<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta name="generator" content="rustdoc"> <meta name="description" content="API documentation for the Rust `Copy` trait in crate `core`."> <meta name="keywords" content="rust, rustlang, rust-lang, Copy"> <title>core::marker::Copy - Rust</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../normalize.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../rustdoc.css" id="mainThemeStyle"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../dark.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../main.css" id="themeStyle"> <script src="../../storage.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/favicon.ico"> </head> <body class="rustdoc trait"> <!--[if lte IE 8]> <div class="warning"> This old browser is unsupported and will most likely display funky things. </div> <![endif]--> <nav class="sidebar"> <div class="sidebar-menu">☰</div> <a href='../../core/index.html'><img src='https://www.rust-lang.org/logos/rust-logo-128x128-blk-v2.png' alt='logo' width='100'></a> <p class='location'>Trait Copy</p><div class="sidebar-elems"><div class="block items"><a class="sidebar-title" href="#implementors">Implementors</a></div><p class='location'><a href='../index.html'>core</a>::<wbr><a href='index.html'>marker</a></p><script>window.sidebarCurrent = {name: 'Copy', ty: 'trait', relpath: ''};</script><script defer src="sidebar-items.js"></script></div> </nav> <div class="theme-picker"> <button id="theme-picker" aria-label="Pick another theme!"> <img src="../../brush.svg" width="18" alt="Pick another theme!"> </button> <div id="theme-choices"></div> </div> <script src="../../theme.js"></script> <nav class="sub"> <form class="search-form js-only"> <div class="search-container"> <input class="search-input" name="search" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Click or press ‘S’ to search, ‘?’ for more options…" type="search"> </div> </form> </nav> <section id='main' class="content"> <h1 class='fqn'><span class='in-band'>Trait <a href='../index.html'>core</a>::<wbr><a href='index.html'>marker</a>::<wbr><a class="trait" href=''>Copy</a></span><span class='out-of-band'><span class='since' title='Stable since Rust version 1.0.0'>1.0.0</span><span id='render-detail'> <a id="toggle-all-docs" href="javascript:void(0)" title="collapse all docs"> [<span class='inner'>−</span>] </a> </span><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/marker.rs.html#268-270' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span></h1> <pre class='rust trait'><div class="docblock attributes">#[lang = "copy"] </div>pub trait Copy: <a class="trait" href="../../core/clone/trait.Clone.html" title="trait core::clone::Clone">Clone</a> { }</pre><div class='docblock'><p>Types whose values can be duplicated simply by copying bits.</p> <p>By default, variable bindings have 'move semantics.' In other words:</p> <pre class="rust rust-example-rendered"> <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">derive</span>(<span class="ident">Debug</span>)]</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">Foo</span>; <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">x</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">Foo</span>; <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">y</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">x</span>; <span class="comment">// `x` has moved into `y`, and so cannot be used</span> <span class="comment">// println!("{:?}", x); // error: use of moved value</span><a class="test-arrow" target="_blank" href="https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%23!%5Ballow(unused)%5D%0Afn%20main()%20%7B%0A%23%5Bderive(Debug)%5D%0Astruct%20Foo%3B%0A%0Alet%20x%20%3D%20Foo%3B%0A%0Alet%20y%20%3D%20x%3B%0A%0A%2F%2F%20%60x%60%20has%20moved%20into%20%60y%60%2C%20and%20so%20cannot%20be%20used%0A%0A%2F%2F%20println!(%22%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C%20x)%3B%20%2F%2F%20error%3A%20use%20of%20moved%20value%0A%7D">Run</a></pre> <p>However, if a type implements <code>Copy</code>, it instead has 'copy semantics':</p> <pre class="rust rust-example-rendered"> <span class="comment">// We can derive a `Copy` implementation. `Clone` is also required, as it's</span> <span class="comment">// a supertrait of `Copy`.</span> <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">derive</span>(<span class="ident">Debug</span>, <span class="ident">Copy</span>, <span class="ident">Clone</span>)]</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">Foo</span>; <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">x</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">Foo</span>; <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">y</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">x</span>; <span class="comment">// `y` is a copy of `x`</span> <span class="macro">println</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="string">"{:?}"</span>, <span class="ident">x</span>); <span class="comment">// A-OK!</span><a class="test-arrow" target="_blank" href="https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%23!%5Ballow(unused)%5D%0Afn%20main()%20%7B%0A%2F%2F%20We%20can%20derive%20a%20%60Copy%60%20implementation.%20%60Clone%60%20is%20also%20required%2C%20as%20it's%0A%2F%2F%20a%20supertrait%20of%20%60Copy%60.%0A%23%5Bderive(Debug%2C%20Copy%2C%20Clone)%5D%0Astruct%20Foo%3B%0A%0Alet%20x%20%3D%20Foo%3B%0A%0Alet%20y%20%3D%20x%3B%0A%0A%2F%2F%20%60y%60%20is%20a%20copy%20of%20%60x%60%0A%0Aprintln!(%22%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C%20x)%3B%20%2F%2F%20A-OK!%0A%7D">Run</a></pre> <p>It's important to note that in these two examples, the only difference is whether you are allowed to access <code>x</code> after the assignment. Under the hood, both a copy and a move can result in bits being copied in memory, although this is sometimes optimized away.</p> <h2 id="how-can-i-implement-copy" class="section-header"><a href="#how-can-i-implement-copy">How can I implement <code>Copy</code>?</a></h2> <p>There are two ways to implement <code>Copy</code> on your type. The simplest is to use <code>derive</code>:</p> <pre class="rust rust-example-rendered"> <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">derive</span>(<span class="ident">Copy</span>, <span class="ident">Clone</span>)]</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">MyStruct</span>;<a class="test-arrow" target="_blank" href="https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%23!%5Ballow(unused)%5D%0Afn%20main()%20%7B%0A%23%5Bderive(Copy%2C%20Clone)%5D%0Astruct%20MyStruct%3B%0A%7D">Run</a></pre> <p>You can also implement <code>Copy</code> and <code>Clone</code> manually:</p> <pre class="rust rust-example-rendered"> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">MyStruct</span>; <span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">Copy</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">MyStruct</span> { } <span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">Clone</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">MyStruct</span> { <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">clone</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">MyStruct</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> } }<a class="test-arrow" target="_blank" href="https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%23!%5Ballow(unused)%5D%0Afn%20main()%20%7B%0Astruct%20MyStruct%3B%0A%0Aimpl%20Copy%20for%20MyStruct%20%7B%20%7D%0A%0Aimpl%20Clone%20for%20MyStruct%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20fn%20clone(%26self)%20-%3E%20MyStruct%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20*self%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%7D%0A%7D">Run</a></pre> <p>There is a small difference between the two: the <code>derive</code> strategy will also place a <code>Copy</code> bound on type parameters, which isn't always desired.</p> <h2 id="whats-the-difference-between-copy-and-clone" class="section-header"><a href="#whats-the-difference-between-copy-and-clone">What's the difference between <code>Copy</code> and <code>Clone</code>?</a></h2> <p>Copies happen implicitly, for example as part of an assignment <code>y = x</code>. The behavior of <code>Copy</code> is not overloadable; it is always a simple bit-wise copy.</p> <p>Cloning is an explicit action, <code>x.clone()</code>. The implementation of <a href="../clone/trait.Clone.html"><code>Clone</code></a> can provide any type-specific behavior necessary to duplicate values safely. For example, the implementation of <a href="../clone/trait.Clone.html"><code>Clone</code></a> for <a href="../../std/string/struct.String.html"><code>String</code></a> needs to copy the pointed-to string buffer in the heap. A simple bitwise copy of <a href="../../std/string/struct.String.html"><code>String</code></a> values would merely copy the pointer, leading to a double free down the line. For this reason, <a href="../../std/string/struct.String.html"><code>String</code></a> is <a href="../clone/trait.Clone.html"><code>Clone</code></a> but not <code>Copy</code>.</p> <p><a href="../clone/trait.Clone.html"><code>Clone</code></a> is a supertrait of <code>Copy</code>, so everything which is <code>Copy</code> must also implement <a href="../clone/trait.Clone.html"><code>Clone</code></a>. If a type is <code>Copy</code> then its <a href="../clone/trait.Clone.html"><code>Clone</code></a> implementation only needs to return <code>*self</code> (see the example above).</p> <h2 id="when-can-my-type-be-copy" class="section-header"><a href="#when-can-my-type-be-copy">When can my type be <code>Copy</code>?</a></h2> <p>A type can implement <code>Copy</code> if all of its components implement <code>Copy</code>. For example, this struct can be <code>Copy</code>:</p> <pre class="rust rust-example-rendered"> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">Point</span> { <span class="ident">x</span>: <span class="ident">i32</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>: <span class="ident">i32</span>, }<a class="test-arrow" target="_blank" href="https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%23!%5Ballow(unused)%5D%0Afn%20main()%20%7B%0A%23%5Ballow(dead_code)%5D%0Astruct%20Point%20%7B%0A%20%20%20x%3A%20i32%2C%0A%20%20%20y%3A%20i32%2C%0A%7D%0A%7D">Run</a></pre> <p>A struct can be <code>Copy</code>, and <a href="../../std/primitive.i32.html"><code>i32</code></a> is <code>Copy</code>, therefore <code>Point</code> is eligible to be <code>Copy</code>. By contrast, consider</p> <pre class="rust rust-example-rendered"> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">PointList</span> { <span class="ident">points</span>: <span class="ident">Vec</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Point</span><span class="op">></span>, }<a class="test-arrow" target="_blank" href="https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%23!%5Ballow(unused)%5D%0A%23!%5Ballow(dead_code)%5D%0Afn%20main()%20%7B%0Astruct%20Point%3B%0Astruct%20PointList%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20points%3A%20Vec%3CPoint%3E%2C%0A%7D%0A%7D">Run</a></pre> <p>The struct <code>PointList</code> cannot implement <code>Copy</code>, because <a href="../../std/vec/struct.Vec.html"><code>Vec<T></code></a> is not <code>Copy</code>. If we attempt to derive a <code>Copy</code> implementation, we'll get an error:</p> <pre><code class="language-text">the trait `Copy` may not be implemented for this type; field `points` does not implement `Copy` </code></pre> <h2 id="when-cant-my-type-be-copy" class="section-header"><a href="#when-cant-my-type-be-copy">When <em>can't</em> my type be <code>Copy</code>?</a></h2> <p>Some types can't be copied safely. For example, copying <code>&mut T</code> would create an aliased mutable reference. Copying <a href="../../std/string/struct.String.html"><code>String</code></a> would duplicate responsibility for managing the <a href="../../std/string/struct.String.html"><code>String</code></a>'s buffer, leading to a double free.</p> <p>Generalizing the latter case, any type implementing <a href="../../std/ops/trait.Drop.html"><code>Drop</code></a> can't be <code>Copy</code>, because it's managing some resource besides its own <a href="../../std/mem/fn.size_of.html"><code>size_of::<T></code></a> bytes.</p> <p>If you try to implement <code>Copy</code> on a struct or enum containing non-<code>Copy</code> data, you will get the error <a href="../../error-index.html#E0204">E0204</a>.</p> <h2 id="when-should-my-type-be-copy" class="section-header"><a href="#when-should-my-type-be-copy">When <em>should</em> my type be <code>Copy</code>?</a></h2> <p>Generally speaking, if your type <em>can</em> implement <code>Copy</code>, it should. Keep in mind, though, that implementing <code>Copy</code> is part of the public API of your type. If the type might become non-<code>Copy</code> in the future, it could be prudent to omit the <code>Copy</code> implementation now, to avoid a breaking API change.</p> </div> <h2 id='implementors' class='small-section-header'> Implementors<a href='#implementors' class='anchor'></a> </h2> <ul class='item-list' id='implementors-list'> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/num/mod.rs.html#45' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl<T: <a class="trait" href="../../core/marker/trait.Copy.html" title="trait core::marker::Copy">Copy</a>> Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/num/struct.Wrapping.html" title="struct core::num::Wrapping">Wrapping</a><T></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/num/mod.rs.html#2853' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl Copy for <a class="enum" href="../../core/num/enum.FpCategory.html" title="enum core::num::FpCategory">FpCategory</a></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/num/mod.rs.html#2972' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/num/struct.TryFromIntError.html" title="struct core::num::TryFromIntError">TryFromIntError</a></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/mem.rs.html#845' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl<T> Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/mem/struct.Discriminant.html" title="struct core::mem::Discriminant">Discriminant</a><T></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/mem.rs.html#949' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl<T: <a class="trait" href="../../core/marker/trait.Copy.html" title="trait core::marker::Copy">Copy</a>> Copy for <a class="union" href="../../core/mem/union.ManuallyDrop.html" title="union core::mem::ManuallyDrop">ManuallyDrop</a><T></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/nonzero.rs.html#64' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl<T: <a class="trait" href="../../core/marker/trait.Copy.html" title="trait core::marker::Copy">Copy</a> + <a class="trait" href="../../core/nonzero/trait.Zeroable.html" title="trait core::nonzero::Zeroable">Zeroable</a>> Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/nonzero/struct.NonZero.html" title="struct core::nonzero::NonZero">NonZero</a><T></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/ptr.rs.html#2430' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl<T: ?<a class="trait" href="../../core/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait core::marker::Sized">Sized</a>> Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/ptr/struct.Unique.html" title="struct core::ptr::Unique">Unique</a><T></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/ptr.rs.html#2574' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl<T: ?<a class="trait" href="../../core/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait core::marker::Sized">Sized</a>> Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/ptr/struct.NonNull.html" title="struct core::ptr::NonNull">NonNull</a><T></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/marker.rs.html#387' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl<T: ?<a class="trait" href="../../core/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait core::marker::Sized">Sized</a>> Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/marker/struct.PhantomData.html" title="struct core::marker::PhantomData">PhantomData</a><T></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/ops/generator.rs.html#16' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl<Y: <a class="trait" href="../../core/marker/trait.Copy.html" title="trait core::marker::Copy">Copy</a>, R: <a class="trait" href="../../core/marker/trait.Copy.html" title="trait core::marker::Copy">Copy</a>> Copy for <a class="enum" href="../../core/ops/enum.GeneratorState.html" title="enum core::ops::GeneratorState">GeneratorState</a><Y, R></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/ops/range.rs.html#48' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/ops/struct.RangeFull.html" title="struct core::ops::RangeFull">RangeFull</a></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/ops/range.rs.html#211' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl<Idx: <a class="trait" href="../../core/marker/trait.Copy.html" title="trait core::marker::Copy">Copy</a>> Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/ops/struct.RangeTo.html" title="struct core::ops::RangeTo">RangeTo</a><Idx></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/ops/range.rs.html#347' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl<Idx: <a class="trait" href="../../core/marker/trait.Copy.html" title="trait core::marker::Copy">Copy</a>> Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/ops/struct.RangeToInclusive.html" title="struct core::ops::RangeToInclusive">RangeToInclusive</a><Idx></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/cmp.rs.html#205' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl Copy for core::cmp::<a class="enum" href="../../core/cmp/enum.Ordering.html" title="enum core::cmp::Ordering">Ordering</a></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/convert.rs.html#60' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl Copy for <a class="enum" href="../../core/convert/enum.Infallible.html" title="enum core::convert::Infallible">Infallible</a></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/any.rs.html#345' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/any/struct.TypeId.html" title="struct core::any::TypeId">TypeId</a></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/array.rs.html#63' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/array/struct.TryFromSliceError.html" title="struct core::array::TryFromSliceError">TryFromSliceError</a></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/sync/atomic.rs.html#184' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl Copy for core::sync::atomic::<a class="enum" href="../../core/sync/atomic/enum.Ordering.html" title="enum core::sync::atomic::Ordering">Ordering</a></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/char.rs.html#284' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/char/struct.CharTryFromError.html" title="struct core::char::CharTryFromError">CharTryFromError</a></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/option.rs.html#157' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl<T: <a class="trait" href="../../core/marker/trait.Copy.html" title="trait core::marker::Copy">Copy</a>> Copy for <a class="enum" href="../../core/option/enum.Option.html" title="enum core::option::Option">Option</a><T></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/option.rs.html#1210' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/option/struct.NoneError.html" title="struct core::option::NoneError">NoneError</a></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/raw.rs.html#94' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/raw/struct.TraitObject.html" title="struct core::raw::TraitObject">TraitObject</a></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/result.rs.html#253' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl<T: <a class="trait" href="../../core/marker/trait.Copy.html" title="trait core::marker::Copy">Copy</a>, E: <a class="trait" href="../../core/marker/trait.Copy.html" title="trait core::marker::Copy">Copy</a>> Copy for <a class="enum" href="../../core/result/enum.Result.html" title="enum core::result::Result">Result</a><T, E></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/pattern.rs.html#76' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl Copy for <a class="enum" href="../../core/str/pattern/enum.SearchStep.html" title="enum core::str::pattern::SearchStep">SearchStep</a></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#168' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/str/struct.Utf8Error.html" title="struct core::str::Utf8Error">Utf8Error</a></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/fmt/mod.rs.html#104' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/fmt/struct.Error.html" title="struct core::fmt::Error">Error</a></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/fmt/mod.rs.html#413' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl<'a> Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/fmt/struct.Arguments.html" title="struct core::fmt::Arguments">Arguments</a><'a></code></li> <li><div class='out-of-band'><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/time.rs.html#62' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></div><code>impl Copy for <a class="struct" href="../../core/time/struct.Duration.html" title="struct core::time::Duration">Duration</a></code></li> </ul><script type="text/javascript" async src="../../implementors/core/marker/trait.Copy.js"> </script></section> <section id='search' class="content hidden"></section> <section class="footer"></section> <aside id="help" class="hidden"> <div> <h1 class="hidden">Help</h1> <div class="shortcuts"> 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