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<div class="section" id="generic-operating-system-services">
<span id="allos"></span><h1>16. Generic Operating System Services<a class="headerlink" href="#generic-operating-system-services" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system
features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and
a clock. The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces,
but they are available on most other systems as well. Here’s an overview:</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html">16.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os</span></code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-names-command-line-arguments-and-environment-variables">16.1.1. File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#process-parameters">16.1.2. Process Parameters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-object-creation">16.1.3. File Object Creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-descriptor-operations">16.1.4. File Descriptor Operations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#querying-the-size-of-a-terminal">16.1.4.1. Querying the size of a terminal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#inheritance-of-file-descriptors">16.1.4.2. Inheritance of File Descriptors</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#files-and-directories">16.1.5. Files and Directories</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#linux-extended-attributes">16.1.5.1. Linux extended attributes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#process-management">16.1.6. Process Management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#interface-to-the-scheduler">16.1.7. Interface to the scheduler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#miscellaneous-system-information">16.1.8. Miscellaneous System Information</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#miscellaneous-functions">16.1.9. Miscellaneous Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html">16.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">io</span></code> — Core tools for working with streams</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#overview">16.2.1. Overview</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#text-i-o">16.2.1.1. Text I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#binary-i-o">16.2.1.2. Binary I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#raw-i-o">16.2.1.3. Raw I/O</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#high-level-module-interface">16.2.2. High-level Module Interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#in-memory-streams">16.2.2.1. In-memory streams</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#class-hierarchy">16.2.3. Class hierarchy</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#i-o-base-classes">16.2.3.1. I/O Base Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#raw-file-i-o">16.2.3.2. Raw File I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#buffered-streams">16.2.3.3. Buffered Streams</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id1">16.2.3.4. Text I/O</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#performance">16.2.4. Performance</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id2">16.2.4.1. Binary I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id3">16.2.4.2. Text I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#multi-threading">16.2.4.3. Multi-threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#reentrancy">16.2.4.4. Reentrancy</a></li>
</ul>
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</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html">16.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">time</span></code> — Time access and conversions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html">16.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code> — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#example">16.4.1. Example</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#creating-a-parser">16.4.1.1. Creating a parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#adding-arguments">16.4.1.2. Adding arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#parsing-arguments">16.4.1.3. Parsing arguments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argumentparser-objects">16.4.2. ArgumentParser objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#prog">16.4.2.1. prog</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#usage">16.4.2.2. usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#description">16.4.2.3. description</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#epilog">16.4.2.4. epilog</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#parents">16.4.2.5. parents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#formatter-class">16.4.2.6. formatter_class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#prefix-chars">16.4.2.7. prefix_chars</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#fromfile-prefix-chars">16.4.2.8. fromfile_prefix_chars</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argument-default">16.4.2.9. argument_default</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#allow-abbrev">16.4.2.10. allow_abbrev</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#conflict-handler">16.4.2.11. conflict_handler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#add-help">16.4.2.12. add_help</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#the-add-argument-method">16.4.3. The add_argument() method</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#name-or-flags">16.4.3.1. name or flags</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#action">16.4.3.2. action</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#nargs">16.4.3.3. nargs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#const">16.4.3.4. const</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#default">16.4.3.5. default</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#type">16.4.3.6. type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#choices">16.4.3.7. choices</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#required">16.4.3.8. required</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#help">16.4.3.9. help</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#metavar">16.4.3.10. metavar</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#dest">16.4.3.11. dest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#action-classes">16.4.3.12. Action classes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#the-parse-args-method">16.4.4. The parse_args() method</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#option-value-syntax">16.4.4.1. Option value syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#invalid-arguments">16.4.4.2. Invalid arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#arguments-containing">16.4.4.3. Arguments containing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argument-abbreviations-prefix-matching">16.4.4.4. Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#beyond-sys-argv">16.4.4.5. Beyond <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#the-namespace-object">16.4.4.6. The Namespace object</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#other-utilities">16.4.5. Other utilities</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#sub-commands">16.4.5.1. Sub-commands</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#filetype-objects">16.4.5.2. FileType objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argument-groups">16.4.5.3. Argument groups</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#mutual-exclusion">16.4.5.4. Mutual exclusion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#parser-defaults">16.4.5.5. Parser defaults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#printing-help">16.4.5.6. Printing help</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#partial-parsing">16.4.5.7. Partial parsing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#customizing-file-parsing">16.4.5.8. Customizing file parsing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#exiting-methods">16.4.5.9. Exiting methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#upgrading-optparse-code">16.4.6. Upgrading optparse code</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="getopt.html">16.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getopt</span></code> — C-style parser for command line options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html">16.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging</span></code> — Logging facility for Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logger-objects">16.6.1. Logger Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logging-levels">16.6.2. Logging Levels</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#handler-objects">16.6.3. Handler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#formatter-objects">16.6.4. Formatter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#filter-objects">16.6.5. Filter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-objects">16.6.6. LogRecord Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-attributes">16.6.7. LogRecord attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#loggeradapter-objects">16.6.8. LoggerAdapter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#thread-safety">16.6.9. Thread Safety</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-level-functions">16.6.10. Module-Level Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-level-attributes">16.6.11. Module-Level Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module">16.6.12. Integration with the warnings module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html">16.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code> — Logging configuration</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-functions">16.7.1. Configuration functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema">16.7.2. Configuration dictionary schema</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details">16.7.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#incremental-configuration">16.7.2.2. Incremental Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#object-connections">16.7.2.3. Object connections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#user-defined-objects">16.7.2.4. User-defined objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-external-objects">16.7.2.5. Access to external objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-internal-objects">16.7.2.6. Access to internal objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#import-resolution-and-custom-importers">16.7.2.7. Import resolution and custom importers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-file-format">16.7.3. Configuration file format</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html">16.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code> — Logging handlers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#streamhandler">16.8.1. StreamHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#filehandler">16.8.2. FileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nullhandler">16.8.3. NullHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler">16.8.4. WatchedFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#baserotatinghandler">16.8.5. BaseRotatingHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler">16.8.6. RotatingFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler">16.8.7. TimedRotatingFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sockethandler">16.8.8. SocketHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler">16.8.9. DatagramHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler">16.8.10. SysLogHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler">16.8.11. NTEventLogHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#smtphandler">16.8.12. SMTPHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#memoryhandler">16.8.13. MemoryHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#httphandler">16.8.14. HTTPHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#queuehandler">16.8.15. QueueHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#queuelistener">16.8.16. QueueListener</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html">16.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code> — Portable password input</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html">16.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses</span></code> — Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#functions">16.10.1. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#window-objects">16.10.2. Window Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#constants">16.10.3. Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#module-curses.textpad">16.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses.textpad</span></code> — Text input widget for curses programs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#textbox-objects">16.11.1. Textbox objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.ascii.html">16.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses.ascii</span></code> — Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html">16.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses.panel</span></code> — A panel stack extension for curses</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html#functions">16.13.1. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html#panel-objects">16.13.2. Panel Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html">16.14. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">platform</span></code> — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#cross-platform">16.14.1. Cross Platform</a></li>
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