<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang=""> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Built-in Views — Django 1.8.19 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '1.8.19', COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Django 1.8.19 documentation" href="../contents.html" /> <link rel="up" title="API Reference" href="index.html" /> <link rel="next" title="Meta-documentation and miscellany" href="../misc/index.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="Validators" href="validators.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../templatebuiltins.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function($) { if (!django_template_builtins) { // templatebuiltins.js missing, do nothing. return; } $(document).ready(function() { // Hyperlink Django template tags and filters var base = "templates/builtins.html"; if (base == "#") { // Special case for builtins.html itself base = ""; } // Tags are keywords, class '.k' $("div.highlight\\-html\\+django span.k").each(function(i, elem) { var tagname = $(elem).text(); if ($.inArray(tagname, django_template_builtins.ttags) != -1) { var fragment = tagname.replace(/_/, '-'); $(elem).html("<a href='" + base + "#" + fragment + "'>" + tagname + "</a>"); } }); // Filters are functions, class '.nf' $("div.highlight\\-html\\+django span.nf").each(function(i, elem) { var filtername = $(elem).text(); if ($.inArray(filtername, django_template_builtins.tfilters) != -1) { var fragment = filtername.replace(/_/, '-'); $(elem).html("<a href='" + base + "#" + fragment + "'>" + filtername + "</a>"); } }); }); })(jQuery); </script> </head> <body role="document"> <div class="document"> <div id="custom-doc" class="yui-t6"> <div id="hd"> <h1><a href="../index.html">Django 1.8.19 documentation</a></h1> <div id="global-nav"> <a title="Home page" href="../index.html">Home</a> | <a title="Table of contents" href="../contents.html">Table of contents</a> | <a title="Global index" href="../genindex.html">Index</a> | <a title="Module index" href="../py-modindex.html">Modules</a> </div> <div class="nav"> « <a href="validators.html" title="Validators">previous</a> | <a href="index.html" title="API Reference" accesskey="U">up</a> | <a href="../misc/index.html" title="Meta-documentation and miscellany">next</a> »</div> </div> <div id="bd"> <div id="yui-main"> <div class="yui-b"> <div class="yui-g" id="ref-views"> <div class="section" id="s-module-django.views"> <span id="s-built-in-views"></span><span id="module-django.views"></span><span id="built-in-views"></span><h1>Built-in Views<a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.views" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>Several of Django’s built-in views are documented in <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/http/views.html"><span class="doc">Writing views</span></a> as well as elsewhere in the documentation.</p> <div class="section" id="s-serving-files-in-development"> <span id="serving-files-in-development"></span><h2>Serving files in development<a class="headerlink" href="#serving-files-in-development" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="function"> <dt id="django.views.static.serve"> <code class="descclassname">static.</code><code class="descname">serve</code>(<em>request</em>, <em>path</em>, <em>document_root</em>, <em>show_indexes=False</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.views.static.serve" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>There may be files other than your project’s static assets that, for convenience, you’d like to have Django serve for you in local development. The <a class="reference internal" href="#django.views.static.serve" title="django.views.static.serve"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">serve()</span></code></a> view can be used to serve any directory you give it. (This view is <strong>not</strong> hardened for production use and should be used only as a development aid; you should serve these files in production using a real front-end web server).</p> <p>The most likely example is user-uploaded content in <a class="reference internal" href="settings.html#std:setting-MEDIA_ROOT"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">MEDIA_ROOT</span></code></a>. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.staticfiles</span></code> is intended for static assets and has no built-in handling for user-uploaded files, but you can have Django serve your <a class="reference internal" href="settings.html#std:setting-MEDIA_ROOT"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">MEDIA_ROOT</span></code></a> by appending something like this to your URLconf:</p> <div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.conf</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">settings</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.views.static</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">serve</span> <span class="c1"># ... the rest of your URLconf goes here ...</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DEBUG</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">urlpatterns</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">r'^media/(?P<path>.*)$'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">serve</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s1">'document_root'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MEDIA_ROOT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">}),</span> <span class="p">]</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Note, the snippet assumes your <a class="reference internal" href="settings.html#std:setting-MEDIA_URL"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">MEDIA_URL</span></code></a> has a value of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/media/'</span></code>. This will call the <a class="reference internal" href="#django.views.static.serve" title="django.views.static.serve"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">serve()</span></code></a> view, passing in the path from the URLconf and the (required) <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">document_root</span></code> parameter.</p> <p>Since it can become a bit cumbersome to define this URL pattern, Django ships with a small URL helper function <a class="reference internal" href="urls.html#django.conf.urls.static.static" title="django.conf.urls.static.static"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">static()</span></code></a> that takes as parameters the prefix such as <a class="reference internal" href="settings.html#std:setting-MEDIA_URL"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">MEDIA_URL</span></code></a> and a dotted path to a view, such as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'django.views.static.serve'</span></code>. Any other function parameter will be transparently passed to the view.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="s-error-views"> <span id="s-id1"></span><span id="error-views"></span><span id="id1"></span><h2>Error views<a class="headerlink" href="#error-views" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Django comes with a few views by default for handling HTTP errors. To override these with your own custom views, see <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/http/views.html#customizing-error-views"><span class="std std-ref">Customizing error views</span></a>.</p> <div class="section" id="s-the-404-page-not-found-view"> <span id="s-http-not-found-view"></span><span id="the-404-page-not-found-view"></span><span id="http-not-found-view"></span><h3>The 404 (page not found) view<a class="headerlink" href="#the-404-page-not-found-view" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="function"> <dt id="django.views.defaults.page_not_found"> <code class="descclassname">defaults.</code><code class="descname">page_not_found</code>(<em>request</em>, <em>template_name='404.html'</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.views.defaults.page_not_found" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>When you raise <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/http/views.html#django.http.Http404" title="django.http.Http404"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">Http404</span></code></a> from within a view, Django loads a special view devoted to handling 404 errors. By default, it’s the view <a class="reference internal" href="#django.views.defaults.page_not_found" title="django.views.defaults.page_not_found"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.views.defaults.page_not_found()</span></code></a>, which either produces a very simple “Not Found” message or loads and renders the template <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">404.html</span></code> if you created it in your root template directory.</p> <p>The default 404 view will pass one variable to the template: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request_path</span></code>, which is the URL that resulted in the error.</p> <p>Three things to note about 404 views:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>The 404 view is also called if Django doesn’t find a match after checking every regular expression in the URLconf.</li> <li>The 404 view is passed a <a class="reference internal" href="templates/api.html#django.template.RequestContext" title="django.template.RequestContext"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">RequestContext</span></code></a> and will have access to variables supplied by your template context processors (e.g. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MEDIA_URL</span></code>).</li> <li>If <a class="reference internal" href="settings.html#std:setting-DEBUG"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEBUG</span></code></a> is set to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></code> (in your settings module), then your 404 view will never be used, and your URLconf will be displayed instead, with some debug information.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="section" id="s-the-500-server-error-view"> <span id="s-http-internal-server-error-view"></span><span id="the-500-server-error-view"></span><span id="http-internal-server-error-view"></span><h3>The 500 (server error) view<a class="headerlink" href="#the-500-server-error-view" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="function"> <dt id="django.views.defaults.server_error"> <code class="descclassname">defaults.</code><code class="descname">server_error</code>(<em>request</em>, <em>template_name='500.html'</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.views.defaults.server_error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>Similarly, Django executes special-case behavior in the case of runtime errors in view code. If a view results in an exception, Django will, by default, call the view <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.views.defaults.server_error</span></code>, which either produces a very simple “Server Error” message or loads and renders the template <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">500.html</span></code> if you created it in your root template directory.</p> <p>The default 500 view passes no variables to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">500.html</span></code> template and is rendered with an empty <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Context</span></code> to lessen the chance of additional errors.</p> <p>If <a class="reference internal" href="settings.html#std:setting-DEBUG"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEBUG</span></code></a> is set to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></code> (in your settings module), then your 500 view will never be used, and the traceback will be displayed instead, with some debug information.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="s-the-403-http-forbidden-view"> <span id="s-http-forbidden-view"></span><span id="the-403-http-forbidden-view"></span><span id="http-forbidden-view"></span><h3>The 403 (HTTP Forbidden) view<a class="headerlink" href="#the-403-http-forbidden-view" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="function"> <dt id="django.views.defaults.permission_denied"> <code class="descclassname">defaults.</code><code class="descname">permission_denied</code>(<em>request</em>, <em>template_name='403.html'</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.views.defaults.permission_denied" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>In the same vein as the 404 and 500 views, Django has a view to handle 403 Forbidden errors. If a view results in a 403 exception then Django will, by default, call the view <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.views.defaults.permission_denied</span></code>.</p> <p>This view loads and renders the template <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">403.html</span></code> in your root template directory, or if this file does not exist, instead serves the text “403 Forbidden”, as per <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616.html"><strong>RFC 2616</strong></a> (the HTTP 1.1 Specification).</p> <p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.views.defaults.permission_denied</span></code> is triggered by a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#django.core.exceptions.PermissionDenied" title="django.core.exceptions.PermissionDenied"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">PermissionDenied</span></code></a> exception. To deny access in a view you can use code like this:</p> <div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.core.exceptions</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">PermissionDenied</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">edit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_staff</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">PermissionDenied</span> <span class="c1"># ...</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="s-the-400-bad-request-view"> <span id="s-http-bad-request-view"></span><span id="the-400-bad-request-view"></span><span id="http-bad-request-view"></span><h3>The 400 (bad request) view<a class="headerlink" href="#the-400-bad-request-view" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="function"> <dt id="django.views.defaults.bad_request"> <code class="descclassname">defaults.</code><code class="descname">bad_request</code>(<em>request</em>, <em>template_name='400.html'</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.views.defaults.bad_request" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>When a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#django.core.exceptions.SuspiciousOperation" title="django.core.exceptions.SuspiciousOperation"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">SuspiciousOperation</span></code></a> is raised in Django, it may be handled by a component of Django (for example resetting the session data). If not specifically handled, Django will consider the current request a ‘bad request’ instead of a server error.</p> <p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.views.defaults.bad_request</span></code>, is otherwise very similar to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">server_error</span></code> view, but returns with the status code 400 indicating that the error condition was the result of a client operation.</p> <p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bad_request</span></code> views are also only used when <a class="reference internal" href="settings.html#std:setting-DEBUG"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEBUG</span></code></a> is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="yui-b" id="sidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Built-in Views</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#serving-files-in-development">Serving files in development</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#error-views">Error views</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-404-page-not-found-view">The 404 (page not found) view</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-500-server-error-view">The 500 (server error) view</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-403-http-forbidden-view">The 403 (HTTP Forbidden) view</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-400-bad-request-view">The 400 (bad request) view</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3>Browse</h3> <ul> <li>Prev: <a href="validators.html">Validators</a></li> <li>Next: <a href="../misc/index.html">Meta-documentation and miscellany</a></li> </ul> <h3>You are here:</h3> <ul> <li> <a href="../index.html">Django 1.8.19 documentation</a> <ul><li><a href="index.html">API Reference</a> <ul><li>Built-in Views</li></ul> </li></ul> </li> </ul> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../_sources/ref/views.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <div><input type="text" name="q" /></div> <div><input type="submit" value="Go" /></div> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <h3>Last update:</h3> <p class="topless">Mar 10, 2018</p> </div> </div> <div id="ft"> <div class="nav"> « <a href="validators.html" title="Validators">previous</a> | <a href="index.html" title="API Reference" accesskey="U">up</a> | <a href="../misc/index.html" title="Meta-documentation and miscellany">next</a> »</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> </body> </html>