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<h1>Botan</h1>
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<div class="section" id="bigint">
<h1>BigInt<a class="headerlink" href="#bigint" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BigInt</span></code> is Botan’s implementation of a multiple-precision
integer. Thanks to C++’s operator overloading features, using
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BigInt</span></code> is often quite similar to using a native integer type. The
number of functions related to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BigInt</span></code> is quite large. You can find
most of them in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">botan/bigint.h</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">botan/numthry.h</span></code>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If you can, always use expressions of the form <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> over <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span>
<span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>. The difference can be <em>very</em> substantial, because the first
form prevents at least one needless memory allocation, and possibly
as many as three. This will be less of an issue once the library
adopts use of C++0x’s rvalue references.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="encoding-functions">
<h2>Encoding Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#encoding-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>These transform the normal representation of a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BigInt</span></code> into some
other form, such as a decimal string:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="_CPPv2N6BigInt6encodeERK6BigInt8Encoding">
<span id="BigInt::encode__BigIntCR.Encoding"></span>SecureVector<byte> <code class="descclassname">BigInt::</code><code class="descname">encode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="property">const</em> BigInt &<em>n</em>, Encoding <em>enc</em> = Binary<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_CPPv2N6BigInt6encodeERK6BigInt8Encoding" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This function encodes the BigInt n into a memory
vector. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Encoding</span></code> is an enum that has values <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Binary</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Octal</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Decimal</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Hexadecimal</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="_CPPv2N6BigInt6decodeERK12MemoryRegionI4byteE8Encoding">
<span id="BigInt::decode__MemoryRegion:byte:CR.Encoding"></span>BigInt <code class="descclassname">BigInt::</code><code class="descname">decode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="property">const</em> MemoryRegion<byte> &<em>vec</em>, Encoding <em>enc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_CPPv2N6BigInt6decodeERK12MemoryRegionI4byteE8Encoding" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Decode the integer from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">vec</span></code> using the encoding specified.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>These functions are static member functions, so they would be called
like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-cpp"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">BigInt</span> <span class="n">n1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">...;</span> <span class="c1">// some number</span>
<span class="n">SecureVector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">byte</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">n1_encoded</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BigInt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">BigInt</span> <span class="n">n2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BigInt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n1_encoded</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">assert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n1</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">n2</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>There are also C++-style I/O operators defined for use with
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BigInt</span></code>. The input operator understands negative numbers,
hexadecimal numbers (marked with a leading “0x”), and octal numbers
(marked with a leading ‘0’). The ‘-‘ must come before the “0x” or ‘0’
marker. The output operator will never adorn the output; for example,
when printing a hexadecimal number, there will not be a leading “0x”
(though a leading ‘-‘ will be printed if the number is negative). If
you want such things, you’ll have to do them yourself.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BigInt</span></code> has constructors that can create a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BigInt</span></code> from an
unsigned integer or a string. You can also decode an array (a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">byte</span></code>
pointer plus a length) into a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BigInt</span></code> using a constructor.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="number-theory">
<h2>Number Theory<a class="headerlink" href="#number-theory" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Number theoretic functions available include:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="_CPPv23gcd6BigInt6BigInt">
<span id="gcd__BigInt.BigInt"></span>BigInt <code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descname">gcd</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>BigInt <em>x</em>, BigInt <em>y</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_CPPv23gcd6BigInt6BigInt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the greatest common divisor of x and y</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="_CPPv23lcm6BigInt6BigInt">
<span id="lcm__BigInt.BigInt"></span>BigInt <code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descname">lcm</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>BigInt <em>x</em>, BigInt <em>y</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_CPPv23lcm6BigInt6BigInt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns an integer z which is the smallest integer such that z % x
== 0 and z % y == 0</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="_CPPv211inverse_mod6BigInt6BigInt">
<span id="inverse_mod__BigInt.BigInt"></span>BigInt <code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descname">inverse_mod</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>BigInt <em>x</em>, BigInt <em>m</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_CPPv211inverse_mod6BigInt6BigInt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the modular inverse of x modulo m, that is, an integer
y such that (x*y) % m == 1. If no such y exists, returns zero.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="_CPPv29power_mod6BigInt6BigInt6BigInt">
<span id="power_mod__BigInt.BigInt.BigInt"></span>BigInt <code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descname">power_mod</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>BigInt <em>b</em>, BigInt <em>x</em>, BigInt <em>m</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_CPPv29power_mod6BigInt6BigInt6BigInt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns b to the xth power modulo m. If you are doing many
exponentiations with a single fixed modulus, it is faster to use a
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Power_Mod</span></code> implementation.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="_CPPv26ressol6BigInt6BigInt">
<span id="ressol__BigInt.BigInt"></span>BigInt <code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descname">ressol</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>BigInt <em>x</em>, BigInt <em>p</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_CPPv26ressol6BigInt6BigInt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the square root modulo a prime, that is, returns a number y
such that (y*y) % p == x. Returns -1 if no such integer exists.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="_CPPv217quick_check_prime6BigIntR21RandomNumberGenerator">
<span id="quick_check_prime__BigInt.RandomNumberGeneratorR"></span>bool <code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descname">quick_check_prime</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>BigInt <em>n</em>, RandomNumberGenerator &<em>rng</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_CPPv217quick_check_prime6BigIntR21RandomNumberGenerator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="_CPPv211check_prime6BigIntR21RandomNumberGenerator">
<span id="check_prime__BigInt.RandomNumberGeneratorR"></span>bool <code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descname">check_prime</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>BigInt <em>n</em>, RandomNumberGenerator &<em>rng</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_CPPv211check_prime6BigIntR21RandomNumberGenerator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="_CPPv212verify_prime6BigIntR21RandomNumberGenerator">
<span id="verify_prime__BigInt.RandomNumberGeneratorR"></span>bool <code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descname">verify_prime</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>BigInt <em>n</em>, RandomNumberGenerator &<em>rng</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_CPPv212verify_prime6BigIntR21RandomNumberGenerator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Three variations on primality testing. All take an integer to test along with
a random number generator, and return true if the integer seems like it might
be prime; there is a chance that this function will return true even with
a composite number. The probability decreases with the amount of work performed,
so it is much less likely that <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">verify_prime</span></code> will return a false positive
than <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">check_prime</span></code> will.</p>
</dd></dl>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Welcome</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="reading.html">Recommended Reading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="building.html">Building The Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="firststep.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html">SSL and TLS</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">BigInt</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#encoding-functions">Encoding Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#number-theory">Number Theory</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="lowlevel.html">The Low-Level Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="secmem.html">Secure Memory Containers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="kdf.html">Key Derivation Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pbkdf.html">PBKDF Algorithms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="passhash.html">Password Hashing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="rng.html">Random Number Generators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="fpe.html">Format Preserving Encryption</a></li>
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