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<div class="section" id="internet-protocols-and-support">
<span id="internet"></span><h1>21. Internet Protocols and Support<a class="headerlink" href="#internet-protocols-and-support" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><p id="index-1">The modules described in this chapter implement Internet protocols and support
for related technology. They are all implemented in Python. Most of these
modules require the presence of the system-dependent module <a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket</span></code></a>, which
is currently supported on most popular platforms. Here is an overview:</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser.html">21.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code> — Convenient Web-browser controller</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser.html#browser-controller-objects">21.1.1. Browser Controller Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html">21.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> — Common Gateway Interface support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#introduction">21.2.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#using-the-cgi-module">21.2.2. Using the cgi module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#higher-level-interface">21.2.3. Higher Level Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#functions">21.2.4. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#caring-about-security">21.2.5. Caring about security</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#installing-your-cgi-script-on-a-unix-system">21.2.6. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#testing-your-cgi-script">21.2.7. Testing your CGI script</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#debugging-cgi-scripts">21.2.8. Debugging CGI scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#common-problems-and-solutions">21.2.9. Common problems and solutions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cgitb.html">21.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgitb</span></code> — Traceback manager for CGI scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html">21.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.util">21.4.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.util</span></code> – WSGI environment utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.headers">21.4.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.headers</span></code> – WSGI response header tools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.simple_server">21.4.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.simple_server</span></code> – a simple WSGI HTTP server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.validate">21.4.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.validate</span></code> — WSGI conformance checker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.handlers">21.4.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.handlers</span></code> – server/gateway base classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#examples">21.4.6. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html">21.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> — URL handling modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html">21.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> — Extensible library for opening URLs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#request-objects">21.6.1. Request Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#openerdirector-objects">21.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#basehandler-objects">21.6.3. BaseHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpredirecthandler-objects">21.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpcookieprocessor-objects">21.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#proxyhandler-objects">21.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgr-objects">21.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgrwithpriorauth-objects">21.6.8. HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#abstractbasicauthhandler-objects">21.6.9. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpbasicauthhandler-objects">21.6.10. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#proxybasicauthhandler-objects">21.6.11. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#abstractdigestauthhandler-objects">21.6.12. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpdigestauthhandler-objects">21.6.13. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#proxydigestauthhandler-objects">21.6.14. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httphandler-objects">21.6.15. HTTPHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpshandler-objects">21.6.16. HTTPSHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#filehandler-objects">21.6.17. FileHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#datahandler-objects">21.6.18. DataHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#ftphandler-objects">21.6.19. FTPHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#cacheftphandler-objects">21.6.20. CacheFTPHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#unknownhandler-objects">21.6.21. UnknownHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httperrorprocessor-objects">21.6.22. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#examples">21.6.23. Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#legacy-interface">21.6.24. Legacy interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#urllib-request-restrictions">21.6.25. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> Restrictions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#module-urllib.response">21.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.response</span></code> — Response classes used by urllib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html">21.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.parse</span></code> — Parse URLs into components</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html#url-parsing">21.8.1. URL Parsing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html#parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes">21.8.2. Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html#structured-parse-results">21.8.3. Structured Parse Results</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html#url-quoting">21.8.4. URL Quoting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.error.html">21.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.error</span></code> — Exception classes raised by urllib.request</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.robotparser.html">21.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.robotparser</span></code> — Parser for robots.txt</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.html">21.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http</span></code> — HTTP modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.html#http-status-codes">21.11.1. HTTP status codes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html">21.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client</span></code> — HTTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#httpconnection-objects">21.12.1. HTTPConnection Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#httpresponse-objects">21.12.2. HTTPResponse Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#examples">21.12.3. Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#httpmessage-objects">21.12.4. HTTPMessage Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html">21.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></code> — FTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html#ftp-objects">21.13.1. FTP Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html#ftp-tls-objects">21.13.2. FTP_TLS Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html">21.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code> — POP3 protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html#pop3-objects">21.14.1. POP3 Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html#pop3-example">21.14.2. POP3 Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html">21.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html#imap4-objects">21.15.1. IMAP4 Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html#imap4-example">21.15.2. IMAP4 Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html">21.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code> — NNTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#nntp-objects">21.16.1. NNTP Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#attributes">21.16.1.1. Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#methods">21.16.1.2. Methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#utility-functions">21.16.2. Utility functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html">21.17. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code> — SMTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#smtp-objects">21.17.1. SMTP Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#smtp-example">21.17.2. SMTP Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html">21.18. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></code> — SMTP Server</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#smtpserver-objects">21.18.1. SMTPServer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#debuggingserver-objects">21.18.2. DebuggingServer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#pureproxy-objects">21.18.3. PureProxy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#mailmanproxy-objects">21.18.4. MailmanProxy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#smtpchannel-objects">21.18.5. SMTPChannel Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html">21.19. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">telnetlib</span></code> — Telnet client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html#telnet-objects">21.19.1. Telnet Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html#telnet-example">21.19.2. Telnet Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html">21.20. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code> — UUID objects according to RFC 4122</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html#example">21.20.1. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html">21.21. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver</span></code> — A framework for network servers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#server-creation-notes">21.21.1. Server Creation Notes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#server-objects">21.21.2. Server Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#request-handler-objects">21.21.3. Request Handler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#examples">21.21.4. Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#socketserver-tcpserver-example">21.21.4.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver.TCPServer</span></code> Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#socketserver-udpserver-example">21.21.4.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver.UDPServer</span></code> Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#asynchronous-mixins">21.21.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.server.html">21.22. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.server</span></code> — HTTP servers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html">21.23. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.cookies</span></code> — HTTP state management</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html#cookie-objects">21.23.1. Cookie Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html#morsel-objects">21.23.2. Morsel Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html#example">21.23.3. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html">21.24. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.cookiejar</span></code> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects">21.24.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers">21.24.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#cookiepolicy-objects">21.24.3. CookiePolicy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#defaultcookiepolicy-objects">21.24.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#cookie-objects">21.24.5. Cookie Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#examples">21.24.6. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">21.25. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpc</span></code> — XMLRPC server and client modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html">21.26. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.client</span></code> — XML-RPC client access</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#serverproxy-objects">21.26.1. ServerProxy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#datetime-objects">21.26.2. DateTime Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#binary-objects">21.26.3. Binary Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#fault-objects">21.26.4. Fault Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#protocolerror-objects">21.26.5. ProtocolError Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#multicall-objects">21.26.6. MultiCall Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#convenience-functions">21.26.7. Convenience Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#example-of-client-usage">21.26.8. Example of Client Usage</a></li>
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