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CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="BACKUP-DUMP"
>24.1. <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> Dump</A
></H1
><P
>   The idea behind this dump method is to generate a file with SQL
   commands that, when fed back to the server, will recreate the
   database in the same state as it was at the time of the dump.
   <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> provides the utility program
   <A
HREF="app-pgdump.html"
>pg_dump</A
> for this purpose. The basic usage of this
   command is:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>pg_dump <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>dbname</I
></TT
> &gt; <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>outfile</I
></TT
></PRE
><P>
   As you see, <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> writes its result to the
   standard output. We will see below how this can be useful.
   While the above command creates a text file, <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
>
   can create files in other formats that allow for parallism and more
   fine-grained control of object restoration.
  </P
><P
>   <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> is a regular <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>
   client application (albeit a particularly clever one). This means
   that you can perform this backup procedure from any remote host that has
   access to the database. But remember that <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
>
   does not operate with special permissions. In particular, it must
   have read access to all tables that you want to back up, so in order
   to back up the entire database you almost always have to run it as a
   database superuser.  (If you do not have sufficient privileges to back up
   the entire database, you can still back up portions of the database to which
   you do have access using options such as
   <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-n <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>schema</I
></TT
></TT
>
   or <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-t <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table</I
></TT
></TT
>.)
  </P
><P
>   To specify which database server <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> should
   contact, use the command line options <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-h
   <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>host</I
></TT
></TT
> and <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-p <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>port</I
></TT
></TT
>. The
   default host is the local host or whatever your
   <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGHOST</TT
> environment variable specifies. Similarly,
   the default port is indicated by the <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGPORT</TT
>
   environment variable or, failing that, by the compiled-in default.
   (Conveniently, the server will normally have the same compiled-in
   default.)
  </P
><P
>   Like any other <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> client application,
   <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> will by default connect with the database
   user name that is equal to the current operating system user name. To override
   this, either specify the <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-U</TT
> option or set the
   environment variable <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGUSER</TT
>. Remember that
   <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> connections are subject to the normal
   client authentication mechanisms (which are described in <A
HREF="client-authentication.html"
>Chapter 19</A
>).
  </P
><P
>   An important advantage of <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> over the other backup
   methods described later is that <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
>'s output can
   generally be re-loaded into newer versions of <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>,
   whereas file-level backups and continuous archiving are both extremely
   server-version-specific.  <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> is also the only method
   that will work when transferring a database to a different machine
   architecture, such as going from a 32-bit to a 64-bit server.
  </P
><P
>   Dumps created by <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> are internally consistent,
   meaning, the dump represents a snapshot of the database at the time
   <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> began running. <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> does not
   block other operations on the database while it is working.
   (Exceptions are those operations that need to operate with an
   exclusive lock, such as most forms of <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ALTER TABLE</TT
>.)
  </P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="BACKUP-DUMP-RESTORE"
>24.1.1. Restoring the Dump</A
></H2
><P
>    Text files created by <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> are intended to
    be read in by the <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
> program. The
    general command form to restore a dump is
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>psql <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>dbname</I
></TT
> &lt; <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>infile</I
></TT
></PRE
><P>
    where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>infile</I
></TT
> is the
    file output by the <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> command. The database <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>dbname</I
></TT
> will not be created by this
    command, so you must create it yourself from <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>template0</TT
>
    before executing <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
> (e.g., with
    <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>createdb -T template0 <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>dbname</I
></TT
></TT
>).  <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
>
    supports options similar to <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> for specifying
    the database server to connect to and the user name to use. See
    the <A
HREF="app-psql.html"
><SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
></A
> reference page for more information.
    Non-text file dumps are restored using the <A
HREF="app-pgrestore.html"
>pg_restore</A
> utility.
   </P
><P
>    Before restoring an SQL dump, all the users who own objects or were
    granted permissions on objects in the dumped database must already
    exist. If they do not, the restore will fail to recreate the
    objects with the original ownership and/or permissions.
    (Sometimes this is what you want, but usually it is not.)
   </P
><P
>    By default, the <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
> script will continue to
    execute after an SQL error is encountered. You might wish to run
    <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
> with
    the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ON_ERROR_STOP</TT
> variable set to alter that
    behavior and have <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
> exit with an
    exit status of 3 if an SQL error occurs:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>psql --set ON_ERROR_STOP=on dbname &lt; infile</PRE
><P>
    Either way, you will only have a partially restored database.
    Alternatively, you can specify that the whole dump should be
    restored as a single transaction, so the restore is either fully
    completed or fully rolled back. This mode can be specified by
    passing the <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-1</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>--single-transaction</TT
>
    command-line options to <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
>. When using this
    mode, be aware that even a minor error can rollback a
    restore that has already run for many hours. However, that might
    still be preferable to manually cleaning up a complex database
    after a partially restored dump.
   </P
><P
>    The ability of <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> and <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
> to
    write to or read from pipes makes it possible to dump a database
    directly from one server to another, for example:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>pg_dump -h <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>host1</I
></TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>dbname</I
></TT
> | psql -h <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>host2</I
></TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>dbname</I
></TT
></PRE
><P>
   </P
><DIV
CLASS="IMPORTANT"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="IMPORTANT"
><P
><B
>Important: </B
>     The dumps produced by <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> are relative to
     <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>template0</TT
>. This means that any languages, procedures,
     etc. added via <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>template1</TT
> will also be dumped by
     <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
>. As a result, when restoring, if you are
     using a customized <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>template1</TT
>, you must create the
     empty database from <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>template0</TT
>, as in the example
     above.
    </P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
>    After restoring a backup, it is wise to run <A
HREF="sql-analyze.html"
>ANALYZE</A
> on each
    database so the query optimizer has useful statistics;
    see <A
HREF="routine-vacuuming.html#VACUUM-FOR-STATISTICS"
>Section 23.1.3</A
>
    and <A
HREF="routine-vacuuming.html#AUTOVACUUM"
>Section 23.1.6</A
> for more information.
    For more advice on how to load large amounts of data
    into <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> efficiently, refer to <A
HREF="populate.html"
>Section 14.4</A
>.
   </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="BACKUP-DUMP-ALL"
>24.1.2. Using <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dumpall</SPAN
></A
></H2
><P
>    <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> dumps only a single database at a time,
    and it does not dump information about roles or tablespaces
    (because those are cluster-wide rather than per-database).
    To support convenient dumping of the entire contents of a database
    cluster, the <A
HREF="app-pg-dumpall.html"
><SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dumpall</SPAN
></A
> program is provided.
    <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dumpall</SPAN
> backs up each database in a given
    cluster, and also preserves cluster-wide data such as role and
    tablespace definitions. The basic usage of this command is:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>pg_dumpall &gt; <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>outfile</I
></TT
></PRE
><P>
    The resulting dump can be restored with <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
>:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>psql -f <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>infile</I
></TT
> postgres</PRE
><P>
    (Actually, you can specify any existing database name to start from,
    but if you are loading into an empty cluster then <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>postgres</TT
>
    should usually be used.)  It is always necessary to have
    database superuser access when restoring a <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dumpall</SPAN
>
    dump, as that is required to restore the role and tablespace information.
    If you use tablespaces, make sure that the tablespace paths in the
    dump are appropriate for the new installation.
   </P
><P
>    <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dumpall</SPAN
> works by emitting commands to re-create
    roles, tablespaces, and empty databases, then invoking
    <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> for each database.  This means that while
    each database will be internally consistent, the snapshots of
    different databases are not sychronized.
   </P
><P
>    Cluster-wide data can be dumped alone using the
    <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dumpall</SPAN
> <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>--globals-only</TT
> option.
    This is necessary to fully backup the cluster if running the
    <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> command on individual databases.
   </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="BACKUP-DUMP-LARGE"
>24.1.3. Handling Large Databases</A
></H2
><P
>    Some operating systems have maximum file size limits that cause
    problems when creating large <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> output files.
    Fortunately, <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
> can write to the standard
    output, so you can use standard Unix tools to work around this
    potential problem.  There are several possible methods:
   </P
><DIV
CLASS="FORMALPARA"
><P
><B
>Use compressed dumps. </B
>     You can use your favorite compression program, for example
     <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>gzip</SPAN
>:

</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>pg_dump <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>dbname</I
></TT
> | gzip &gt; <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>.gz</PRE
><P>

     Reload with:

</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>gunzip -c <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>.gz | psql <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>dbname</I
></TT
></PRE
><P>

     or:

</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>cat <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>.gz | gunzip | psql <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>dbname</I
></TT
></PRE
><P>
    </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="FORMALPARA"
><P
><B
>Use <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>split</TT
>. </B
>     The <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>split</TT
> command
     allows you to split the output into smaller files that are
     acceptable in size to the underlying file system. For example, to
     make chunks of 1 megabyte:

</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>pg_dump <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>dbname</I
></TT
> | split -b 1m - <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
></PRE
><P>

     Reload with:

</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>cat <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>* | psql <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>dbname</I
></TT
></PRE
><P>
    </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="FORMALPARA"
><P
><B
>Use <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
>'s custom dump format. </B
>     If <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> was built on a system with the
     <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>zlib</SPAN
> compression library installed, the custom dump
     format will compress data as it writes it to the output file. This will
     produce dump file sizes similar to using <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>gzip</TT
>, but it
     has the added advantage that tables can be restored selectively. The
     following command dumps a database using the custom dump format:

</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>pg_dump -Fc <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>dbname</I
></TT
> &gt; <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
></PRE
><P>

     A custom-format dump is not a script for <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
>, but
     instead must be restored with <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_restore</SPAN
>, for example:

</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>pg_restore -d <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>dbname</I
></TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
></PRE
><P>

     See the <A
HREF="app-pgdump.html"
>pg_dump</A
> and <A
HREF="app-pgrestore.html"
>pg_restore</A
> reference pages for details.
    </P
></DIV
><P
>    For very large databases, you might need to combine <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>split</TT
>
    with one of the other two approaches.
   </P
><DIV
CLASS="FORMALPARA"
><P
><B
>Use <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
>'s parallel dump feature. </B
>     To speed up the dump of a large database, you can use
     <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_dump</SPAN
>'s parallel mode. This will dump
     multiple tables at the same time. You can control the degree of
     parallelism with the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>-j</TT
> parameter. Parallel dumps
     are only supported for the "directory" archive format.

</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>pg_dump -j <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>num</I
></TT
> -F d -f <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>out.dir</I
></TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>dbname</I
></TT
></PRE
><P>

     You can use <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>pg_restore -j</TT
> to restore a dump in parallel.
     This will work for any archive of either the "custom" or the "directory"
     archive mode, whether or not it has been created with <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>pg_dump -j</TT
>.
    </P
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