<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js"> <head> <!-- Book generated using mdBook --> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Primitive Types - The Rust Programming Language</title> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"> <meta name="description" content=""> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" /> <base href=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="book.css"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300italic,400italic,600italic,700italic,800italic,400,300,600,700,800" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro:500" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.png"> <!-- Font Awesome --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="_FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="highlight.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="tomorrow-night.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" 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<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed --> <script type="text/javascript"> var html = document.querySelector('html'); var sidebar = 'hidden'; if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) { try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { } sidebar = sidebar || 'visible'; } html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible'); html.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar); </script> <nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents"> <ol class="chapter"><li class="affix"><a href="README.html">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Getting Started</a></li><li><a href="guessing-game.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Tutorial: Guessing Game</a></li><li><a href="syntax-and-semantics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Syntax and Semantics</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="variable-bindings.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Variable Bindings</a></li><li><a href="functions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Functions</a></li><li><a href="primitive-types.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Primitive Types</a></li><li><a href="comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> Comments</a></li><li><a href="if.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> if</a></li><li><a href="loops.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Loops</a></li><li><a href="vectors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Vectors</a></li><li><a href="ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Ownership</a></li><li><a href="references-and-borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> References and Borrowing</a></li><li><a href="lifetimes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.10.</strong> Lifetimes</a></li><li><a href="mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.11.</strong> Mutability</a></li><li><a href="structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.12.</strong> Structs</a></li><li><a href="enums.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.13.</strong> Enums</a></li><li><a href="match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.14.</strong> Match</a></li><li><a href="patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.15.</strong> Patterns</a></li><li><a href="method-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.16.</strong> Method Syntax</a></li><li><a href="strings.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.17.</strong> Strings</a></li><li><a href="generics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.18.</strong> Generics</a></li><li><a href="traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.19.</strong> Traits</a></li><li><a href="drop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.20.</strong> Drop</a></li><li><a href="if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.21.</strong> if let</a></li><li><a href="trait-objects.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.22.</strong> Trait Objects</a></li><li><a href="closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.23.</strong> Closures</a></li><li><a href="ufcs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.24.</strong> Universal Function Call Syntax</a></li><li><a href="crates-and-modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.25.</strong> Crates and Modules</a></li><li><a href="const-and-static.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.26.</strong> const and static</a></li><li><a href="attributes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.27.</strong> Attributes</a></li><li><a href="type-aliases.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.28.</strong> type aliases</a></li><li><a href="casting-between-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.29.</strong> Casting between types</a></li><li><a href="associated-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.30.</strong> Associated Types</a></li><li><a href="unsized-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.31.</strong> Unsized Types</a></li><li><a href="operators-and-overloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.32.</strong> Operators and Overloading</a></li><li><a href="deref-coercions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.33.</strong> Deref coercions</a></li><li><a href="macros.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.34.</strong> Macros</a></li><li><a href="raw-pointers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.35.</strong> Raw Pointers</a></li><li><a href="unsafe.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.36.</strong> unsafe</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="effective-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Effective Rust</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="the-stack-and-the-heap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> The Stack and the Heap</a></li><li><a href="testing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Testing</a></li><li><a href="conditional-compilation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Conditional Compilation</a></li><li><a href="documentation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> Documentation</a></li><li><a href="iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> Iterators</a></li><li><a href="concurrency.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> Concurrency</a></li><li><a href="error-handling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.7.</strong> Error Handling</a></li><li><a href="choosing-your-guarantees.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.8.</strong> Choosing your Guarantees</a></li><li><a href="ffi.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.</strong> FFI</a></li><li><a href="borrow-and-asref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.10.</strong> Borrow and AsRef</a></li><li><a href="release-channels.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.</strong> Release Channels</a></li><li><a href="using-rust-without-the-standard-library.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.12.</strong> Using Rust without the standard library</a></li><li><a href="procedural-macros.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.13.</strong> Procedural Macros (and custom derive)</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="glossary.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Glossary</a></li><li><a href="syntax-index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Syntax Index</a></li><li><a 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(Shortkey: s)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="S" aria-controls="searchbar"> <i class="fa fa-search"></i> </button> </div> <h1 class="menu-title">The Rust Programming Language</h1> <div class="right-buttons"> <a href="print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book"> <i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden"> <form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer"> <input type="search" name="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header"> </form> <div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden"> <div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div> <ul id="searchresults"> </ul> </div> </div> <!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM --> <script type="text/javascript"> document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible'); document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible'); Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) { link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1); }); </script> <div id="content" class="content"> <main> <a class="header" href="primitive-types.html#primitive-types" id="primitive-types"><h1>Primitive Types</h1></a> <p>The Rust language has a number of types that are considered ‘primitive’. This means that they’re built-in to the language. Rust is structured in such a way that the standard library also provides a number of useful types built on top of these ones, as well, but these are the most primitive.</p> <a class="header" href="primitive-types.html#booleans" id="booleans"><h1>Booleans</h1></a> <p>Rust has a built-in boolean type, named <code>bool</code>. It has two values, <code>true</code> and <code>false</code>:</p> <pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"> # #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { let x = true; let y: bool = false; #}</code></pre></pre> <p>A common use of booleans is in <a href="if.html"><code>if</code> conditionals</a>.</p> <p>You can find more documentation for <code>bool</code>s <a href="../../std/primitive.bool.html">in the standard library documentation</a>.</p> <a class="header" href="primitive-types.html#char" id="char"><h1><code>char</code></h1></a> <p>The <code>char</code> type represents a single Unicode scalar value. You can create <code>char</code>s with a single tick: (<code>'</code>)</p> <pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"> # #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { let x = 'x'; let two_hearts = '💕'; #}</code></pre></pre> <p>Unlike some other languages, this means that Rust’s <code>char</code> is not a single byte, but four.</p> <p>You can find more documentation for <code>char</code>s <a href="../../std/primitive.char.html">in the standard library documentation</a>.</p> <a class="header" href="primitive-types.html#numeric-types" id="numeric-types"><h1>Numeric types</h1></a> <p>Rust has a variety of numeric types in a few categories: signed and unsigned, fixed and variable, floating-point and integer.</p> <p>These types consist of two parts: the category, and the size. For example, <code>u16</code> is an unsigned type with sixteen bits of size. More bits lets you have bigger numbers.</p> <p>If a number literal has nothing to cause its type to be inferred, it defaults:</p> <pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"> # #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { let x = 42; // `x` has type `i32`. let y = 1.0; // `y` has type `f64`. #}</code></pre></pre> <p>Here’s a list of the different numeric types, with links to their documentation in the standard library:</p> <ul> <li><a href="../../std/primitive.i8.html">i8</a></li> <li><a href="../../std/primitive.i16.html">i16</a></li> <li><a href="../../std/primitive.i32.html">i32</a></li> <li><a href="../../std/primitive.i64.html">i64</a></li> <li><a href="../../std/primitive.u8.html">u8</a></li> <li><a href="../../std/primitive.u16.html">u16</a></li> <li><a href="../../std/primitive.u32.html">u32</a></li> <li><a href="../../std/primitive.u64.html">u64</a></li> <li><a href="../../std/primitive.isize.html">isize</a></li> <li><a href="../../std/primitive.usize.html">usize</a></li> <li><a href="../../std/primitive.f32.html">f32</a></li> <li><a href="../../std/primitive.f64.html">f64</a></li> </ul> <p>Let’s go over them by category:</p> <a class="header" href="primitive-types.html#signed-and-unsigned" id="signed-and-unsigned"><h2>Signed and Unsigned</h2></a> <p>Integer types come in two varieties: signed and unsigned. To understand the difference, let’s consider a number with four bits of size. A signed, four-bit number would let you store numbers from <code>-8</code> to <code>+7</code>. Signed numbers use “two’s complement representation”. An unsigned four bit number, since it does not need to store negatives, can store values from <code>0</code> to <code>+15</code>.</p> <p>Unsigned types use a <code>u</code> for their category, and signed types use <code>i</code>. The <code>i</code> is for ‘integer’. So <code>u8</code> is an eight-bit unsigned number, and <code>i8</code> is an eight-bit signed number.</p> <a class="header" href="primitive-types.html#fixed-size-types" id="fixed-size-types"><h2>Fixed-size types</h2></a> <p>Fixed-size types have a specific number of bits in their representation. Valid bit sizes are <code>8</code>, <code>16</code>, <code>32</code>, and <code>64</code>. So, <code>u32</code> is an unsigned, 32-bit integer, and <code>i64</code> is a signed, 64-bit integer.</p> <a class="header" href="primitive-types.html#variable-size-types" id="variable-size-types"><h2>Variable-size types</h2></a> <p>Rust also provides types whose particular size depends on the underlying machine architecture. Their range is sufficient to express the size of any collection, so these types have ‘size’ as the category. They come in signed and unsigned varieties which account for two types: <code>isize</code> and <code>usize</code>.</p> <a class="header" href="primitive-types.html#floating-point-types" id="floating-point-types"><h2>Floating-point types</h2></a> <p>Rust also has two floating point types: <code>f32</code> and <code>f64</code>. These correspond to IEEE-754 single and double precision numbers.</p> <a class="header" href="primitive-types.html#arrays" id="arrays"><h1>Arrays</h1></a> <p>Like many programming languages, Rust has list types to represent a sequence of things. The most basic is the <em>array</em>, a fixed-size list of elements of the same type. By default, arrays are immutable.</p> <pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"> # #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { let a = [1, 2, 3]; // a: [i32; 3] let mut m = [1, 2, 3]; // m: [i32; 3] #}</code></pre></pre> <p>Arrays have type <code>[T; N]</code>. We’ll talk about this <code>T</code> notation <a href="generics.html">in the generics section</a>. The <code>N</code> is a compile-time constant, for the length of the array.</p> <p>There’s a shorthand for initializing each element of an array to the same value. In this example, each element of <code>a</code> will be initialized to <code>0</code>:</p> <pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"> # #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { let a = [0; 20]; // a: [i32; 20] #}</code></pre></pre> <p>You can get the number of elements in an array <code>a</code> with <code>a.len()</code>:</p> <pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"> # #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { let a = [1, 2, 3]; println!("a has {} elements", a.len()); #}</code></pre></pre> <p>You can access a particular element of an array with <em>subscript notation</em>:</p> <pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"> # #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { let names = ["Graydon", "Brian", "Niko"]; // names: [&str; 3] println!("The second name is: {}", names[1]); #}</code></pre></pre> <p>Subscripts start at zero, like in most programming languages, so the first name is <code>names[0]</code> and the second name is <code>names[1]</code>. The above example prints <code>The second name is: Brian</code>. If you try to use a subscript that is not in the array, you will get an error: array access is bounds-checked at run-time. Such errant access is the source of many bugs in other systems programming languages.</p> <p>You can find more documentation for <code>array</code>s <a href="../../std/primitive.array.html">in the standard library documentation</a>.</p> <a class="header" href="primitive-types.html#slices" id="slices"><h1>Slices</h1></a> <p>A ‘slice’ is a reference to (or “view” into) another data structure. They are useful for allowing safe, efficient access to a portion of an array without copying. For example, you might want to reference only one line of a file read into memory. By nature, a slice is not created directly, but from an existing variable binding. Slices have a defined length, and can be mutable or immutable.</p> <p>Internally, slices are represented as a pointer to the beginning of the data and a length.</p> <a class="header" href="primitive-types.html#slicing-syntax" id="slicing-syntax"><h2>Slicing syntax</h2></a> <p>You can use a combo of <code>&</code> and <code>[]</code> to create a slice from various things. The <code>&</code> indicates that slices are similar to <a href="references-and-borrowing.html">references</a>, which we will cover in detail later in this section. The <code>[]</code>s, with a range, let you define the length of the slice:</p> <pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"> # #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { let a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]; let complete = &a[..]; // A slice containing all of the elements in `a`. let middle = &a[1..4]; // A slice of `a`: only the elements `1`, `2`, and `3`. #}</code></pre></pre> <p>Slices have type <code>&[T]</code>. We’ll talk about that <code>T</code> when we cover <a href="generics.html">generics</a>.</p> <p>You can find more documentation for slices <a href="../../std/primitive.slice.html">in the standard library documentation</a>.</p> <a class="header" href="primitive-types.html#str" id="str"><h1><code>str</code></h1></a> <p>Rust’s <code>str</code> type is the most primitive string type. As an <a href="unsized-types.html">unsized type</a>, it’s not very useful by itself, but becomes useful when placed behind a reference, like <code>&str</code>. We'll elaborate further when we cover <a href="strings.html">Strings</a> and <a href="references-and-borrowing.html">references</a>.</p> <p>You can find more documentation for <code>str</code> <a href="../../std/primitive.str.html">in the standard library documentation</a>.</p> <a class="header" href="primitive-types.html#tuples" id="tuples"><h1>Tuples</h1></a> <p>A tuple is an ordered list of fixed size. Like this:</p> <pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"> # #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { let x = (1, "hello"); #}</code></pre></pre> <p>The parentheses and commas form this two-length tuple. Here’s the same code, but with the type annotated:</p> <pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"> # #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { let x: (i32, &str) = (1, "hello"); #}</code></pre></pre> <p>As you can see, the type of a tuple looks like the tuple, but with each position having a type name rather than the value. Careful readers will also note that tuples are heterogeneous: we have an <code>i32</code> and a <code>&str</code> in this tuple. In systems programming languages, strings are a bit more complex than in other languages. For now, read <code>&str</code> as a <em>string slice</em>, and we’ll learn more soon.</p> <p>You can assign one tuple into another, if they have the same contained types and <a href="glossary.html#arity">arity</a>. Tuples have the same arity when they have the same length.</p> <pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"> # #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { let mut x = (1, 2); // x: (i32, i32) let y = (2, 3); // y: (i32, i32) x = y; #}</code></pre></pre> <p>You can access the fields in a tuple through a <em>destructuring let</em>. Here’s an example:</p> <pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"> # #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { let (x, y, z) = (1, 2, 3); println!("x is {}", x); #}</code></pre></pre> <p>Remember <a href="variable-bindings.html">before</a> when I said the left-hand side of a <code>let</code> statement was more powerful than assigning a binding? Here we are. We can put a pattern on the left-hand side of the <code>let</code>, and if it matches up to the right-hand side, we can assign multiple bindings at once. In this case, <code>let</code> “destructures” or “breaks up” the tuple, and assigns the bits to three bindings.</p> <p>This pattern is very powerful, and we’ll see it repeated more later.</p> <p>You can disambiguate a single-element tuple from a value in parentheses with a comma:</p> <pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"> # #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { (0,); // A single-element tuple. (0); // A zero in parentheses. #}</code></pre></pre> <a class="header" href="primitive-types.html#tuple-indexing" id="tuple-indexing"><h2>Tuple Indexing</h2></a> <p>You can also access fields of a tuple with indexing syntax:</p> <pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"> # #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { let tuple = (1, 2, 3); let x = tuple.0; let y = tuple.1; let z = tuple.2; println!("x is {}", x); #}</code></pre></pre> <p>Like array indexing, it starts at zero, but unlike array indexing, it uses a <code>.</code>, rather than <code>[]</code>s.</p> <p>You can find more documentation for tuples <a href="../../std/primitive.tuple.html">in the standard library documentation</a>.</p> <a class="header" href="primitive-types.html#functions" id="functions"><h1>Functions</h1></a> <p>Functions also have a type! They look like this:</p> <pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"> # #![allow(unused_variables)] #fn main() { fn foo(x: i32) -> i32 { x } let x: fn(i32) -> i32 = foo; #}</code></pre></pre> <p>In this case, <code>x</code> is a ‘function pointer’ to a function that takes an <code>i32</code> and returns an <code>i32</code>.</p> </main> <nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation"> <!-- Mobile navigation buttons --> <a rel="prev" href="functions.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i> </a> <a rel="next" href="comments.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right"> <i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> </a> <div style="clear: both"></div> </nav> </div> </div> <nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation"> <a href="functions.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i> </a> <a href="comments.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right"> <i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> </a> </nav> </div> <script src="searchindex.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> <script src="elasticlunr.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> <script src="mark.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> <script src="searcher.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> <script src="clipboard.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> <script src="highlight.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> <script src="book.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> <!-- Custom JS scripts --> </body> </html>