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<ol class="chapter"><li class="affix"><a href="introduction.html">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="notation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Notation</a></li><li><a href="lexical-structure.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Lexical structure</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="input-format.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> Input format</a></li><li><a href="keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Keywords</a></li><li><a href="identifiers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Identifiers</a></li><li><a href="comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Comments</a></li><li><a href="whitespace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Whitespace</a></li><li><a href="tokens.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> Tokens</a></li><li><a href="paths.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> Paths</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="macros.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Macros</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="macros-by-example.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Macros By Example</a></li><li><a href="procedural-macros.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Procedural Macros</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="crates-and-source-files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Crates and source files</a></li><li><a href="items-and-attributes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Items and attributes</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="items.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Items</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="items/modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.1.</strong> Modules</a></li><li><a href="items/extern-crates.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.2.</strong> Extern crates</a></li><li><a href="items/use-declarations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.3.</strong> Use declarations</a></li><li><a href="items/functions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.4.</strong> 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aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Type and lifetime parameters</a></li><li><a href="items/associated-items.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Associated Items</a></li><li><a href="visibility-and-privacy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Visibility and Privacy</a></li><li><a href="attributes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Attributes</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="statements-and-expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Statements and expressions</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="statements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> Statements</a></li><li><a href="expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> Expressions</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="expressions/literal-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.1.</strong> Literal expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/path-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.2.</strong> Path expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/block-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.3.</strong> Block expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/operator-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.4.</strong> Operator expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/grouped-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.5.</strong> Grouped expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/array-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.6.</strong> Array and index expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/tuple-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.7.</strong> Tuple and index expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/struct-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.8.</strong> Struct expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/enum-variant-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.9.</strong> Enum variant expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/call-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.10.</strong> Call expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/method-call-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.11.</strong> Method call expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/field-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.12.</strong> Field access expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/closure-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.13.</strong> Closure expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/loop-expr.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.14.</strong> Loop expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/range-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.15.</strong> Range expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/if-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.16.</strong> If and if let expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/match-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.17.</strong> Match expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/return-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.18.</strong> Return expressions</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li><a href="type-system.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Type system</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> Types</a></li><li><a href="dynamically-sized-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> Dynamically Sized Types</a></li><li><a href="type-layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> Type layout</a></li><li><a href="interior-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> Interior mutability</a></li><li><a href="subtyping.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> Subtyping and Variance</a></li><li><a href="trait-bounds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> Trait and lifetime bounds</a></li><li><a href="type-coercions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.7.</strong> Type coercions</a></li><li><a href="destructors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.8.</strong> Destructors</a></li><li><a href="lifetime-elision.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.9.</strong> Lifetime elision</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="special-types-and-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Special types and traits</a></li><li><a href="memory-model.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Memory model</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="memory-allocation-and-lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> Memory allocation and lifetime</a></li><li><a href="memory-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> Memory ownership</a></li><li><a href="variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> Variables</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="linkage.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> Linkage</a></li><li><a href="unsafety.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> Unsafety</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="unsafe-functions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> Unsafe functions</a></li><li><a href="unsafe-blocks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> Unsafe blocks</a></li><li><a href="behavior-considered-undefined.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> Behavior considered undefined</a></li><li><a href="behavior-not-considered-unsafe.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> Behavior not considered unsafe</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="influences.html">Appendix: Influences</a></li><li class="affix"><a href="undocumented.html">Appendix: As-yet-undocumented Features</a></li><li class="affix"><a href="glossary.html">Appendix: Glossary</a></li></ol>
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<a class="header" href="expressions/loop-expr.html#loops" id="loops"><h1>Loops</h1></a>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><sup>Syntax</sup></strong><br />
<em>LoopExpression</em> :<br />
<a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#loop-labels"><em>LoopLabel</em></a><sup>?</sup> (<br />
<a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops"><em>InfiniteLoopExpression</em></a><br />
| <a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-loops"><em>PredicateLoopExpression</em></a><br />
| <a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops"><em>PredicatePatternLoopExpression</em></a><br />
| <a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#iterator-loops"><em>IteratorLoopExpression</em></a><br />
)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Rust supports four loop expressions:</p>
<ul>
<li>A <a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops"><code>loop</code> expression</a> denotes an infinite loop.</li>
<li>A <a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-loops"><code>while</code> expression</a> loops until a predicate is false.</li>
<li>A <a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops"><code>while let</code> expression</a> tests a refutable pattern.</li>
<li>A <a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#iterator-loops"><code>for</code> expression</a> extracts values from an iterator,
looping until the iterator is empty.</li>
</ul>
<p>All four types of loop support <a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions"><code>break</code> expressions</a>,
<a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions"><code>continue</code> expressions</a>, and <a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#loop-labels">labels</a>.
Only <code>loop</code> supports <a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#break-and-loop-values">evaluation to non-trivial values</a>.</p>
<a class="header" href="expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops" id="infinite-loops"><h2>Infinite loops</h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><sup>Syntax</sup></strong><br />
<em>InfiniteLoopExpression</em> :<br />
<code>loop</code> <a href="expressions/block-expr.html"><em>BlockExpression</em></a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>A <code>loop</code> expression repeats execution of its body continuously:
<code>loop { println!("I live."); }</code>.</p>
<p>A <code>loop</code> expression without an associated <code>break</code> expression is diverging and
has type <a href="types.html#never-type"><code>!</code></a>. A <code>loop</code> expression containing
associated <a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions"><code>break</code> expression(s)</a> may terminate, and must
have type compatible with the value of the <code>break</code> expression(s).</p>
<a class="header" href="expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-loops" id="predicate-loops"><h2>Predicate loops</h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><sup>Syntax</sup></strong><br />
<em>PredicateLoopExpression</em> :<br />
<code>while</code> <a href="expressions.html"><em>Expression</em></a><sub>except struct expression</sub> <a href="expressions/block-expr.html"><em>BlockExpression</em></a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>A <code>while</code> loop begins by evaluating the boolean loop conditional expression. If
the loop conditional expression evaluates to <code>true</code>, the loop body block
executes, then control returns to the loop conditional expression. If the loop
conditional expression evaluates to <code>false</code>, the <code>while</code> expression completes.</p>
<p>An example:</p>
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
let mut i = 0;
while i < 10 {
println!("hello");
i = i + 1;
}
#}</code></pre></pre>
<a class="header" href="expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops" id="predicate-pattern-loops"><h2>Predicate pattern loops</h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><sup>Syntax</sup></strong><br />
<a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops"><em>PredicatePatternLoopExpression</em></a> :<br />
<code>while</code> <code>let</code> <em>Pattern</em> <code>=</code> <a href="expressions.html"><em>Expression</em></a><sub>except struct expression</sub>
<a href="expressions/block-expr.html"><em>BlockExpression</em></a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>A <code>while let</code> loop is semantically similar to a <code>while</code> loop but in place of a
condition expression it expects the keyword <code>let</code> followed by a refutable
pattern, an <code>=</code>, an expression and a block expression. If the value of the expression on
the right hand side of the <code>=</code> matches the pattern, the loop body block executes then
control returns to the pattern matching statement. Otherwise, the while
expression completes.</p>
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
let mut x = vec![1, 2, 3];
while let Some(y) = x.pop() {
println!("y = {}", y);
}
#}</code></pre></pre>
<a class="header" href="expressions/loop-expr.html#iterator-loops" id="iterator-loops"><h2>Iterator loops</h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><sup>Syntax</sup></strong><br />
<em>IteratorLoopExpression</em> :<br />
<code>for</code> <em>Pattern</em> <code>in</code> <a href="expressions.html"><em>Expression</em></a><sub>except struct expression</sub>
<a href="expressions/block-expr.html"><em>BlockExpression</em></a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>A <code>for</code> expression is a syntactic construct for looping over elements provided
by an implementation of <code>std::iter::IntoIterator</code>. If the iterator yields a
value, that value is given the specified name and the body of the loop is
executed, then control returns to the head of the <code>for</code> loop. If the iterator
is empty, the <code>for</code> expression completes.</p>
<p>An example of a <code>for</code> loop over the contents of an array:</p>
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
let v = &["apples", "cake", "coffee"];
for text in v {
println!("I like {}.", text);
}
#}</code></pre></pre>
<p>An example of a for loop over a series of integers:</p>
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
let mut sum = 0;
for n in 1..11 {
sum += n;
}
assert_eq!(sum, 55);
#}</code></pre></pre>
<a class="header" href="expressions/loop-expr.html#loop-labels" id="loop-labels"><h2>Loop labels</h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><sup>Syntax</sup></strong><br />
<em>LoopLabel</em> :<br />
<a href="tokens.html#lifetimes-and-loop-labels">LIFETIME_OR_LABEL</a> <code>:</code></p>
</blockquote>
<p>A loop expression may optionally have a <em>label</em>. The label is written as
a lifetime preceding the loop expression, as in <code>'foo: loop { break 'foo; }</code>,
<code>'bar: while false {}</code>, <code>'humbug: for _ in 0..0 {}</code>.
If a label is present, then labeled <code>break</code> and <code>continue</code> expressions nested
within this loop may exit out of this loop or return control to its head.
See <a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions">break expressions</a> and <a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions">continue
expressions</a>.</p>
<a class="header" href="expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions" id="break-expressions"><h2><code>break</code> expressions</h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><sup>Syntax</sup></strong><br />
<em>BreakExpression</em> :<br />
<code>break</code> <a href="tokens.html#lifetimes-and-loop-labels">LIFETIME_OR_LABEL</a><sup>?</sup> <a href="expressions.html"><em>Expression</em></a><sup>?</sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>When <code>break</code> is encountered, execution of the associated loop body is
immediately terminated, for example:</p>
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
let mut last = 0;
for x in 1..100 {
if x > 12 {
break;
}
last = x;
}
assert_eq!(last, 12);
#}</code></pre></pre>
<p>A <code>break</code> expression is normally associated with the innermost <code>loop</code>, <code>for</code> or
<code>while</code> loop enclosing the <code>break</code> expression, but a <a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#loop-labels">label</a> can
be used to specify which enclosing loop is affected. Example:</p>
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
'outer: loop {
while true {
break 'outer;
}
}
#}</code></pre></pre>
<p>A <code>break</code> expression is only permitted in the body of a loop, and has one of
the forms <code>break</code>, <code>break 'label</code> or (<a href="expressions/loop-expr.html#break-and-loop-values">see below</a>)
<code>break EXPR</code> or <code>break 'label EXPR</code>.</p>
<a class="header" href="expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions" id="continue-expressions"><h2><code>continue</code> expressions</h2></a>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><sup>Syntax</sup></strong><br />
<em>ContinueExpression</em> :<br />
<code>continue</code> <a href="tokens.html#lifetimes-and-loop-labels">LIFETIME_OR_LABEL</a><sup>?</sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>When <code>continue</code> is encountered, the current iteration of the associated loop
body is immediately terminated, returning control to the loop <em>head</em>. In
the case of a <code>while</code> loop, the head is the conditional expression controlling
the loop. In the case of a <code>for</code> loop, the head is the call-expression
controlling the loop.</p>
<p>Like <code>break</code>, <code>continue</code> is normally associated with the innermost enclosing
loop, but <code>continue 'label</code> may be used to specify the loop affected.
A <code>continue</code> expression is only permitted in the body of a loop.</p>
<a class="header" href="expressions/loop-expr.html#break-and-loop-values" id="break-and-loop-values"><h2><code>break</code> and loop values</h2></a>
<p>When associated with a <code>loop</code>, a break expression may be used to return a value
from that loop, via one of the forms <code>break EXPR</code> or <code>break 'label EXPR</code>, where
<code>EXPR</code> is an expression whose result is returned from the <code>loop</code>. For example:</p>
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
let (mut a, mut b) = (1, 1);
let result = loop {
if b > 10 {
break b;
}
let c = a + b;
a = b;
b = c;
};
// first number in Fibonacci sequence over 10:
assert_eq!(result, 13);
#}</code></pre></pre>
<p>In the case a <code>loop</code> has an associated <code>break</code>, it is not considered diverging,
and the <code>loop</code> must have a type compatible with each <code>break</code> expression.
<code>break</code> without an expression is considered identical to <code>break</code> with
expression <code>()</code>.</p>
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