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<div class="yui-g" id="ref-models-database-functions">
<div class="section" id="s-module-django.db.models.functions">
<span id="s-database-functions"></span><span id="module-django.db.models.functions"></span><span id="database-functions"></span><h1>Database Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.db.models.functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.8.</span> </div>
<p>The classes documented below provide a way for users to use functions provided
by the underlying database as annotations, aggregations, or filters in Django.
Functions are also <a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html"><span class="doc">expressions</span></a>, so they can be used and
combined with other expressions like <a class="reference internal" href="querysets.html#aggregation-functions"><span class="std std-ref">aggregate functions</span></a>.</p>
<p>We’ll be using the following model in examples of each function:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Author</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CharField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">age</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PositiveIntegerField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">null</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">blank</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">alias</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CharField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">null</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">blank</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">goes_by</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CharField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">null</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">blank</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>We don’t usually recommend allowing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">null=True</span></code> for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CharField</span></code> since this
allows the field to have two “empty values”, but it’s important for the
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Coalesce</span></code> example below.</p>
<div class="section" id="s-coalesce">
<span id="coalesce"></span><h2>Coalesce<a class="headerlink" href="#coalesce" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.db.models.functions.Coalesce">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Coalesce</code>(<em>*expressions</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/db/models/functions.html#Coalesce"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.db.models.functions.Coalesce" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p>Accepts a list of at least two field names or expressions and returns the
first non-null value (note that an empty string is not considered a null
value). Each argument must be of a similar type, so mixing text and numbers
will result in a database error.</p>
<p>Usage examples:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># Get a screen name from least to most public</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">Sum</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">V</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models.functions</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">Coalesce</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Margaret Smith'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">goes_by</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Maggie'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">screen_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Coalesce</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'alias'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'goes_by'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'name'</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">screen_name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">Maggie</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># Prevent an aggregate Sum() from returning None</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">aggregated</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">aggregate</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">combined_age</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Coalesce</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'age'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">V</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">combined_age_default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'age'</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">aggregated</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'combined_age'</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="go">0</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">aggregated</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'combined_age_default'</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="go">None</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>A Python value passed to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Coalesce</span></code> on MySQL may be converted to an
incorrect type unless explicitly cast to the correct database type:</p>
<div class="last highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models.expressions</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">RawSQL</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.utils</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">timezone</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">now</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">timezone</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">now</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">now_sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RawSQL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"cast(</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2"> as datetime)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">now</span><span class="p">,))</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Coalesce</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'updated'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">now_sql</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-concat">
<span id="concat"></span><h2>Concat<a class="headerlink" href="#concat" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.db.models.functions.Concat">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Concat</code>(<em>*expressions</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/db/models/functions.html#Concat"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.db.models.functions.Concat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p>Accepts a list of at least two text fields or expressions and returns the
concatenated text. Each argument must be of a text or char type. If you want
to concatenate a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextField()</span></code> with a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CharField()</span></code>, then be sure to tell
Django that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">output_field</span></code> should be a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextField()</span></code>. This is also
required when concatenating a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Value</span></code> as in the example below.</p>
<p>This function will never have a null result. On backends where a null argument
results in the entire expression being null, Django will ensure that each null
part is converted to an empty string first.</p>
<p>Usage example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># Get the display name as "name (goes_by)"</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">CharField</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">V</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models.functions</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">Concat</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Margaret Smith'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">goes_by</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Maggie'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">screen_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Concat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'name'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">V</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">' ('</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'goes_by'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">V</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">')'</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">output_field</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">CharField</span><span class="p">()))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">screen_name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">Margaret Smith (Maggie)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-length">
<span id="length"></span><h2>Length<a class="headerlink" href="#length" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.db.models.functions.Length">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Length</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/db/models/functions.html#Length"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.db.models.functions.Length" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p>Accepts a single text field or expression and returns the number of characters
the value has. If the expression is null, then the length will also be null.</p>
<p>Usage example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># Get the length of the name and goes_by fields</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models.functions</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">Length</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Margaret Smith'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">name_length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'name'</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">goes_by_length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'goes_by'</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name_length</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">goes_by_length</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">(14, None)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-lower">
<span id="lower"></span><h2>Lower<a class="headerlink" href="#lower" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.db.models.functions.Lower">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Lower</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/db/models/functions.html#Lower"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.db.models.functions.Lower" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p>Accepts a single text field or expression and returns the lowercase
representation.</p>
<p>Usage example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models.functions</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">Lower</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Margaret Smith'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name_lower</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Lower</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'name'</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name_lower</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">margaret smith</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-substr">
<span id="substr"></span><h2>Substr<a class="headerlink" href="#substr" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.db.models.functions.Substr">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Substr</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>pos</em>, <em>length=None</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/db/models/functions.html#Substr"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.db.models.functions.Substr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p>Returns a substring of length <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">length</span></code> from the field or expression starting
at position <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pos</span></code>. The position is 1-indexed, so the position must be greater
than 0. If <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">length</span></code> is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, then the rest of the string will be returned.</p>
<p>Usage example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># Set the alias to the first 5 characters of the name as lowercase</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models.functions</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">Substr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Lower</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Margaret Smith'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Lower</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Substr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'name'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="go">1</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Margaret Smith'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">marga</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-upper">
<span id="upper"></span><h2>Upper<a class="headerlink" href="#upper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.db.models.functions.Upper">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Upper</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/db/models/functions.html#Upper"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.db.models.functions.Upper" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p>Accepts a single text field or expression and returns the uppercase
representation.</p>
<p>Usage example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models.functions</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">Upper</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Margaret Smith'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name_upper</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Upper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'name'</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">author</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name_upper</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">MARGARET SMITH</span>
</pre></div>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Database Functions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#coalesce">Coalesce</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#concat">Concat</a></li>
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