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<div class="section" id="module-dis">
<span id="dis-disassembler-for-python-bytecode"></span><h1>32.12. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> — Disassembler for Python bytecode<a class="headerlink" href="#module-dis" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/2.7/Lib/dis.py">Lib/dis.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> module supports the analysis of CPython <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytecode"><span class="xref std std-term">bytecode</span></a> by
disassembling it. The CPython bytecode which this module takes as an input is
defined in the file <code class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">Include/opcode.h</span></code> and used by the compiler and the
interpreter.</p>
<div class="impl-detail compound">
<p><strong>CPython implementation detail:</strong> Bytecode is an implementation detail of the CPython interpreter! No
guarantees are made that bytecode will not be added, removed, or changed
between versions of Python. Use of this module should not be considered to
work across Python VMs or Python releases.</p>
</div>
<p>Example: Given the function <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">myfunc()</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">myfunc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alist</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alist</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>the following command can be used to get the disassembly of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">myfunc()</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myfunc</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"> 2 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (len)</span>
<span class="go"> 3 LOAD_FAST 0 (alist)</span>
<span class="go"> 6 CALL_FUNCTION 1</span>
<span class="go"> 9 RETURN_VALUE</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>(The “2” is a line number).</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> module defines the following functions and constants:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.dis">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">dis</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>bytesource</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.dis" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Disassemble the <em>bytesource</em> object. <em>bytesource</em> can denote either a module,
a class, a method, a function, or a code object. For a module, it
disassembles all functions. For a class, it disassembles all methods. For a
single code sequence, it prints one line per bytecode instruction. If no
object is provided, it disassembles the last traceback.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.distb">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">distb</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>tb</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.distb" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Disassembles the top-of-stack function of a traceback, using the last
traceback if none was passed. The instruction causing the exception is
indicated.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.disassemble">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">disassemble</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>lasti</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disassemble" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Disassembles a code object, indicating the last instruction if <em>lasti</em> was
provided. The output is divided in the following columns:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>the line number, for the first instruction of each line</li>
<li>the current instruction, indicated as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--></span></code>,</li>
<li>a labelled instruction, indicated with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">>></span></code>,</li>
<li>the address of the instruction,</li>
<li>the operation code name,</li>
<li>operation parameters, and</li>
<li>interpretation of the parameters in parentheses.</li>
</ol>
<p>The parameter interpretation recognizes local and global variable names,
constant values, branch targets, and compare operators.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.disco">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">disco</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>lasti</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disco" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A synonym for <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.disassemble" title="dis.disassemble"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">disassemble()</span></code></a>. It is more convenient to type, and kept
for compatibility with earlier Python releases.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.findlinestarts">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">findlinestarts</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlinestarts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This generator function uses the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_firstlineno</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_lnotab</span></code>
attributes of the code object <em>code</em> to find the offsets which are starts of
lines in the source code. They are generated as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(offset,</span> <span class="pre">lineno)</span></code> pairs.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.findlabels">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">findlabels</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlabels" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Detect all offsets in the code object <em>code</em> which are jump targets, and
return a list of these offsets.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.opname">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">opname</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.opmap">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">opmap</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opmap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.cmp_op">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">cmp_op</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.cmp_op" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of all compare operation names.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hasconst">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hasconst</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasconst" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that have a constant parameter.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hasfree">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hasfree</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasfree" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access a free variable.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hasname">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hasname</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hasjrel">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hasjrel</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjrel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hasjabs">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hasjabs</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjabs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.haslocal">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">haslocal</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.haslocal" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hascompare">
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hascompare</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hascompare" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.</p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="section" id="python-bytecode-instructions">
<span id="bytecodes"></span><h2>32.12.1. Python Bytecode Instructions<a class="headerlink" href="#python-bytecode-instructions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode instructions.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STOP_CODE">
<code class="descname">STOP_CODE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STOP_CODE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Indicates end-of-code to the compiler, not used by the interpreter.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-NOP">
<code class="descname">NOP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-NOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Do nothing code. Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_TOP">
<code class="descname">POP_TOP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_TOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Removes the top-of-stack (TOS) item.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-ROT_TWO">
<code class="descname">ROT_TWO</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_TWO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Swaps the two top-most stack items.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-ROT_THREE">
<code class="descname">ROT_THREE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_THREE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Lifts second and third stack item one position up, moves top down to position
three.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-ROT_FOUR">
<code class="descname">ROT_FOUR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_FOUR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Lifts second, third and forth stack item one position up, moves top down to
position four.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DUP_TOP">
<code class="descname">DUP_TOP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Duplicates the reference on top of the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Unary Operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and push the
result back on the stack.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE">
<code class="descname">UNARY_POSITIVE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">+TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE">
<code class="descname">UNARY_NEGATIVE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">-TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_NOT">
<code class="descname">UNARY_NOT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NOT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_CONVERT">
<code class="descname">UNARY_CONVERT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_CONVERT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">`TOS`</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_INVERT">
<code class="descname">UNARY_INVERT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_INVERT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">~TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-GET_ITER">
<code class="descname">GET_ITER</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iter(TOS)</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Binary operations remove the top of the stack (TOS) and the second top-most
stack item (TOS1) from the stack. They perform the operation, and put the
result back on the stack.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_POWER">
<code class="descname">BINARY_POWER</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_POWER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY">
<code class="descname">BINARY_MULTIPLY</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_DIVIDE">
<code class="descname">BINARY_DIVIDE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code> when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">division</span></code> is
not in effect.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE">
<code class="descname">BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE">
<code class="descname">BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code> when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">division</span></code> is
in effect.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_MODULO">
<code class="descname">BINARY_MODULO</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MODULO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_ADD">
<code class="descname">BINARY_ADD</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT">
<code class="descname">BINARY_SUBTRACT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR">
<code class="descname">BINARY_SUBSCR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT">
<code class="descname">BINARY_LSHIFT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre"><<</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT">
<code class="descname">BINARY_RSHIFT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_AND">
<code class="descname">BINARY_AND</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_AND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_XOR">
<code class="descname">BINARY_XOR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_XOR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_OR">
<code class="descname">BINARY_OR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_OR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>In-place operations are like binary operations, in that they remove TOS and
TOS1, and push the result back on the stack, but the operation is done in-place
when TOS1 supports it, and the resulting TOS may be (but does not have to be)
the original TOS1.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_POWER">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_POWER</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_POWER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_MULTIPLY</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_DIVIDE">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_DIVIDE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code> when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span>
<span class="pre">division</span></code> is not in effect.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code> when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span>
<span class="pre">division</span></code> is in effect.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_MODULO">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_MODULO</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MODULO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_ADD">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_ADD</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_SUBTRACT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_LSHIFT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre"><<</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_RSHIFT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_AND">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_AND</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_AND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_XOR">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_XOR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_XOR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_OR">
<code class="descname">INPLACE_OR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_OR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The slice opcodes take up to three parameters.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SLICE+0">
<code class="descname">SLICE+0</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE+0" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS[:]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SLICE+1">
<code class="descname">SLICE+1</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE+1" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS:]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SLICE+2">
<code class="descname">SLICE+2</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE+2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[:TOS]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SLICE+3">
<code class="descname">SLICE+3</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE+3" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS2[TOS1:TOS]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Slice assignment needs even an additional parameter. As any statement, they put
nothing on the stack.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_SLICE+0">
<code class="descname">STORE_SLICE+0</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE+0" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS[:]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_SLICE+1">
<code class="descname">STORE_SLICE+1</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE+1" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS1[TOS:]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_SLICE+2">
<code class="descname">STORE_SLICE+2</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE+2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS1[:TOS]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_SLICE+3">
<code class="descname">STORE_SLICE+3</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE+3" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS2[TOS1:TOS]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS3</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE+0">
<code class="descname">DELETE_SLICE+0</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE+0" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS[:]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE+1">
<code class="descname">DELETE_SLICE+1</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE+1" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS:]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE+2">
<code class="descname">DELETE_SLICE+2</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE+2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[:TOS]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE+3">
<code class="descname">DELETE_SLICE+3</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE+3" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS2[TOS1:TOS]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_SUBSCR">
<code class="descname">STORE_SUBSCR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR">
<code class="descname">DELETE_SUBSCR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Miscellaneous opcodes.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-PRINT_EXPR">
<code class="descname">PRINT_EXPR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_EXPR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements the expression statement for the interactive mode. TOS is removed
from the stack and printed. In non-interactive mode, an expression statement
is terminated with <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-POP_TOP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">POP_TOP</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-PRINT_ITEM">
<code class="descname">PRINT_ITEM</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_ITEM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Prints TOS to the file-like object bound to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code>. There is one
such instruction for each item in the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#print"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">print</span></code></a> statement.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-PRINT_ITEM_TO">
<code class="descname">PRINT_ITEM_TO</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_ITEM_TO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PRINT_ITEM</span></code>, but prints the item second from TOS to the file-like
object at TOS. This is used by the extended print statement.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE">
<code class="descname">PRINT_NEWLINE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Prints a new line on <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code>. This is generated as the last operation
of a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#print"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">print</span></code></a> statement, unless the statement ends with a comma.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE_TO">
<code class="descname">PRINT_NEWLINE_TO</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE_TO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PRINT_NEWLINE</span></code>, but prints the new line on the file-like object on
the TOS. This is used by the extended print statement.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BREAK_LOOP">
<code class="descname">BREAK_LOOP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BREAK_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Terminates a loop due to a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#break"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">break</span></code></a> statement.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CONTINUE_LOOP">
<code class="descname">CONTINUE_LOOP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CONTINUE_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Continues a loop due to a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#continue"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">continue</span></code></a> statement. <em>target</em> is the
address to jump to (which should be a <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-FOR_ITER"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">FOR_ITER</span></code></a> instruction).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LIST_APPEND">
<code class="descname">LIST_APPEND</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LIST_APPEND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.append(TOS[-i],</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></code>. Used to implement list comprehensions.
While the appended value is popped off, the list object remains on the stack
so that it is available for further iterations of the loop.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_LOCALS">
<code class="descname">LOAD_LOCALS</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_LOCALS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a reference to the locals of the current scope on the stack. This is
used in the code for a class definition: After the class body is evaluated,
the locals are passed to the class definition.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-RETURN_VALUE">
<code class="descname">RETURN_VALUE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RETURN_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns with TOS to the caller of the function.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-YIELD_VALUE">
<code class="descname">YIELD_VALUE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-YIELD_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pops <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span></code> and yields it from a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator"><span class="xref std std-term">generator</span></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-IMPORT_STAR">
<code class="descname">IMPORT_STAR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_STAR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Loads all symbols not starting with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'_'</span></code> directly from the module TOS to
the local namespace. The module is popped after loading all names. This
opcode implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">module</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-EXEC_STMT">
<code class="descname">EXEC_STMT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-EXEC_STMT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec</span> <span class="pre">TOS2,TOS1,TOS</span></code>. The compiler fills missing optional
parameters with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_BLOCK">
<code class="descname">POP_BLOCK</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_BLOCK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Removes one block from the block stack. Per frame, there is a stack of
blocks, denoting nested loops, try statements, and such.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-END_FINALLY">
<code class="descname">END_FINALLY</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-END_FINALLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Terminates a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">finally</span></code></a> clause. The interpreter recalls whether the
exception has to be re-raised, or whether the function returns, and continues
with the outer-next block.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_CLASS">
<code class="descname">BUILD_CLASS</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_CLASS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Creates a new class object. TOS is the methods dictionary, TOS1 the tuple of
the names of the base classes, and TOS2 the class name.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_WITH">
<code class="descname">SETUP_WITH</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_WITH" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This opcode performs several operations before a with block starts. First,
it loads <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__" title="object.__exit__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__()</span></code></a> from the context manager and pushes it onto
the stack for later use by <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-WITH_CLEANUP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">WITH_CLEANUP</span></code></a>. Then,
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__enter__" title="object.__enter__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__()</span></code></a> is called, and a finally block pointing to <em>delta</em>
is pushed. Finally, the result of calling the enter method is pushed onto
the stack. The next opcode will either ignore it (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-POP_TOP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">POP_TOP</span></code></a>), or
store it in (a) variable(s) (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_NAME</span></code></a>, or
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">UNPACK_SEQUENCE</span></code></a>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-WITH_CLEANUP">
<code class="descname">WITH_CLEANUP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-WITH_CLEANUP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Cleans up the stack when a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></code></a> statement block exits. On top of
the stack are 1–3 values indicating how/why the finally clause was entered:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>TOP = <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code></li>
<li>(TOP, SECOND) = (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">WHY_{RETURN,CONTINUE}</span></code>), retval</li>
<li>TOP = <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">WHY_*</span></code>; no retval below it</li>
<li>(TOP, SECOND, THIRD) = exc_info()</li>
</ul>
<p>Under them is EXIT, the context manager’s <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__" title="object.__exit__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__()</span></code></a> bound method.</p>
<p>In the last case, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXIT(TOP,</span> <span class="pre">SECOND,</span> <span class="pre">THIRD)</span></code> is called, otherwise
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXIT(None,</span> <span class="pre">None,</span> <span class="pre">None)</span></code>.</p>
<p>EXIT is removed from the stack, leaving the values above it in the same
order. In addition, if the stack represents an exception, <em>and</em> the function
call returns a ‘true’ value, this information is “zapped”, to prevent
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">END_FINALLY</span></code> from re-raising the exception. (But non-local gotos should
still be resumed.)</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>All of the following opcodes expect arguments. An argument is two bytes, with
the more significant byte last.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_NAME">
<code class="descname">STORE_NAME</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>. <em>namei</em> is the index of <em>name</em> in the attribute
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code> of the code object. The compiler tries to use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code>
or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_GLOBAL</span></code> if possible.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_NAME">
<code class="descname">DELETE_NAME</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">name</span></code>, where <em>namei</em> is the index into <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code>
attribute of the code object.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE">
<code class="descname">UNPACK_SEQUENCE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Unpacks TOS into <em>count</em> individual values, which are put onto the stack
right-to-left.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DUP_TOPX">
<code class="descname">DUP_TOPX</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOPX" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Duplicate <em>count</em> items, keeping them in the same order. Due to
implementation limits, <em>count</em> should be between 1 and 5 inclusive.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_ATTR">
<code class="descname">STORE_ATTR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS.name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span></code>, where <em>namei</em> is the index of name in
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_ATTR">
<code class="descname">DELETE_ATTR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS.name</span></code>, using <em>namei</em> as index into <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_GLOBAL">
<code class="descname">STORE_GLOBAL</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Works as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_NAME</span></code>, but stores the name as a global.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL">
<code class="descname">DELETE_GLOBAL</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Works as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DELETE_NAME</span></code>, but deletes a global name.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_CONST">
<code class="descname">LOAD_CONST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>consti</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CONST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_consts[consti]</span></code> onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_NAME">
<code class="descname">LOAD_NAME</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes the value associated with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code> onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_TUPLE">
<code class="descname">BUILD_TUPLE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Creates a tuple consuming <em>count</em> items from the stack, and pushes the
resulting tuple onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_LIST">
<code class="descname">BUILD_LIST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_LIST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Works as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE</span></code>, but creates a list.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_SET">
<code class="descname">BUILD_SET</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SET" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Works as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE</span></code>, but creates a set.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_MAP">
<code class="descname">BUILD_MAP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack. The dictionary is pre-sized
to hold <em>count</em> entries.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_ATTR">
<code class="descname">LOAD_ATTR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Replaces TOS with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getattr(TOS,</span> <span class="pre">co_names[namei])</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-COMPARE_OP">
<code class="descname">COMPARE_OP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>opname</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-COMPARE_OP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Performs a Boolean operation. The operation name can be found in
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmp_op[opname]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-IMPORT_NAME">
<code class="descname">IMPORT_NAME</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Imports the module <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code>. TOS and TOS1 are popped and provide
the <em>fromlist</em> and <em>level</em> arguments of <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#__import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">__import__()</span></code></a>. The module
object is pushed onto the stack. The current namespace is not affected: for
a proper import statement, a subsequent <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code> instruction modifies
the namespace.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-IMPORT_FROM">
<code class="descname">IMPORT_FROM</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_FROM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Loads the attribute <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code> from the module found in TOS. The
resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be subsequently stored by a
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code> instruction.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_FORWARD">
<code class="descname">JUMP_FORWARD</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_FORWARD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Increments bytecode counter by <em>delta</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE">
<code class="descname">POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em>. TOS is popped.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE">
<code class="descname">POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em>. TOS is popped.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP">
<code class="descname">JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em> and leaves TOS on the
stack. Otherwise (TOS is false), TOS is popped.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP">
<code class="descname">JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em> and leaves TOS on the
stack. Otherwise (TOS is true), TOS is popped.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_ABSOLUTE">
<code class="descname">JUMP_ABSOLUTE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_ABSOLUTE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set bytecode counter to <em>target</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-FOR_ITER">
<code class="descname">FOR_ITER</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-FOR_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span></code> is an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator"><span class="xref std std-term">iterator</span></a>. Call its <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">next()</span></code> method. If this
yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator below it). If
the iterator indicates it is exhausted <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span></code> is popped, and the bytecode
counter is incremented by <em>delta</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL">
<code class="descname">LOAD_GLOBAL</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Loads the global named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code> onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_LOOP">
<code class="descname">SETUP_LOOP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a block for a loop onto the block stack. The block spans from the
current instruction with a size of <em>delta</em> bytes.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_EXCEPT">
<code class="descname">SETUP_EXCEPT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_EXCEPT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. <em>delta</em>
points to the first except block.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_FINALLY">
<code class="descname">SETUP_FINALLY</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_FINALLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. <em>delta</em>
points to the finally block.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_MAP">
<code class="descname">STORE_MAP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_MAP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Store a key and value pair in a dictionary. Pops the key and value while
leaving the dictionary on the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_FAST">
<code class="descname">LOAD_FAST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>var_num</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a reference to the local <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></code> onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_FAST">
<code class="descname">STORE_FAST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>var_num</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Stores TOS into the local <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_FAST">
<code class="descname">DELETE_FAST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>var_num</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Deletes local <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE">
<code class="descname">LOAD_CLOSURE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free
variable storage. The name of the variable is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_cellvars[i]</span></code> if <em>i</em> is
less than the length of <em>co_cellvars</em>. Otherwise it is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_freevars[i</span> <span class="pre">-</span>
<span class="pre">len(co_cellvars)]</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_DEREF">
<code class="descname">LOAD_DEREF</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Loads the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free variable storage.
Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_DEREF">
<code class="descname">STORE_DEREF</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Stores TOS into the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free variable
storage.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SET_LINENO">
<code class="descname">SET_LINENO</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>lineno</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SET_LINENO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This opcode is obsolete.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-RAISE_VARARGS">
<code class="descname">RAISE_VARARGS</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RAISE_VARARGS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Raises an exception. <em>argc</em> indicates the number of parameters to the raise
statement, ranging from 0 to 3. The handler will find the traceback as TOS2,
the parameter as TOS1, and the exception as TOS.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION">
<code class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls a function. The low byte of <em>argc</em> indicates the number of positional
parameters, the high byte the number of keyword parameters. On the stack, the
opcode finds the keyword parameters first. For each keyword argument, the
value is on top of the key. Below the keyword parameters, the positional
parameters are on the stack, with the right-most parameter on top. Below the
parameters, the function object to call is on the stack. Pops all function
arguments, and the function itself off the stack, and pushes the return
value.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION">
<code class="descname">MAKE_FUNCTION</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a new function object on the stack. TOS is the code associated with
the function. The function object is defined to have <em>argc</em> default
parameters, which are found below TOS.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-MAKE_CLOSURE">
<code class="descname">MAKE_CLOSURE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAKE_CLOSURE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Creates a new function object, sets its <em>func_closure</em> slot, and pushes it on
the stack. TOS is the code associated with the function, TOS1 the tuple
containing cells for the closure’s free variables. The function also has
<em>argc</em> default parameters, which are found below the cells.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_SLICE">
<code class="descname">BUILD_SLICE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SLICE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-0">Pushes a slice object on the stack. <em>argc</em> must be 2 or 3. If it is 2,
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">slice(TOS1,</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></code> is pushed; if it is 3, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">slice(TOS2,</span> <span class="pre">TOS1,</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></code> is
pushed. See the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#slice" title="slice"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">slice()</span></code></a> built-in function for more information.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-EXTENDED_ARG">
<code class="descname">EXTENDED_ARG</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>ext</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-EXTENDED_ARG" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Prefixes any opcode which has an argument too big to fit into the default two
bytes. <em>ext</em> holds two additional bytes which, taken together with the
subsequent opcode’s argument, comprise a four-byte argument, <em>ext</em> being the
two most-significant bytes.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR">
<code class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION_VAR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls a function. <em>argc</em> is interpreted as in <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></code></a>. The
top element on the stack contains the variable argument list, followed by
keyword and positional arguments.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW">
<code class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION_KW</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls a function. <em>argc</em> is interpreted as in <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></code></a>. The
top element on the stack contains the keyword arguments dictionary, followed
by explicit keyword and positional arguments.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW">
<code class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls a function. <em>argc</em> is interpreted as in <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></code></a>. The
top element on the stack contains the keyword arguments dictionary, followed
by the variable-arguments tuple, followed by explicit keyword and positional
arguments.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT">
<code class="descname">HAVE_ARGUMENT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is not really an opcode. It identifies the dividing line between
opcodes which don’t take arguments <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></code> and those which do
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
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