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<ol class="chapter"><li class="affix"><a href="README.html">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="meet-safe-and-unsafe.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Meet Safe and Unsafe</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="safe-unsafe-meaning.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> How Safe and Unsafe Interact</a></li><li><a href="what-unsafe-does.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> What Unsafe Can Do</a></li><li><a href="working-with-unsafe.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Working with Unsafe</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="data.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Data Layout</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="repr-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> repr(Rust)</a></li><li><a href="exotic-sizes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Exotically Sized Types</a></li><li><a href="other-reprs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Other reprs</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Ownership</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> References</a></li><li><a href="aliasing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Aliasing</a></li><li><a href="lifetimes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Lifetimes</a></li><li><a href="lifetime-mismatch.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> Limits of Lifetimes</a></li><li><a href="lifetime-elision.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Lifetime Elision</a></li><li><a href="unbounded-lifetimes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Unbounded Lifetimes</a></li><li><a href="hrtb.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Higher-Rank Trait Bounds</a></li><li><a href="subtyping.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Subtyping and Variance</a></li><li><a href="dropck.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Drop Check</a></li><li><a href="phantom-data.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.10.</strong> PhantomData</a></li><li><a href="borrow-splitting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.11.</strong> Splitting Borrows</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="conversions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Type Conversions</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="coercions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Coercions</a></li><li><a href="dot-operator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> The Dot Operator</a></li><li><a href="casts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Casts</a></li><li><a href="transmutes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> Transmutes</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="uninitialized.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Uninitialized Memory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="checked-uninit.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Checked</a></li><li><a href="drop-flags.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Drop Flags</a></li><li><a href="unchecked-uninit.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Unchecked</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="obrm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Ownership Based Resource Management</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="constructors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> Constructors</a></li><li><a href="destructors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> Destructors</a></li><li><a href="leaking.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> Leaking</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="unwinding.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Unwinding</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="exception-safety.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> Exception Safety</a></li><li><a href="poisoning.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> Poisoning</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="concurrency.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Concurrency</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="races.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Races</a></li><li><a href="send-and-sync.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> Send and Sync</a></li><li><a href="atomics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> Atomics</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="vec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Implementing Vec</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="vec-layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> Layout</a></li><li><a href="vec-alloc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> Allocating</a></li><li><a href="vec-push-pop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> Push and Pop</a></li><li><a href="vec-dealloc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> Deallocating</a></li><li><a href="vec-deref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.</strong> Deref</a></li><li><a href="vec-insert-remove.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.6.</strong> Insert and Remove</a></li><li><a href="vec-into-iter.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.7.</strong> IntoIter</a></li><li><a href="vec-raw.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.</strong> RawVec</a></li><li><a href="vec-drain.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.</strong> Drain</a></li><li><a href="vec-zsts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.10.</strong> Handling Zero-Sized Types</a></li><li><a href="vec-final.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.11.</strong> Final Code</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="arc-and-mutex.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> Implementing Arc and Mutex</a></li><li><a href="ffi.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> FFI</a></li></ol>
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<a class="header" href="vec-into-iter.html#intoiter" id="intoiter"><h1>IntoIter</h1></a>
<p>Let's move on to writing iterators. <code>iter</code> and <code>iter_mut</code> have already been
written for us thanks to The Magic of Deref. However there's two interesting
iterators that Vec provides that slices can't: <code>into_iter</code> and <code>drain</code>.</p>
<p>IntoIter consumes the Vec by-value, and can consequently yield its elements
by-value. In order to enable this, IntoIter needs to take control of Vec's
allocation.</p>
<p>IntoIter needs to be DoubleEnded as well, to enable reading from both ends.
Reading from the back could just be implemented as calling <code>pop</code>, but reading
from the front is harder. We could call <code>remove(0)</code> but that would be insanely
expensive. Instead we're going to just use ptr::read to copy values out of
either end of the Vec without mutating the buffer at all.</p>
<p>To do this we're going to use a very common C idiom for array iteration. We'll
make two pointers; one that points to the start of the array, and one that
points to one-element past the end. When we want an element from one end, we'll
read out the value pointed to at that end and move the pointer over by one. When
the two pointers are equal, we know we're done.</p>
<p>Note that the order of read and offset are reversed for <code>next</code> and <code>next_back</code>
For <code>next_back</code> the pointer is always after the element it wants to read next,
while for <code>next</code> the pointer is always at the element it wants to read next.
To see why this is, consider the case where every element but one has been
yielded.</p>
<p>The array looks like this:</p>
<pre><code class="language-text"> S E
[X, X, X, O, X, X, X]
</code></pre>
<p>If E pointed directly at the element it wanted to yield next, it would be
indistinguishable from the case where there are no more elements to yield.</p>
<p>Although we don't actually care about it during iteration, we also need to hold
onto the Vec's allocation information in order to free it once IntoIter is
dropped.</p>
<p>So we're going to use the following struct:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">struct IntoIter<T> {
buf: Unique<T>,
cap: usize,
start: *const T,
end: *const T,
}
</code></pre>
<p>And this is what we end up with for initialization:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">impl<T> Vec<T> {
fn into_iter(self) -> IntoIter<T> {
// Can't destructure Vec since it's Drop
let ptr = self.ptr;
let cap = self.cap;
let len = self.len;
// Make sure not to drop Vec since that will free the buffer
mem::forget(self);
unsafe {
IntoIter {
buf: ptr,
cap: cap,
start: *ptr,
end: if cap == 0 {
// can't offset off this pointer, it's not allocated!
*ptr
} else {
ptr.offset(len as isize)
}
}
}
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>Here's iterating forward:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">impl<T> Iterator for IntoIter<T> {
type Item = T;
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
if self.start == self.end {
None
} else {
unsafe {
let result = ptr::read(self.start);
self.start = self.start.offset(1);
Some(result)
}
}
}
fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
let len = (self.end as usize - self.start as usize)
/ mem::size_of::<T>();
(len, Some(len))
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>And here's iterating backwards.</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">impl<T> DoubleEndedIterator for IntoIter<T> {
fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
if self.start == self.end {
None
} else {
unsafe {
self.end = self.end.offset(-1);
Some(ptr::read(self.end))
}
}
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>Because IntoIter takes ownership of its allocation, it needs to implement Drop
to free it. However it also wants to implement Drop to drop any elements it
contains that weren't yielded.</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">impl<T> Drop for IntoIter<T> {
fn drop(&mut self) {
if self.cap != 0 {
// drop any remaining elements
for _ in &mut *self {}
let align = mem::align_of::<T>();
let elem_size = mem::size_of::<T>();
let num_bytes = elem_size * self.cap;
unsafe {
heap::deallocate(self.buf.as_ptr() as *mut _, num_bytes, align);
}
}
}
}
</code></pre>
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