Configuring 3D Clouds
=====================
3D clouds can be created in two ways:
- By placing individual clouds using a command (e.g. from Nasal)
- Using the global weather function, which reads cloud definition from
an XML file.
Placing Clouds Individually
===========================
Clouds are created using the "add-cloud" command, passing a property
node defining the location and characterstics of the cloud.
Location is defined by the following properties:
<layer> - The cloud layer number to add the cloud to. (default 0)
<index> - A unique identifier for the cloud in the layer. If a cloud
already exists with this index, the new cloud will not be
created, and 0 is returned.
<lon-deg> - Longitude to place the cloud, in degrees (default 0)
<lat-deg> - Latitude t place the cloud, in degrees (default 0)
<alt-ft> - Altitude to place the cloud, relative to the layer (!) in ft
(default 0)
<x-offset-m> - Offset in m from the lon-deg. +ve is south (default 0)
<y-offset-m> - Offset in m from the lat-deg. +ve is east (default 0)
The cloud itself is built up of a number of "sprites" - simple 2D textures
that are always rotated to be facing the viewer. These sprites are handled
by a OpenGL Shader - a small program that is run on your graphics card.
The cloud is defined by the following properties:
<min-cloud-width-m> - minimum width of the cloud in meters (default 500)
<max-cloud-width-m> - maximum width of the cloud (default min-cloud-width-m*1.5)
<min-cloud-height-m> - minimum height of the cloud (default 400)
<max-cloud-height-m> - maximum height of the cloud (default min-cloud-height-m*1.5)
<texture> - texture file of sprites to use (default cl_cumulus.png)
<num-textures-x> - number of cloud textures defined horizontally in the
texture file (default 4)
<num-textures-y> - number of cloud textures defined vertically in the
texture file (default 4)
<height-map-texture> - whether to choose the vertical texture index based on
sprite height within the clouds (default false)
<num-sprites> - Number of sprite to generate for the cloud (default 20)
<min-sprite-width-m> - minimum width of the sprites used to create the cloud
(default 200)
<max-sprite-width-m> - maximum width of the sprites used to create the cloud
(default min-sprite-width-m*1.5)
<min-sprite-height-m> - minimum height of the spites used to create the cloud
(default 150)
<max-sprite-height-m> - maximum height of the sprites used to create the cloud
(default min-sprite-height-m*1.5)
<z-scale> - vertical scaling factor to apply to to the sprite after
billboarding. A small value would create a sprite that
looks squashed when viewed from the side. (default 1.0)
<min-bottom-lighting-factor> - See Shading below (default 1.0)
<max-bottom-lighting-factor> - See Shading below (default min-...-factor + 0.1)
<min-middle-lighting-factor> - See Shading below (default 1.0)
<max-middle-lighting-factor> - See Shading below (default min-...-factor + 0.1)
<min-top-lighting-factor> - See Shading below (default 1.0)
<max-top-lighting-factor> - See Shading below (default min-...-factor + 0.1)
<min-shade-lighting-factor> - See Shading below (default 0.5)
<max-shade-lighting-factor> - See Shading below (default min-...-factor + 0.1)
Shading
-------
the [min|max]-...-lighting-factor properties allow you to define diffuse lighting
multipliers to the bottom, middle, top, sunny and shaded parts of the cloud. In
each case, individual clouds will have a random multiplier between the min and
max values used to allow for some variation between individual clouds.
The top, middle and bottom lighting factors are applied based on the pixels vertical
positon in the cloud. A linear interpolation is used either between top/middle (if
the pixel is above the middle of the cloud) or middle/bottom (if the pixel is below
the middle of the cloud).
The top factor is also applied to _all_ pixels on the sunny side of the cloud. The
shade factor is applied based on the pixel position away from the sun, linearly
interpolated from top to shade. E.g this is not a straight linear interpolation
from top to shade across the entire cloud.
The final lighting factor is determined by the minimum of the vertical factor and
the sunny/shade factor. Note that this is applied to the individual pixels, not
sprites.
Textures
--------
The texture to use for the sprites is defined in the <texture> tag.
To allow some variation, you can create a texture file containing multiple
sprites in a grid, and define the <num-textures-x/y> tags. The code
decides which texture to use for a given sprite : randomly in the x-direction
and based on the altitude of the sprite within the cloud in the y-direction
if <height-map-texture> is set. Therefore, you should put sprite textures
you want to use for the bottom of your cloud at the bottom of the texture
file, and those you want to use for the top of the cloud at the top of the
texture file.
For example, the following Nasal snippet will create a cloud immediately above the
aircraft at an altitude of 1000 ft above /environment/clouds/layer[0]/elevation-ft :
var p = props.Node.new({ "layer" : 0,
"index": 1,
"lat-deg": getprop("/position/latitude-deg"),
"lon-deg": getprop("/position/longitude-deg"),
"alt-ft" : 1000 });
fgcommand("add-cloud", p);
Moving Individual Clouds
========================
Clouds may be moved by using the "move-cloud" command. This takes the following
property arguments.
<layer> - The cloud layer number containing the cloud to move. (default 0)
<index> - The unique identifier of the cloud to move.
<lon-deg> - Longitude to place the cloud, in degrees (default 0)
<lat-deg> - Latitude t place the cloud, in degrees (default 0)
<alt-ft> - Altitude to place the cloud, relative to the layer (!) in ft
(default 0)
<x-offset-m> - Offset in m from the lon-deg. +ve is south (default 0)
<y-offset-m> - Offset in m from the lat-deg. +ve is east (default 0)
Deleting Individual Clouds
===========================
Clouds may be deleted by using the "del-cloud" command. This takes the following
property arguments.
<layer> - The cloud layer number containing the cloud to delete. (default 0)
<index> - The unique identifier of the cloud to delete.
Global 3D Clouds
================
The global weather system uses sets of clouds defined in
FG_ROOT/Environment/cloudlayers.xml
The file has 3 distinct sections: layers, cloud boxes and clouds,
described below.
Notes for those editing clouds:
- All distances are in m. Note that this is in contrast to cloud heights
in METAR etc. which are in ft.
- The XML file is loaded into the properties system, so you can modify
the settings in-sim, and see the results by re-generating the cloud
layer. The simplest way to do this is to disable METAR, and control
the cloud layers using the Clouds dialog, and in particular the coverage.
- Texture files are in .png format, and have a transparent background.
To make the textures easier to edit, create a black layer behind them,
so there is some contrast between the background and the white cloud.
Having a grid based on the texture dimensions also helps, so you don't
bleed over the edges, which causes ugly sharp horizontal and vertical
lines.
Clouds
======
The cloud definitions are as described above for placing individual
clouds, but no position information is used (this is defined in the
cloud box and layers below).
Cloud Boxes
===========
The <boxes> section contains definitions of groups of cloads,for example
an entire towering CB mass.
The <boxes> section contains a number of named types, which are referenced
by the <layers> section, described below. Therefore, the names used are
completely user-defined.
Each of the named section consists of one or more <box> section,
defining a particular cloud type
Each <box> section contains the following tags:
<type> - The cloud to use, defined above
<count> - The number of clouds to generate (+/- 50%)
<width> - The x and y within which these clouds should be generated
<height> - The height within which the clouds should be generated
<hdist> - The horizontal distribution of the clouds within the area.
Equates to a sum of random distributions. Defaults to 1.
1 = even distribution, 2 = distributed towards the center.
3 = very strongly distributed towards the center.
<vdist> - The vertical distribution of the clouds. As for hdist.
If the /sim/rendering/clouds3d-density is less than 1.0 (100%), then a
proportional number of clouds will be displayed.
The following example shows a stratus cloud group, which consists of 5
st-large clouds and 5 st-small clouds, distributed in a box 2000mx2000m,
and 100m high, evenly distributed.
<st>
<box>
<type>st-large</type>
<count>5</count>
<width>2000</width>
<height>100</height>
</box>
<box>
<type>st-small</type>
<count>5</count>
<width>2000</width>
<height>100</height>
</box>
</st>
Layers
======
The <layers> section contains definitions for a specific layer type.
The layer type is derived from the METAR/Weather settings by FG itself.
Each layer type is a named XML tag, i.e.: ns, sc, st, ac, cb, cu.
If a layer type is not defined, then a 2D layer is used instead.
The layer type contains one or more <cloud> definitions. This
defines a type of cloud box, and a weighting for that type (<count>).
For example, the following XML fragment will produce 3 "cb" cloud boxes
for every 1 "cu":
<cloud>
<name>cb</name>
<count>3</count>
</cloud>
<cloud>
<name>cu</name>
<count>1</count>
</cloud>
Clouds are randomly distributed across the sky in the x/y plane, but the
height of them is set by the weather conditions, with a random height range
applied, defined by <grid-z-rand>
