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<div class="section" id="module-asynchat">
<span id="asynchat-asynchronous-socket-command-response-handler"></span><h1>18.7. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-asynchat" title="asynchat: Support for asynchronous command/response protocols."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">asynchat</span></code></a> — Asynchronous socket command/response handler<a class="headerlink" href="#module-asynchat" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/3.5/Lib/asynchat.py">Lib/asynchat.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">This module exists for backwards compatibility only. For new code we
recommend using <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio.html#module-asyncio" title="asyncio: Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">asyncio</span></code></a>.</p>
</div>
<p>This module builds on the <a class="reference internal" href="asyncore.html#module-asyncore" title="asyncore: A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling services."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">asyncore</span></code></a> infrastructure, simplifying
asynchronous clients and servers and making it easier to handle protocols
whose elements are terminated by arbitrary strings, or are of variable length.
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-asynchat" title="asynchat: Support for asynchronous command/response protocols."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">asynchat</span></code></a> defines the abstract class <a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat" title="asynchat.async_chat"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">async_chat</span></code></a> that you
subclass, providing implementations of the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">collect_incoming_data()</span></code> and
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">found_terminator()</span></code> methods. It uses the same asynchronous loop as
<a class="reference internal" href="asyncore.html#module-asyncore" title="asyncore: A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling services."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">asyncore</span></code></a>, and the two types of channel, <a class="reference internal" href="asyncore.html#asyncore.dispatcher" title="asyncore.dispatcher"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">asyncore.dispatcher</span></code></a>
and <a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat" title="asynchat.async_chat"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">asynchat.async_chat</span></code></a>, can freely be mixed in the channel map.
Typically an <a class="reference internal" href="asyncore.html#asyncore.dispatcher" title="asyncore.dispatcher"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">asyncore.dispatcher</span></code></a> server channel generates new
<a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat" title="asynchat.async_chat"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">asynchat.async_chat</span></code></a> channel objects as it receives incoming
connection requests.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="asynchat.async_chat">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">asynchat.</code><code class="descname">async_chat</code><a class="headerlink" href="#asynchat.async_chat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This class is an abstract subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="asyncore.html#asyncore.dispatcher" title="asyncore.dispatcher"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">asyncore.dispatcher</span></code></a>. To make
practical use of the code you must subclass <a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat" title="asynchat.async_chat"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">async_chat</span></code></a>, providing
meaningful <a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat.collect_incoming_data" title="asynchat.async_chat.collect_incoming_data"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">collect_incoming_data()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat.found_terminator" title="asynchat.async_chat.found_terminator"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">found_terminator()</span></code></a>
methods.
The <a class="reference internal" href="asyncore.html#asyncore.dispatcher" title="asyncore.dispatcher"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">asyncore.dispatcher</span></code></a> methods can be used, although not all make
sense in a message/response context.</p>
<p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="asyncore.html#asyncore.dispatcher" title="asyncore.dispatcher"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">asyncore.dispatcher</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat" title="asynchat.async_chat"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">async_chat</span></code></a> defines a set of
events that are generated by an analysis of socket conditions after a
<code class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">select()</span></code> call. Once the polling loop has been started the
<a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat" title="asynchat.async_chat"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">async_chat</span></code></a> object’s methods are called by the event-processing
framework with no action on the part of the programmer.</p>
<p>Two class attributes can be modified, to improve performance, or possibly
even to conserve memory.</p>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="asynchat.async_chat.ac_in_buffer_size">
<code class="descname">ac_in_buffer_size</code><a class="headerlink" href="#asynchat.async_chat.ac_in_buffer_size" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The asynchronous input buffer size (default <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">4096</span></code>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="asynchat.async_chat.ac_out_buffer_size">
<code class="descname">ac_out_buffer_size</code><a class="headerlink" href="#asynchat.async_chat.ac_out_buffer_size" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The asynchronous output buffer size (default <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">4096</span></code>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Unlike <a class="reference internal" href="asyncore.html#asyncore.dispatcher" title="asyncore.dispatcher"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">asyncore.dispatcher</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat" title="asynchat.async_chat"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">async_chat</span></code></a> allows you to
define a first-in-first-out queue (fifo) of <em>producers</em>. A producer need
have only one method, <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">more()</span></code>, which should return data to be
transmitted on the channel.
The producer indicates exhaustion (<em>i.e.</em> that it contains no more data) by
having its <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">more()</span></code> method return the empty bytes object. At this point
the <a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat" title="asynchat.async_chat"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">async_chat</span></code></a> object removes the producer from the fifo and starts
using the next producer, if any. When the producer fifo is empty the
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">handle_write()</span></code> method does nothing. You use the channel object’s
<a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat.set_terminator" title="asynchat.async_chat.set_terminator"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_terminator()</span></code></a> method to describe how to recognize the end of, or
an important breakpoint in, an incoming transmission from the remote
endpoint.</p>
<p>To build a functioning <a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat" title="asynchat.async_chat"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">async_chat</span></code></a> subclass your input methods
<a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat.collect_incoming_data" title="asynchat.async_chat.collect_incoming_data"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">collect_incoming_data()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat.found_terminator" title="asynchat.async_chat.found_terminator"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">found_terminator()</span></code></a> must handle the
data that the channel receives asynchronously. The methods are described
below.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="asynchat.async_chat.close_when_done">
<code class="descclassname">async_chat.</code><code class="descname">close_when_done</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#asynchat.async_chat.close_when_done" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code> on to the producer fifo. When this producer is popped off
the fifo it causes the channel to be closed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="asynchat.async_chat.collect_incoming_data">
<code class="descclassname">async_chat.</code><code class="descname">collect_incoming_data</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#asynchat.async_chat.collect_incoming_data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Called with <em>data</em> holding an arbitrary amount of received data. The
default method, which must be overridden, raises a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#NotImplementedError" title="NotImplementedError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">NotImplementedError</span></code></a> exception.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="asynchat.async_chat.discard_buffers">
<code class="descclassname">async_chat.</code><code class="descname">discard_buffers</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#asynchat.async_chat.discard_buffers" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>In emergencies this method will discard any data held in the input and/or
output buffers and the producer fifo.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="asynchat.async_chat.found_terminator">
<code class="descclassname">async_chat.</code><code class="descname">found_terminator</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#asynchat.async_chat.found_terminator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Called when the incoming data stream matches the termination condition set
by <a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat.set_terminator" title="asynchat.async_chat.set_terminator"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_terminator()</span></code></a>. The default method, which must be overridden,
raises a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#NotImplementedError" title="NotImplementedError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">NotImplementedError</span></code></a> exception. The buffered input data
should be available via an instance attribute.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="asynchat.async_chat.get_terminator">
<code class="descclassname">async_chat.</code><code class="descname">get_terminator</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#asynchat.async_chat.get_terminator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the current terminator for the channel.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="asynchat.async_chat.push">
<code class="descclassname">async_chat.</code><code class="descname">push</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#asynchat.async_chat.push" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes data on to the channel’s fifo to ensure its transmission.
This is all you need to do to have the channel write the data out to the
network, although it is possible to use your own producers in more complex
schemes to implement encryption and chunking, for example.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="asynchat.async_chat.push_with_producer">
<code class="descclassname">async_chat.</code><code class="descname">push_with_producer</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>producer</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#asynchat.async_chat.push_with_producer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Takes a producer object and adds it to the producer fifo associated with
the channel. When all currently-pushed producers have been exhausted the
channel will consume this producer’s data by calling its <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">more()</span></code>
method and send the data to the remote endpoint.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="asynchat.async_chat.set_terminator">
<code class="descclassname">async_chat.</code><code class="descname">set_terminator</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>term</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#asynchat.async_chat.set_terminator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sets the terminating condition to be recognized on the channel. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">term</span></code>
may be any of three types of value, corresponding to three different ways
to handle incoming protocol data.</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="20%" />
<col width="80%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">term</th>
<th class="head">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><em>string</em></td>
<td>Will call <a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat.found_terminator" title="asynchat.async_chat.found_terminator"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">found_terminator()</span></code></a> when the
string is found in the input stream</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><em>integer</em></td>
<td>Will call <a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat.found_terminator" title="asynchat.async_chat.found_terminator"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">found_terminator()</span></code></a> when the
indicated number of characters have been
received</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code></td>
<td>The channel continues to collect data
forever</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Note that any data following the terminator will be available for reading
by the channel after <a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat.found_terminator" title="asynchat.async_chat.found_terminator"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">found_terminator()</span></code></a> is called.</p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="section" id="asynchat-example">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>18.7.1. asynchat Example<a class="headerlink" href="#asynchat-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The following partial example shows how HTTP requests can be read with
<a class="reference internal" href="#asynchat.async_chat" title="asynchat.async_chat"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">async_chat</span></code></a>. A web server might create an
<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">http_request_handler</span></code> object for each incoming client connection.
Notice that initially the channel terminator is set to match the blank line at
the end of the HTTP headers, and a flag indicates that the headers are being
read.</p>
<p>Once the headers have been read, if the request is of type POST (indicating
that further data are present in the input stream) then the
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Content-Length:</span></code> header is used to set a numeric terminator to read the
right amount of data from the channel.</p>
<p>The <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">handle_request()</span></code> method is called once all relevant input has been
marshalled, after setting the channel terminator to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code> to ensure that
any extraneous data sent by the web client are ignored.</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">asynchat</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">http_request_handler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">asynchat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">async_chat</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sessions</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">log</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">asynchat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">async_chat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sock</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">sock</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">addr</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sessions</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sessions</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ibuffer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">obuffer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="s2">""</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_terminator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="se">\r\n\r\n</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reading_headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">handling</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cgi_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">log</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">log</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">collect_incoming_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="sd">"""Buffer the data"""</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ibuffer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">found_terminator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reading_headers</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reading_headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_headers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s2">""</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ibuffer</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ibuffer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">op</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">upper</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="s2">"POST"</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">clen</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">headers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getheader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"content-length"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_terminator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">clen</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">handling</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_terminator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">handle_request</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">handling</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_terminator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># browsers sometimes over-send</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cgi_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="s2">""</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ibuffer</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">handling</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ibuffer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">handle_request</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">18.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">asynchat</span></code> — Asynchronous socket command/response handler</a><ul>
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