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<div class="section" id="module-UserDict">
<span id="userdict-class-wrapper-for-dictionary-objects"></span><h1>8.12. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserDict" title="UserDict: Class wrapper for dictionary objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> — Class wrapper for dictionary objects<a class="headerlink" href="#module-UserDict" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/2.7/Lib/UserDict.py">Lib/UserDict.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>The module defines a mixin, <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.DictMixin" title="UserDict.DictMixin"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DictMixin</span></code></a>, defining all dictionary methods
for classes that already have a minimum mapping interface. This greatly
simplifies writing classes that need to be substitutable for dictionaries (such
as the shelve module).</p>
<p>This module also defines a class, <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a>, that acts as a wrapper
around dictionary objects. The need for this class has been largely supplanted
by the ability to subclass directly from <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a> (a feature that became
available starting with Python version 2.2). Prior to the introduction of
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a>, the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> class was used to create dictionary-like
sub-classes that obtained new behaviors by overriding existing methods or adding
new ones.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserDict" title="UserDict: Class wrapper for dictionary objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> module defines the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> class and
<a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.DictMixin" title="UserDict.DictMixin"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DictMixin</span></code></a>:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="UserDict.UserDict">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserDict.</code><code class="descname">UserDict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>initialdata</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Class that simulates a dictionary. The instance’s contents are kept in a
regular dictionary, which is accessible via the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">data</span></code> attribute of
<a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> instances. If <em>initialdata</em> is provided, <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">data</span></code> is
initialized with its contents; note that a reference to <em>initialdata</em> will not
be kept, allowing it be used for other purposes.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">For backward compatibility, instances of <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> are not iterable.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="UserDict.IterableUserDict">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserDict.</code><code class="descname">IterableUserDict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>initialdata</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#UserDict.IterableUserDict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> that supports direct iteration (e.g. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">key</span> <span class="pre">in</span>
<span class="pre">myDict</span></code>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>In addition to supporting the methods and operations of mappings (see section
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#typesmapping"><span class="std std-ref">Mapping Types — dict</span></a>), <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.IterableUserDict" title="UserDict.IterableUserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">IterableUserDict</span></code></a> instances
provide the following attribute:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="UserDict.IterableUserDict.data">
<code class="descclassname">IterableUserDict.</code><code class="descname">data</code><a class="headerlink" href="#UserDict.IterableUserDict.data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A real dictionary used to store the contents of the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> class.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="UserDict.DictMixin">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserDict.</code><code class="descname">DictMixin</code><a class="headerlink" href="#UserDict.DictMixin" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Mixin defining all dictionary methods for classes that already have a minimum
dictionary interface including <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__getitem__" title="object.__getitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__setitem__" title="object.__setitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setitem__()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__delitem__" title="object.__delitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__delitem__()</span></code></a>, and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">keys()</span></code>.</p>
<p>This mixin should be used as a superclass. Adding each of the above methods
adds progressively more functionality. For instance, defining all but
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__delitem__" title="object.__delitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__delitem__()</span></code></a> will preclude only <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">pop()</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">popitem()</span></code> from the
full interface.</p>
<p>In addition to the four base methods, progressively more efficiency comes with
defining <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__contains__" title="object.__contains__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__contains__()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__iter__" title="object.__iter__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__iter__()</span></code></a>, and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">iteritems()</span></code>.</p>
<p>Since the mixin has no knowledge of the subclass constructor, it does not define
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__init__" title="object.__init__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="copy.html#module-copy" title="copy: Shallow and deep copy operations."><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy()</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>Starting with Python version 2.6, it is recommended to use
<a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#collections.MutableMapping" title="collections.MutableMapping"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections.MutableMapping</span></code></a> instead of <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.DictMixin" title="UserDict.DictMixin"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DictMixin</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>Note that DictMixin does not implement the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.viewkeys" title="dict.viewkeys"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">viewkeys()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.viewvalues" title="dict.viewvalues"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">viewvalues()</span></code></a>, or <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.viewitems" title="dict.viewitems"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">viewitems()</span></code></a> methods.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="module-UserList">
<span id="userlist-class-wrapper-for-list-objects"></span><h1>8.13. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserList" title="UserList: Class wrapper for list objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> — Class wrapper for list objects<a class="headerlink" href="#module-UserList" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>When Python 2.2 was released, many of the use cases for this class were
subsumed by the ability to subclass <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">list</span></code> directly. However, a
handful of use cases remain.</p>
<p>This module provides a list-interface around an underlying data store. By
default, that data store is a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">list</span></code>; however, it can be used to wrap
a list-like interface around other objects (such as persistent storage).</p>
<p class="last">In addition, this class can be mixed-in with built-in classes using multiple
inheritance. This can sometimes be useful. For example, you can inherit
from <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> at the same time. That would not be
possible with both a real <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">list</span></code> and a real <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a>.</p>
</div>
<p>This module defines a class that acts as a wrapper around list objects. It is a
useful base class for your own list-like classes, which can inherit from them
and override existing methods or add new ones. In this way one can add new
behaviors to lists.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserList" title="UserList: Class wrapper for list objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> module defines the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> class:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="UserList.UserList">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserList.</code><code class="descname">UserList</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>list</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#UserList.UserList" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Class that simulates a list. The instance’s contents are kept in a regular
list, which is accessible via the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList.data" title="UserList.UserList.data"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">data</span></code></a> attribute of <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a>
instances. The instance’s contents are initially set to a copy of <em>list</em>,
defaulting to the empty list <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[]</span></code>. <em>list</em> can be any iterable, e.g. a
real Python list or a <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> object.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> class has been moved to the <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#module-collections" title="collections: High-performance datatypes"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections</span></code></a>
module in Python 3. The <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-2to3"><span class="xref std std-term">2to3</span></a> tool will automatically adapt
imports when converting your sources to Python 3.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>In addition to supporting the methods and operations of mutable sequences (see
section <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#typesseq"><span class="std std-ref">Sequence Types — str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange</span></a>), <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> instances provide the following
attribute:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="UserList.UserList.data">
<code class="descclassname">UserList.</code><code class="descname">data</code><a class="headerlink" href="#UserList.UserList.data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A real Python list object used to store the contents of the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a>
class.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p><strong>Subclassing requirements:</strong> Subclasses of <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> are expected to
offer a constructor which can be called with either no arguments or one
argument. List operations which return a new sequence attempt to create an
instance of the actual implementation class. To do so, it assumes that the
constructor can be called with a single parameter, which is a sequence object
used as a data source.</p>
<p>If a derived class does not wish to comply with this requirement, all of the
special methods supported by this class will need to be overridden; please
consult the sources for information about the methods which need to be provided
in that case.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.0: </span>Python versions 1.5.2 and 1.6 also required that the constructor be callable
with no parameters, and offer a mutable <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">data</span></code> attribute. Earlier
versions of Python did not attempt to create instances of the derived class.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="module-UserString">
<span id="userstring-class-wrapper-for-string-objects"></span><h1>8.14. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserString" title="UserString: Class wrapper for string objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> — Class wrapper for string objects<a class="headerlink" href="#module-UserString" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">This <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> class from this module is available for backward
compatibility only. If you are writing code that does not need to work with
versions of Python earlier than Python 2.2, please consider subclassing directly
from the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> type instead of using <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> (there
is no built-in equivalent to <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.MutableString" title="UserString.MutableString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MutableString</span></code></a>).</p>
</div>
<p>This module defines a class that acts as a wrapper around string objects. It is
a useful base class for your own string-like classes, which can inherit from
them and override existing methods or add new ones. In this way one can add new
behaviors to strings.</p>
<p>It should be noted that these classes are highly inefficient compared to real
string or Unicode objects; this is especially the case for
<a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.MutableString" title="UserString.MutableString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MutableString</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserString" title="UserString: Class wrapper for string objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> module defines the following classes:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="UserString.UserString">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserString.</code><code class="descname">UserString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>sequence</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#UserString.UserString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Class that simulates a string or a Unicode string object. The instance’s
content is kept in a regular string or Unicode string object, which is
accessible via the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">data</span></code> attribute of <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> instances. The
instance’s contents are initially set to a copy of <em>sequence</em>. <em>sequence</em> can
be either a regular Python string or Unicode string, an instance of
<a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> (or a subclass) or an arbitrary sequence which can be
converted into a string using the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">str()</span></code></a> function.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> class has been moved to the <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#module-collections" title="collections: High-performance datatypes"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections</span></code></a>
module in Python 3. The <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-2to3"><span class="xref std std-term">2to3</span></a> tool will automatically adapt
imports when converting your sources to Python 3.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="UserString.MutableString">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserString.</code><code class="descname">MutableString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>sequence</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#UserString.MutableString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This class is derived from the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> above and redefines strings
to be <em>mutable</em>. Mutable strings can’t be used as dictionary keys, because
dictionaries require <em>immutable</em> objects as keys. The main intention of this
class is to serve as an educational example for inheritance and necessity to
remove (override) the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__hash__" title="object.__hash__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hash__()</span></code></a> method in order to trap attempts to use a
mutable object as dictionary key, which would be otherwise very error prone and
hard to track down.</p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>The <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.MutableString" title="UserString.MutableString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MutableString</span></code></a> class has been removed in Python 3.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>In addition to supporting the methods and operations of string and Unicode
objects (see section <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#string-methods"><span class="std std-ref">String Methods</span></a>), <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> instances
provide the following attribute:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="UserString.MutableString.data">
<code class="descclassname">MutableString.</code><code class="descname">data</code><a class="headerlink" href="#UserString.MutableString.data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A real Python string or Unicode object used to store the content of the
<a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> class.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">8.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code> — Class wrapper for dictionary objects</a></li>
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