# Message Grouping

Message groups are sets of messages that have the following
characteristics:

-   Messages in a message group share the same group id, i.e. they have
    same group identifier property (`JMSXGroupID` for JMS,
    `_AMQ_GROUP_ID` for Apache ActiveMQ Artemis Core API).

-   Messages in a message group are always consumed by the same
    consumer, even if there are many consumers on a queue. They pin all
    messages with the same group id to the same consumer. If that
    consumer closes another consumer is chosen and will receive all
    messages with the same group id.

Message groups are useful when you want all messages for a certain value
of the property to be processed serially by the same consumer.

An example might be orders for a certain stock. You may want orders for
any particular stock to be processed serially by the same consumer. To
do this you can create a pool of consumers (perhaps one for each stock,
but less will work too), then set the stock name as the value of the
_AMQ_GROUP_ID property.

This will ensure that all messages for a particular stock will always be
processed by the same consumer.

> **Note**
>
> Grouped messages can impact the concurrent processing of non-grouped
> messages due to the underlying FIFO semantics of a queue. For example,
> if there is a chunk of 100 grouped messages at the head of a queue
> followed by 1,000 non-grouped messages then all the grouped messages
> will need to be sent to the appropriate client (which is consuming
> those grouped messages serially) before any of the non-grouped
> messages can be consumed. The functional impact in this scenario is a
> temporary suspension of concurrent message processing while all the
> grouped messages are processed. This can be a performance bottleneck
> so keep it in mind when determining the size of your message groups,
> and consider whether or not you should isolate your grouped messages
> from your non-grouped messages.

## Using Core API

The property name used to identify the message group is `"_AMQ_GROUP_ID"`
(or the constant `MessageImpl.HDR_GROUP_ID`). Alternatively, you can set
`autogroup` to true on the `SessionFactory` which will pick a random
unique id.

## Using JMS

The property name used to identify the message group is `JMSXGroupID`.

     // send 2 messages in the same group to ensure the same
     // consumer will receive both
     Message message = ...
     message.setStringProperty("JMSXGroupID", "Group-0");
     producer.send(message);

     message = ...
     message.setStringProperty("JMSXGroupID", "Group-0");
     producer.send(message);

Alternatively, you can set `autogroup` to true on the
`ActiveMQConnectonFactory` which will pick a random unique id. This can
also be set in the JNDI context environment, e.g. `jndi.properties`.
Here's a simple example using the "ConnectionFactory" connection factory
which is available in the context by default

    java.naming.factory.initial=org.apache.activemq.artemis.jndi.ActiveMQInitialContextFactory
    connectionFactory.myConnectionFactory=tcp://localhost:61616?autoGroup=true

Alternatively you can set the group id via the connection factory. All
messages sent with producers created via this connection factory will
set the `JMSXGroupID` to the specified value on all messages sent. This
can also be set in the JNDI context environment, e.g. `jndi.properties`.
Here's a simple example using the "ConnectionFactory" connection factory
which is available in the context by default:

    java.naming.factory.initial=org.apache.activemq.artemis.jndi.ActiveMQInitialContextFactory
    connectionFactory.myConnectionFactory=tcp://localhost:61616?roupID=Group-0

## Example

See the [examples](examples.md} chapter for an example which shows how message groups are configured and used with JMS and via a connection factory.

## Clustered Grouping

Using message groups in a cluster is a bit more complex. This is because
messages with a particular group id can arrive on any node so each node
needs to know about which group id's are bound to which consumer on
which node. The consumer handling messages for a particular group id may
be on a different node of the cluster, so each node needs to know this
information so it can route the message correctly to the node which has
that consumer.

To solve this there is the notion of a grouping handler. Each node will
have its own grouping handler and when a messages is sent with a group
id assigned, the handlers will decide between them which route the
message should take.

There are 2 types of handlers; Local and Remote. Each cluster should
choose 1 node to have a local grouping handler and all the other nodes
should have remote handlers- it's the local handler that actually makes
the decision as to what route should be used, all the other remote
handlers converse with this. Here is a sample config for both types of
handler, this should be configured in the *broker.xml*
file.

    <grouping-handler name="my-grouping-handler">
       <type>LOCAL</type>
       <address>jms</address>
       <timeout>5000</timeout>
    </grouping-handler>

    <grouping-handler name="my-grouping-handler">
       <type>REMOTE</type>
       <address>jms</address>
       <timeout>5000</timeout>
    </grouping-handler>

The *address* attribute refers to a [cluster connection and the address
it uses](#clusters.address), refer to the clustering section on how to
configure clusters. The *timeout* attribute referees to how long to wait
for a decision to be made, an exception will be thrown during the send
if this timeout is reached, this ensures that strict ordering is kept.

The decision as to where a message should be routed to is initially
proposed by the node that receives the message. The node will pick a
suitable route as per the normal clustered routing conditions, i.e.
round robin available queues, use a local queue first and choose a queue
that has a consumer. If the proposal is accepted by the grouping
handlers the node will route messages to this queue from that point on,
if rejected an alternative route will be offered and the node will again
route to that queue indefinitely. All other nodes will also route to the
queue chosen at proposal time. Once the message arrives at the queue
then normal single server message group semantics take over and the
message is pinned to a consumer on that queue.

You may have noticed that there is a single point of failure with the
single local handler. If this node crashes then no decisions will be
able to be made. Any messages sent will be not be delivered and an
exception thrown. To avoid this happening Local Handlers can be
replicated on another backup node. Simple create your back up node and
configure it with the same Local handler.

## Clustered Grouping Best Practices

Some best practices should be followed when using clustered grouping:

1.  Make sure your consumers are distributed evenly across the different
    nodes if possible. This is only an issue if you are creating and
    closing consumers regularly. Since messages are always routed to the
    same queue once pinned, removing a consumer from this queue may
    leave it with no consumers meaning the queue will just keep
    receiving the messages. Avoid closing consumers or make sure that
    you always have plenty of consumers, i.e., if you have 3 nodes have
    3 consumers.

2.  Use durable queues if possible. If queues are removed once a group
    is bound to it, then it is possible that other nodes may still try
    to route messages to it. This can be avoided by making sure that the
    queue is deleted by the session that is sending the messages. This
    means that when the next message is sent it is sent to the node
    where the queue was deleted meaning a new proposal can successfully
    take place. Alternatively you could just start using a different
    group id.

3.  Always make sure that the node that has the Local Grouping Handler
    is replicated. These means that on failover grouping will still
    occur.

4.  In case you are using group-timeouts, the remote node should have a
    smaller group-timeout with at least half of the value on the main
    coordinator. This is because this will determine how often the
    last-time-use value should be updated with a round trip for a
    request to the group between the nodes.

## Clustered Grouping Example

See the [examples](examples.md) chapter for an example of how to configure message groups with a ActiveMQ Artemis Cluster.