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<div class="section" id="module-http.client">
<span id="http-client-http-protocol-client"></span><h1>21.12. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-http.client" title="http.client: HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.client</span></code></a> — HTTP protocol client<a class="headerlink" href="#module-http.client" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/3.5/Lib/http/client.py">Lib/http/client.py</a></p>
<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><hr class="docutils" id="index-1" />
<p>This module defines classes which implement the client side of the HTTP and
HTTPS protocols. It is normally not used directly — the module
<a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#module-urllib.request" title="urllib.request: Extensible library for opening URLs."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code></a> uses it to handle URLs that use HTTP and HTTPS.</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<p class="last">The <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python-requests.org/">Requests package</a>
is recommended for a higher-level HTTP client interface.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">HTTPS support is only available if Python was compiled with SSL support
(through the <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#module-ssl" title="ssl: TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">ssl</span></code></a> module).</p>
</div>
<p>The module provides the following classes:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">HTTPConnection</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>host</em>, <em>port=None</em>, <span class="optional">[</span><em>timeout</em>, <span class="optional">]</span><em>source_address=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>An <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection" title="http.client.HTTPConnection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPConnection</span></code></a> instance represents one transaction with an HTTP
server. It should be instantiated passing it a host and optional port
number. If no port number is passed, the port is extracted from the host
string if it has the form <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">host:port</span></code>, else the default HTTP port (80) is
used. If the optional <em>timeout</em> parameter is given, blocking
operations (like connection attempts) will timeout after that many seconds
(if it is not given, the global default timeout setting is used).
The optional <em>source_address</em> parameter may be a tuple of a (host, port)
to use as the source address the HTTP connection is made from.</p>
<p>For example, the following calls all create instances that connect to the server
at the same host and port:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">h1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'www.python.org'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">h2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'www.python.org:80'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">h3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'www.python.org'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">h4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'www.python.org'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">timeout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2: </span><em>source_address</em> was added.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4: </span>The <em>strict</em> parameter was removed. HTTP 0.9-style “Simple Responses” are
not longer supported.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPSConnection">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">HTTPSConnection</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>host</em>, <em>port=None</em>, <em>key_file=None</em>, <em>cert_file=None</em>, <span class="optional">[</span><em>timeout</em>, <span class="optional">]</span><em>source_address=None</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>context=None</em>, <em>check_hostname=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPSConnection" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection" title="http.client.HTTPConnection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPConnection</span></code></a> that uses SSL for communication with
secure servers. Default port is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">443</span></code>. If <em>context</em> is specified, it
must be a <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext" title="ssl.SSLContext"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLContext</span></code></a> instance describing the various SSL
options.</p>
<p><em>key_file</em> and <em>cert_file</em> are deprecated, please use
<a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain" title="ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain()</span></code></a> instead, or let
<a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.create_default_context" title="ssl.create_default_context"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">ssl.create_default_context()</span></code></a> select the system’s trusted CA
certificates for you. The <em>check_hostname</em> parameter is also deprecated; the
<a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname" title="ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname</span></code></a> attribute of <em>context</em> should be used
instead.</p>
<p>Please read <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl-security"><span>Security considerations</span></a> for more information on best practices.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2: </span><em>source_address</em>, <em>context</em> and <em>check_hostname</em> were added.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2: </span>This class now supports HTTPS virtual hosts if possible (that is,
if <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.HAS_SNI" title="ssl.HAS_SNI"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">ssl.HAS_SNI</span></code></a> is true).</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4: </span>The <em>strict</em> parameter was removed. HTTP 0.9-style “Simple Responses” are
no longer supported.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4.3: </span>This class now performs all the necessary certificate and hostname checks
by default. To revert to the previous, unverified, behavior
<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">ssl._create_unverified_context()</span></code> can be passed to the <em>context</em>
parameter.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">HTTPResponse</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>sock</em>, <em>debuglevel=0</em>, <em>method=None</em>, <em>url=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Class whose instances are returned upon successful connection. Not
instantiated directly by user.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4: </span>The <em>strict</em> parameter was removed. HTTP 0.9 style “Simple Responses” are
no longer supported.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>The following exceptions are raised as appropriate:</p>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPException">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">HTTPException</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The base class of the other exceptions in this module. It is a subclass of
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#Exception" title="Exception"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">Exception</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="http.client.NotConnected">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">NotConnected</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.NotConnected" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="http.client.InvalidURL">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">InvalidURL</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.InvalidURL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a>, raised if a port is given and is either
non-numeric or empty.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="http.client.UnknownProtocol">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">UnknownProtocol</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.UnknownProtocol" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="http.client.UnknownTransferEncoding">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">UnknownTransferEncoding</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.UnknownTransferEncoding" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="http.client.UnimplementedFileMode">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">UnimplementedFileMode</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.UnimplementedFileMode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="http.client.IncompleteRead">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">IncompleteRead</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.IncompleteRead" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="http.client.ImproperConnectionState">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">ImproperConnectionState</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.ImproperConnectionState" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="http.client.CannotSendRequest">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">CannotSendRequest</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.CannotSendRequest" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.ImproperConnectionState" title="http.client.ImproperConnectionState"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImproperConnectionState</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="http.client.CannotSendHeader">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">CannotSendHeader</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.CannotSendHeader" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.ImproperConnectionState" title="http.client.ImproperConnectionState"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImproperConnectionState</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="http.client.ResponseNotReady">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">ResponseNotReady</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.ResponseNotReady" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.ImproperConnectionState" title="http.client.ImproperConnectionState"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImproperConnectionState</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="http.client.BadStatusLine">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">BadStatusLine</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.BadStatusLine" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a>. Raised if a server responds with a HTTP
status code that we don’t understand.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="http.client.LineTooLong">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">LineTooLong</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.LineTooLong" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a>. Raised if an excessively long line
is received in the HTTP protocol from the server.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="http.client.RemoteDisconnected">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">RemoteDisconnected</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.RemoteDisconnected" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ConnectionResetError" title="ConnectionResetError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ConnectionResetError</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.BadStatusLine" title="http.client.BadStatusLine"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">BadStatusLine</span></code></a>. Raised
by <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse" title="http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPConnection.getresponse()</span></code></a> when the attempt to read the response
results in no data read from the connection, indicating that the remote end
has closed the connection.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.5: </span>Previously, <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.BadStatusLine" title="http.client.BadStatusLine"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">BadStatusLine</span></code></a><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">('')</span></code> was raised.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>The constants defined in this module are:</p>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="http.client.HTTP_PORT">
<code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">HTTP_PORT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTP_PORT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The default port for the HTTP protocol (always <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">80</span></code>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPS_PORT">
<code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">HTTPS_PORT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPS_PORT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The default port for the HTTPS protocol (always <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">443</span></code>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="http.client.responses">
<code class="descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="descname">responses</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.responses" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This dictionary maps the HTTP 1.1 status codes to the W3C names.</p>
<p>Example: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.client.responses[http.client.NOT_FOUND]</span></code> is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'Not</span> <span class="pre">Found'</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="http.html#http-status-codes"><span>HTTP status codes</span></a> for a list of HTTP status codes that are
available in this module as constants.</p>
<div class="section" id="httpconnection-objects">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>21.12.1. HTTPConnection Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#httpconnection-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection" title="http.client.HTTPConnection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPConnection</span></code></a> instances have the following methods:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.request">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="descname">request</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>method</em>, <em>url</em>, <em>body=None</em>, <em>headers={}</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.request" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This will send a request to the server using the HTTP request
method <em>method</em> and the selector <em>url</em>.</p>
<p>If <em>body</em> is specified, the specified data is sent after the headers are
finished. It may be a string, a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a>, an open
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object"><span class="xref std std-term">file object</span></a>, or an iterable of <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a>s. If
<em>body</em> is a string, it is encoded as ISO-8859-1, the default for HTTP. If
it is a bytes-like object the bytes are sent as is. If it is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object"><span class="xref std std-term">file
object</span></a>, the contents of the file is sent; this file object should support
at least the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">read()</span></code> method. If the file object has a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mode</span></code>
attribute, the data returned by the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">read()</span></code> method will be encoded as
ISO-8859-1 unless the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mode</span></code> attribute contains the substring <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b</span></code>,
otherwise the data returned by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">read()</span></code> is sent as is. If <em>body</em> is an
iterable, the elements of the iterable are sent as is until the iterable is
exhausted.</p>
<p>The <em>headers</em> argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP
headers to send with the request.</p>
<p>If <em>headers</em> does not contain a Content-Length item, one is added
automatically if possible. If <em>body</em> is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, the Content-Length header
is set to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></code> for methods that expect a body (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PUT</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">POST</span></code>, and
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PATCH</span></code>). If <em>body</em> is a string or bytes object, the Content-Length
header is set to its length. If <em>body</em> is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object"><span class="xref std std-term">file object</span></a> and it
works to call <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fstat" title="os.fstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">fstat()</span></code></a> on the result of its <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileno()</span></code> method,
then the Content-Length header is set to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">st_size</span></code> reported by the
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fstat</span></code> call. Otherwise no Content-Length header is added.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2: </span><em>body</em> can now be an iterable.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="descname">getresponse</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Should be called after a request is sent to get the response from the server.
Returns an <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse" title="http.client.HTTPResponse"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPResponse</span></code></a> instance.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Note that you must have read the whole response before you can send a new
request to the server.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.5: </span>If a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ConnectionError" title="ConnectionError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ConnectionError</span></code></a> or subclass is raised, the
<a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection" title="http.client.HTTPConnection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPConnection</span></code></a> object will be ready to reconnect when
a new request is sent.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.set_debuglevel">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="descname">set_debuglevel</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>level</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.set_debuglevel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the debugging level. The default debug level is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></code>, meaning no
debugging output is printed. Any value greater than <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></code> will cause all
currently defined debug output to be printed to stdout. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">debuglevel</span></code>
is passed to any new <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse" title="http.client.HTTPResponse"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPResponse</span></code></a> objects that are created.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.1.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.set_tunnel">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="descname">set_tunnel</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>host</em>, <em>port=None</em>, <em>headers=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.set_tunnel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the host and the port for HTTP Connect Tunnelling. This allows running
the connection through a proxy server.</p>
<p>The host and port arguments specify the endpoint of the tunneled connection
(i.e. the address included in the CONNECT request, <em>not</em> the address of the
proxy server).</p>
<p>The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send with
the CONNECT request.</p>
<p>For example, to tunnel through a HTTPS proxy server running locally on port
8080, we would pass the address of the proxy to the <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPSConnection" title="http.client.HTTPSConnection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPSConnection</span></code></a>
constructor, and the address of the host that we eventually want to reach to
the <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.set_tunnel" title="http.client.HTTPConnection.set_tunnel"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_tunnel()</span></code></a> method:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">http.client</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPSConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"localhost"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8080</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_tunnel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"www.python.org"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"HEAD"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"/index.html"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.connect">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="descname">connect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.connect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Connect to the server specified when the object was created. By default,
this is called automatically when making a request if the client does not
already have a connection.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.close">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="descname">close</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Close the connection to the server.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>As an alternative to using the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">request()</span></code> method described above, you can
also send your request step by step, by using the four functions below.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.putrequest">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="descname">putrequest</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>method</em>, <em>url</em>, <em>skip_host=False</em>, <em>skip_accept_encoding=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.putrequest" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This should be the first call after the connection to the server has been
made. It sends a line to the server consisting of the <em>method</em> string,
the <em>url</em> string, and the HTTP version (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span></code>). To disable automatic
sending of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Host:</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Accept-Encoding:</span></code> headers (for example to accept
additional content encodings), specify <em>skip_host</em> or <em>skip_accept_encoding</em>
with non-False values.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.putheader">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="descname">putheader</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>header</em>, <em>argument</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>...</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.putheader" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Send an <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822.html"><strong>RFC 822</strong></a>-style header to the server. It sends a line to the server
consisting of the header, a colon and a space, and the first argument. If more
arguments are given, continuation lines are sent, each consisting of a tab and
an argument.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.endheaders">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="descname">endheaders</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>message_body=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.endheaders" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Send a blank line to the server, signalling the end of the headers. The
optional <em>message_body</em> argument can be used to pass a message body
associated with the request. The message body will be sent in the same
packet as the message headers if it is string, otherwise it is sent in a
separate packet.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.send">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="descname">send</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.send" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Send data to the server. This should be used directly only after the
<a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.endheaders" title="http.client.HTTPConnection.endheaders"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">endheaders()</span></code></a> method has been called and before <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse" title="http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">getresponse()</span></code></a> is
called.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="httpresponse-objects">
<span id="id2"></span><h2>21.12.2. HTTPResponse Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#httpresponse-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>An <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse" title="http.client.HTTPResponse"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTPResponse</span></code></a> instance wraps the HTTP response from the
server. It provides access to the request headers and the entity
body. The response is an iterable object and can be used in a with
statement.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.5: </span>The <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.BufferedIOBase" title="io.BufferedIOBase"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">io.BufferedIOBase</span></code></a> interface is now implemented and
all of its reader operations are supported.</p>
</div>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.read">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="descname">read</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>amt</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.read" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Reads and returns the response body, or up to the next <em>amt</em> bytes.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.readinto">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="descname">readinto</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.readinto" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Reads up to the next len(b) bytes of the response body into the buffer <em>b</em>.
Returns the number of bytes read.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.3.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.getheader">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="descname">getheader</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>name</em>, <em>default=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.getheader" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the value of the header <em>name</em>, or <em>default</em> if there is no header
matching <em>name</em>. If there is more than one header with the name <em>name</em>,
return all of the values joined by ‘, ‘. If ‘default’ is any iterable other
than a single string, its elements are similarly returned joined by commas.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.getheaders">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="descname">getheaders</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.getheaders" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a list of (header, value) tuples.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.fileno">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="descname">fileno</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.fileno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileno</span></code> of the underlying socket.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.msg">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="descname">msg</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.msg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.client.HTTPMessage</span></code> instance containing the response
headers. <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.client.HTTPMessage</span></code> is a subclass of
<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.message.Message</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.version">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="descname">version</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>HTTP protocol version used by server. 10 for HTTP/1.0, 11 for HTTP/1.1.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.status">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="descname">status</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.status" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Status code returned by server.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.reason">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="descname">reason</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.reason" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Reason phrase returned by server.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.debuglevel">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="descname">debuglevel</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.debuglevel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A debugging hook. If <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.debuglevel" title="http.client.HTTPResponse.debuglevel"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">debuglevel</span></code></a> is greater than zero, messages
will be printed to stdout as the response is read and parsed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.closed">
<code class="descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="descname">closed</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.closed" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the stream is closed.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="examples">
<h2>21.12.3. Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Here is an example session that uses the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GET</span></code> method:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">http.client</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPSConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"www.python.org"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"GET"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">r1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getresponse</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">r1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reason</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">200 OK</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">r1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># This will return entire content.</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># The following example demonstrates reading data in chunks.</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"GET"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">r1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getresponse</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">while</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">r1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">closed</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># 200 bytes</span>
<span class="go">b'<!doctype html>\n<!--[if"...</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># Example of an invalid request</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"GET"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"/parrot.spam"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">r2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getresponse</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">r2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reason</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">404 Not Found</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">r2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here is an example session that uses the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HEAD</span></code> method. Note that the
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HEAD</span></code> method never returns any data.</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">http.client</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPSConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"www.python.org"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"HEAD"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getresponse</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reason</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">200 OK</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">0</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="s1">''</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here is an example session that shows how to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">POST</span></code> requests:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">http.client</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">urllib.parse</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">urllib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">urlencode</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s1">'@number'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">12524</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'@type'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'issue'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'@action'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'show'</span><span class="p">})</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"Content-type"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="s2">"Accept"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"text/plain"</span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"bugs.python.org"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"POST"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">params</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getresponse</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reason</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">302 Found</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span>
<span class="go">b'Redirecting to <a href="http://bugs.python.org/issue12524">http://bugs.python.org/issue12524</a>'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Client side <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP</span> <span class="pre">PUT</span></code> requests are very similar to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">POST</span></code> requests. The
difference lies only the server side where HTTP server will allow resources to
be created via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PUT</span></code> request. It should be noted that custom HTTP methods
+are also handled in <a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#urllib.request.Request" title="urllib.request.Request"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.request.Request</span></code></a> by sending the appropriate
+method attribute.Here is an example session that shows how to do <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PUT</span></code>
request using http.client:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># This creates an HTTP message</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># with the content of BODY as the enclosed representation</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># for the resource http://localhost:8080/file</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">http.client</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">BODY</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"***filecontents***"</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"localhost"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8080</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"PUT"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"/file"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">BODY</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getresponse</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reason</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">200, OK</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="httpmessage-objects">
<span id="id3"></span><h2>21.12.4. HTTPMessage Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#httpmessage-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>An <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.client.HTTPMessage</span></code> instance holds the headers from an HTTP
response. It is implemented using the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.message.Message</span></code></a> class.</p>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#httpconnection-objects">21.12.1. HTTPConnection Objects</a></li>
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