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  <h1>Source code for django.db.models.functions</h1><div class="highlight"><pre>
<span></span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">Classes that represent database functions.</span>
<span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">IntegerField</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models.expressions</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">Func</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Value</span>


<div class="viewcode-block" id="Coalesce"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/models/database-functions.html#django.db.models.functions.Coalesce">[docs]</a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Coalesce</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">    Chooses, from left to right, the first non-null expression and returns it.</span>
<span class="sd">    &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
    <span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;COALESCE&#39;</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">extra</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Coalesce must take at least two expressions&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Coalesce</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">extra</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">as_oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">compiler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="c1"># we can&#39;t mix TextField (NCLOB) and CharField (NVARCHAR), so convert</span>
        <span class="c1"># all fields to NCLOB when we expect NCLOB</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">output_field</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_internal_type</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;TextField&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ToNCLOB</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="p">):</span>
                <span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;TO_NCLOB&#39;</span>

            <span class="n">expressions</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
                <span class="n">ToNCLOB</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_source_expressions</span><span class="p">()]</span>
            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_source_expressions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Coalesce</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">compiler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">)</span></div>


<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ConcatPair</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">    A helper class that concatenates two arguments together. This is used</span>
<span class="sd">    by `Concat` because not all backend databases support more than two</span>
<span class="sd">    arguments.</span>
<span class="sd">    &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
    <span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;CONCAT&#39;</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">left</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">right</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">extra</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ConcatPair</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">right</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">extra</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">as_sqlite</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">compiler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">coalesced</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coalesce</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="n">coalesced</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arg_joiner</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39; || &#39;</span>
        <span class="n">coalesced</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="si">%(expressions)s</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ConcatPair</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coalesced</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">compiler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">as_mysql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">compiler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">coalesced</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coalesce</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ConcatPair</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coalesced</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">compiler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">coalesce</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="c1"># null on either side results in null for expression, wrap with coalesce</span>
        <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="n">expressions</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
            <span class="n">Coalesce</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_source_expressions</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_source_expressions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">c</span>


<div class="viewcode-block" id="Concat"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/models/database-functions.html#django.db.models.functions.Concat">[docs]</a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Concat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">    Concatenates text fields together. Backends that result in an entire</span>
<span class="sd">    null expression when any arguments are null will wrap each argument in</span>
<span class="sd">    coalesce functions to ensure we always get a non-null result.</span>
<span class="sd">    &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
    <span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
    <span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="si">%(expressions)s</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">extra</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Concat must take at least two expressions&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">paired</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_paired</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Concat</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">paired</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">extra</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_paired</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="c1"># wrap pairs of expressions in successive concat functions</span>
        <span class="c1"># exp = [a, b, c, d]</span>
        <span class="c1"># -&gt; ConcatPair(a, ConcatPair(b, ConcatPair(c, d))))</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ConcatPair</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ConcatPair</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_paired</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:]))</span></div>


<div class="viewcode-block" id="Length"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/models/database-functions.html#django.db.models.functions.Length">[docs]</a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Returns the number of characters in the expression&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
    <span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;LENGTH&#39;</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">extra</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">output_field</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extra</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;output_field&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">IntegerField</span><span class="p">())</span>
        <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">output_field</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">output_field</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">extra</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">as_mysql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">compiler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;CHAR_LENGTH&#39;</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">compiler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">)</span></div>


<div class="viewcode-block" id="Lower"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/models/database-functions.html#django.db.models.functions.Lower">[docs]</a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Lower</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;LOWER&#39;</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">extra</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Lower</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">extra</span><span class="p">)</span></div>


<div class="viewcode-block" id="Substr"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/models/database-functions.html#django.db.models.functions.Substr">[docs]</a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Substr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;SUBSTRING&#39;</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">extra</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">        expression: the name of a field, or an expression returning a string</span>
<span class="sd">        pos: an integer &gt; 0, or an expression returning an integer</span>
<span class="sd">        length: an optional number of characters to return</span>
<span class="sd">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;resolve_expression&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">pos</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;&#39;pos&#39; must be greater than 0&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="n">pos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">expressions</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">length</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">length</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;resolve_expression&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>
                <span class="n">length</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">length</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="n">expressions</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">length</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Substr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">extra</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">as_sqlite</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">compiler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;SUBSTR&#39;</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Substr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">compiler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">as_oracle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">compiler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;SUBSTR&#39;</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Substr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">compiler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">)</span></div>


<div class="viewcode-block" id="Upper"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/models/database-functions.html#django.db.models.functions.Upper">[docs]</a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Upper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;UPPER&#39;</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">extra</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Upper</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">extra</span><span class="p">)</span></div>
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