">Creating a Socket</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#ipc">IPC</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#using-a-socket">Using a Socket</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#binary-data">Binary Data</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#disconnecting">Disconnecting</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#when-sockets-die">When Sockets Die</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#non-blocking-sockets">Non-blocking Sockets</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html">Sorting HOW TO</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#sorting-basics">Sorting Basics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#key-functions">Key Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#operator-module-functions">Operator Module Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#ascending-and-descending">Ascending and Descending</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#sort-stability-and-complex-sorts">Sort Stability and Complex Sorts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#the-old-way-using-decorate-sort-undecorate">The Old Way Using Decorate-Sort-Undecorate</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#the-old-way-using-the-cmp-parameter">The Old Way Using the <em>cmp</em> Parameter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#odd-and-ends">Odd and Ends</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html">Unicode HOWTO</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#introduction-to-unicode">Introduction to Unicode</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#history-of-character-codes">History of Character Codes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#definitions">Definitions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#encodings">Encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#references">References</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#python-s-unicode-support">Python’s Unicode Support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#the-string-type">The String Type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#converting-to-bytes">Converting to Bytes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#unicode-literals-in-python-source-code">Unicode Literals in Python Source Code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#unicode-properties">Unicode Properties</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#unicode-regular-expressions">Unicode Regular Expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#id2">References</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#reading-and-writing-unicode-data">Reading and Writing Unicode Data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#unicode-filenames">Unicode filenames</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#tips-for-writing-unicode-aware-programs">Tips for Writing Unicode-aware Programs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#converting-between-file-encodings">Converting Between File Encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#files-in-an-unknown-encoding">Files in an Unknown Encoding</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#id3">References</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html">HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using The urllib Package</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#fetching-urls">Fetching URLs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#data">Data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#headers">Headers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#handling-exceptions">Handling Exceptions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#urlerror">URLError</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#httperror">HTTPError</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#error-codes">Error Codes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#wrapping-it-up">Wrapping it Up</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#number-1">Number 1</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#number-2">Number 2</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#info-and-geturl">info and geturl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#openers-and-handlers">Openers and Handlers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#id5">Basic Authentication</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#proxies">Proxies</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#sockets-and-layers">Sockets and Layers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#footnotes">Footnotes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html">Argparse Tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#concepts">Concepts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#the-basics">The basics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#introducing-positional-arguments">Introducing Positional arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#introducing-optional-arguments">Introducing Optional arguments</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#short-options">Short options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#combining-positional-and-optional-arguments">Combining Positional and Optional arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#getting-a-little-more-advanced">Getting a little more advanced</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#conflicting-options">Conflicting options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#conclusion">Conclusion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html">An introduction to the ipaddress module</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#creating-address-network-interface-objects">Creating Address/Network/Interface objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#a-note-on-ip-versions">A Note on IP Versions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#ip-host-addresses">IP Host Addresses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#defining-networks">Defining Networks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#host-interfaces">Host Interfaces</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#inspecting-address-network-interface-objects">Inspecting Address/Network/Interface Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#networks-as-lists-of-addresses">Networks as lists of Addresses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#comparisons">Comparisons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#using-ip-addresses-with-other-modules">Using IP Addresses with other modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#getting-more-detail-when-instance-creation-fails">Getting more detail when instance creation fails</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html">Argument Clinic How-To</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#the-goals-of-argument-clinic">The Goals Of Argument Clinic</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#basic-concepts-and-usage">Basic Concepts And Usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#converting-your-first-function">Converting Your First Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#advanced-topics">Advanced Topics</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#symbolic-default-values">Symbolic default values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#renaming-the-c-functions-and-variables-generated-by-argument-clinic">Renaming the C functions and variables generated by Argument Clinic</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#converting-functions-using-pyarg-unpacktuple">Converting functions using PyArg_UnpackTuple</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#optional-groups">Optional Groups</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#using-real-argument-clinic-converters-instead-of-legacy-converters">Using real Argument Clinic converters, instead of “legacy converters”</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#py-buffer">Py_buffer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#advanced-converters">Advanced converters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#parameter-default-values">Parameter default values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#the-null-default-value">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> default value</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#expressions-specified-as-default-values">Expressions specified as default values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#using-a-return-converter">Using a return converter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#cloning-existing-functions">Cloning existing functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#calling-python-code">Calling Python code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#using-a-self-converter">Using a “self converter”</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#writing-a-custom-converter">Writing a custom converter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#writing-a-custom-return-converter">Writing a custom return converter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#meth-o-and-meth-noargs">METH_O and METH_NOARGS</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#tp-new-and-tp-init-functions">tp_new and tp_init functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#changing-and-redirecting-clinic-s-output">Changing and redirecting Clinic’s output</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#the-ifdef-trick">The #ifdef trick</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/clinic.html#using-argument-clinic-in-python-files">Using Argument Clinic in Python files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/index.html">Python Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/general.html">General Python FAQ</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/general.html#general-information">General Information</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/general.html#python-in-the-real-world">Python in the real world</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html">Programming FAQ</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#general-questions">General Questions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#core-language">Core Language</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#numbers-and-strings">Numbers and strings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#performance">Performance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#sequences-tuples-lists">Sequences (Tuples/Lists)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#dictionaries">Dictionaries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#objects">Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#modules">Modules</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html">Design and History FAQ</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-does-python-use-indentation-for-grouping-of-statements">Why does Python use indentation for grouping of statements?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-am-i-getting-strange-results-with-simple-arithmetic-operations">Why am I getting strange results with simple arithmetic operations?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-are-floating-point-calculations-so-inaccurate">Why are floating-point calculations so inaccurate?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-are-python-strings-immutable">Why are Python strings immutable?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-must-self-be-used-explicitly-in-method-definitions-and-calls">Why must ‘self’ be used explicitly in method definitions and calls?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-can-t-i-use-an-assignment-in-an-expression">Why can’t I use an assignment in an expression?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-does-python-use-methods-for-some-functionality-e-g-list-index-but-functions-for-other-e-g-len-list">Why does Python use methods for some functionality (e.g. list.index()) but functions for other (e.g. len(list))?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-is-join-a-string-method-instead-of-a-list-or-tuple-method">Why is join() a string method instead of a list or tuple method?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#how-fast-are-exceptions">How fast are exceptions?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-isn-t-there-a-switch-or-case-statement-in-python">Why isn’t there a switch or case statement in Python?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#can-t-you-emulate-threads-in-the-interpreter-instead-of-relying-on-an-os-specific-thread-implementation">Can’t you emulate threads in the interpreter instead of relying on an OS-specific thread implementation?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-can-t-lambda-expressions-contain-statements">Why can’t lambda expressions contain statements?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#can-python-be-compiled-to-machine-code-c-or-some-other-language">Can Python be compiled to machine code, C or some other language?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#how-does-python-manage-memory">How does Python manage memory?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-doesn-t-cpython-use-a-more-traditional-garbage-collection-scheme">Why doesn’t CPython use a more traditional garbage collection scheme?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-isn-t-all-memory-freed-when-cpython-exits">Why isn’t all memory freed when CPython exits?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-are-there-separate-tuple-and-list-data-types">Why are there separate tuple and list data types?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#how-are-lists-implemented">How are lists implemented?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#how-are-dictionaries-implemented">How are dictionaries implemented?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-must-dictionary-keys-be-immutable">Why must dictionary keys be immutable?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-doesn-t-list-sort-return-the-sorted-list">Why doesn’t list.sort() return the sorted list?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#how-do-you-specify-and-enforce-an-interface-spec-in-python">How do you specify and enforce an interface spec in Python?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-is-there-no-goto">Why is there no goto?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-can-t-raw-strings-r-strings-end-with-a-backslash">Why can’t raw strings (r-strings) end with a backslash?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-doesn-t-python-have-a-with-statement-for-attribute-assignments">Why doesn’t Python have a “with” statement for attribute assignments?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-are-colons-required-for-the-if-while-def-class-statements">Why are colons required for the if/while/def/class statements?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-does-python-allow-commas-at-the-end-of-lists-and-tuples">Why does Python allow commas at the end of lists and tuples?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/library.html">Library and Extension FAQ</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/library.html#general-library-questions">General Library Questions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/library.html#common-tasks">Common tasks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/library.html#threads">Threads</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/library.html#input-and-output">Input and Output</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/library.html#network-internet-programming">Network/Internet Programming</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/library.html#databases">Databases</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/library.html#mathematics-and-numerics">Mathematics and Numerics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html">Extending/Embedding FAQ</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#can-i-create-my-own-functions-in-c">Can I create my own functions in C?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#id1">Can I create my own functions in C++?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#writing-c-is-hard-are-there-any-alternatives">Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#how-can-i-execute-arbitrary-python-statements-from-c">How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#how-can-i-evaluate-an-arbitrary-python-expression-from-c">How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#how-do-i-extract-c-values-from-a-python-object">How do I extract C values from a Python object?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#how-do-i-use-py-buildvalue-to-create-a-tuple-of-arbitrary-length">How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#how-do-i-call-an-object-s-method-from-c">How do I call an object’s method from C?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#how-do-i-catch-the-output-from-pyerr-print-or-anything-that-prints-to-stdout-stderr">How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#how-do-i-access-a-module-written-in-python-from-c">How do I access a module written in Python from C?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#how-do-i-interface-to-c-objects-from-python">How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#i-added-a-module-using-the-setup-file-and-the-make-fails-why">I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#how-do-i-debug-an-extension">How do I debug an extension?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#i-want-to-compile-a-python-module-on-my-linux-system-but-some-files-are-missing-why">I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#how-do-i-tell-incomplete-input-from-invalid-input">How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#how-do-i-find-undefined-g-symbols-builtin-new-or-pure-virtual">How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending.html#can-i-create-an-object-class-with-some-methods-implemented-in-c-and-others-in-python-e-g-through-inheritance">Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows.html">Python on Windows FAQ</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows.html#how-do-i-run-a-python-program-under-windows">How do I run a Python program under Windows?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows.html#how-do-i-make-python-scripts-executable">How do I make Python scripts executable?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows.html#why-does-python-sometimes-take-so-long-to-start">Why does Python sometimes take so long to start?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows.html#how-do-i-make-an-executable-from-a-python-script">How do I make an executable from a Python script?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows.html#is-a-pyd-file-the-same-as-a-dll">Is a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">*.pyd</span></code> file the same as a DLL?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows.html#how-can-i-embed-python-into-a-windows-application">How can I embed Python into a Windows application?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows.html#how-do-i-keep-editors-from-inserting-tabs-into-my-python-source">How do I keep editors from inserting tabs into my Python source?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows.html#how-do-i-check-for-a-keypress-without-blocking">How do I check for a keypress without blocking?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows.html#how-do-i-emulate-os-kill-in-windows">How do I emulate os.kill() in Windows?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows.html#how-do-i-extract-the-downloaded-documentation-on-windows">How do I extract the downloaded documentation on Windows?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/gui.html">Graphic User Interface FAQ</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/gui.html#general-gui-questions">General GUI Questions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/gui.html#what-platform-independent-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python">What platform-independent GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/gui.html#what-platform-specific-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python">What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/gui.html#tkinter-questions">Tkinter questions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/installed.html">“Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQ</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/installed.html#what-is-python">What is Python?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/installed.html#why-is-python-installed-on-my-machine">Why is Python installed on my machine?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/installed.html#can-i-delete-python">Can I delete Python?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html">Glossary</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="about.html">About these documents</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="about.html#contributors-to-the-python-documentation">Contributors to the Python Documentation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="bugs.html">Dealing with Bugs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bugs.html#documentation-bugs">Documentation bugs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bugs.html#using-the-python-issue-tracker">Using the Python issue tracker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bugs.html#getting-started-contributing-to-python-yourself">Getting started contributing to Python yourself</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="copyright.html">Copyright</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html">History and License</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#history-of-the-software">History of the software</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#terms-and-conditions-for-accessing-or-otherwise-using-python">Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#psf-license-agreement-for-python-release">PSF LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 3.5.3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#beopen-com-license-agreement-for-python-2-0">BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#cnri-license-agreement-for-python-1-6-1">CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#cwi-license-agreement-for-python-0-9-0-through-1-2">CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#licenses-and-acknowledgements-for-incorporated-software">Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#mersenne-twister">Mersenne Twister</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#sockets">Sockets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#floating-point-exception-control">Floating point exception control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#asynchronous-socket-services">Asynchronous socket services</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#cookie-management">Cookie management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#execution-tracing">Execution tracing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#uuencode-and-uudecode-functions">UUencode and UUdecode functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#xml-remote-procedure-calls">XML Remote Procedure Calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#test-epoll">test_epoll</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#select-kqueue">Select kqueue</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#siphash24">SipHash24</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#strtod-and-dtoa">strtod and dtoa</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#openssl">OpenSSL</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#expat">expat</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#libffi">libffi</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#zlib">zlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#cfuhash">cfuhash</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html#libmpdec">libmpdec</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
<h4>Next topic</h4>
<p class="topless"><a href="whatsnew/index.html"
title="next chapter">What’s New in Python</a></p>
<div role="note" aria-label="source link">
<h3>This Page</h3>
<ul class="this-page-menu">
<li><a href="bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
<li><a href="_sources/contents.txt"
rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="clearer"></div>
</div>
<div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
<h3>Navigation</h3>
<ul>
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
<a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
>index</a></li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
>modules</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="whatsnew/index.html" title="What’s New in Python"
>next</a> |</li>
<li><img src="_static/py.png" alt=""
style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
<li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>
<li>
<span class="version_switcher_placeholder">3.5.3</span>
<a href="index.html">Documentation </a> »
</li>
<li class="right">
<div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search">
<form class="inline-search" action="search.html" method="get">
<input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" />
<input type="submit" value="Go" />
<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
</form>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script>
|
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="footer">
© <a href="copyright.html">Copyright</a> 2001-2017, Python Software Foundation.
<br />
The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
<a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>
<br />
Last updated on Jan 25, 2017.
<a href="bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
<br />
Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.3.3.
</div>
</body>
</html>
