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</pre><pre class="rust ">
<span class="comment">// Copyright 2012-2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT</span>
<span class="comment">// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at</span>
<span class="comment">// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.</span>
<span class="comment">//</span>
<span class="comment">// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or</span>
<span class="comment">// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license</span>
<span class="comment">// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your</span>
<span class="comment">// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed</span>
<span class="comment">// except according to those terms.</span>
<span class="comment">// FIXME: talk about offset, copy_memory, copy_nonoverlapping_memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! Raw, unsafe pointers, `*const T`, and `*mut T`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">//!</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! *[See also the pointer primitive types](../../std/primitive.pointer.html).*</span>
<span class="attribute">#![<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">convert</span>::<span class="ident">From</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">intrinsics</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">ops</span>::<span class="ident">CoerceUnsized</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">hash</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">marker</span>::{<span class="ident">PhantomData</span>, <span class="ident">Unsize</span>};
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">nonzero</span>::<span class="ident">NonZero</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">cmp</span>::<span class="ident">Ordering</span>::{<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">Less</span>, <span class="ident">Equal</span>, <span class="ident">Greater</span>};
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>;
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">copy</span>;
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">write_bytes</span>;
<span class="doccomment">/// Executes the destructor (if any) of the pointed-to value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This has two use cases:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * It is *required* to use `drop_in_place` to drop unsized types like</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// trait objects, because they can't be read out onto the stack and</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dropped normally.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * It is friendlier to the optimizer to do this over `ptr::read` when</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dropping manually allocated memory (e.g. when writing Box/Rc/Vec),</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// as the compiler doesn't need to prove that it's sound to elide the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// copy.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This has all the same safety problems as `ptr::read` with respect to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// invalid pointers, types, and double drops.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"drop_in_place"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.8.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">lang</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"drop_in_place"</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">allow</span>(<span class="ident">unconditional_recursion</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">drop_in_place</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">to_drop</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) {
<span class="comment">// Code here does not matter - this is replaced by the</span>
<span class="comment">// real drop glue by the compiler.</span>
<span class="ident">drop_in_place</span>(<span class="ident">to_drop</span>);
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a null raw pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let p: *const i32 = ptr::null();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(p.is_null());</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">null</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> { <span class="number">0</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> }
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a null mutable raw pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let p: *mut i32 = ptr::null_mut();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(p.is_null());</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">null_mut</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> { <span class="number">0</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> }
<span class="doccomment">/// Swaps the values at two mutable locations of the same type, without</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// deinitializing either.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The values pointed at by `x` and `y` may overlap, unlike `mem::swap` which</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// is otherwise equivalent. If the values do overlap, then the overlapping</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// region of memory from `x` will be used. This is demonstrated in the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// examples section below.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This function copies the memory through the raw pointers passed to it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// as arguments.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Ensure that these pointers are valid before calling `swap`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Swapping two non-overlapping regions:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut array = [0, 1, 2, 3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = array[0..].as_mut_ptr() as *mut [u32; 2];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = array[2..].as_mut_ptr() as *mut [u32; 2];</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::swap(x, y);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!([2, 3, 0, 1], array);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Swapping two overlapping regions:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut array = [0, 1, 2, 3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = array[0..].as_mut_ptr() as *mut [u32; 3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = array[1..].as_mut_ptr() as *mut [u32; 3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::swap(x, y);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!([1, 0, 1, 2], array);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">swap</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">x</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) {
<span class="comment">// Give ourselves some scratch space to work with</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">tmp</span>: <span class="ident">T</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">uninitialized</span>();
<span class="comment">// Perform the swap</span>
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">tmp</span>, <span class="number">1</span>);
<span class="ident">copy</span>(<span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="number">1</span>); <span class="comment">// `x` and `y` may overlap</span>
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">tmp</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="number">1</span>);
<span class="comment">// y and t now point to the same thing, but we need to completely forget `tmp`</span>
<span class="comment">// because it's no longer relevant.</span>
<span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">forget</span>(<span class="ident">tmp</span>);
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Swaps a sequence of values at two mutable locations of the same type.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The two arguments must each point to the beginning of `count` locations</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of valid memory, and the two memory ranges must not overlap.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(swap_nonoverlapping)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut x = [1, 2, 3, 4];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut y = [7, 8, 9];</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::swap_nonoverlapping(x.as_mut_ptr(), y.as_mut_ptr(), 2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(x, [7, 8, 3, 4]);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(y, [1, 2, 9]);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"swap_nonoverlapping"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"42818"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">swap_nonoverlapping</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">x</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">x</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">x</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>;
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">y</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">y</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>;
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">len</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">size_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>() <span class="op">*</span> <span class="ident">count</span>;
<span class="ident">swap_nonoverlapping_bytes</span>(<span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="ident">len</span>)
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">swap_nonoverlapping_bytes</span>(<span class="ident">x</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>, <span class="ident">len</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) {
<span class="comment">// The approach here is to utilize simd to swap x & y efficiently. Testing reveals</span>
<span class="comment">// that swapping either 32 bytes or 64 bytes at a time is most efficient for intel</span>
<span class="comment">// Haswell E processors. LLVM is more able to optimize if we give a struct a</span>
<span class="comment">// #[repr(simd)], even if we don't actually use this struct directly.</span>
<span class="comment">//</span>
<span class="comment">// FIXME repr(simd) broken on emscripten and redox</span>
<span class="comment">// It's also broken on big-endian powerpc64 and s390x. #42778</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg_attr</span>(<span class="ident">not</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"emscripten"</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"redox"</span>,
<span class="ident">target_endian</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"big"</span>)),
<span class="ident">repr</span>(<span class="ident">simd</span>))]</span>
<span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">Block</span>(<span class="ident">u64</span>, <span class="ident">u64</span>, <span class="ident">u64</span>, <span class="ident">u64</span>);
<span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">UnalignedBlock</span>(<span class="ident">u64</span>, <span class="ident">u64</span>, <span class="ident">u64</span>, <span class="ident">u64</span>);
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">block_size</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">size_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Block</span><span class="op">></span>();
<span class="comment">// Loop through x & y, copying them `Block` at a time</span>
<span class="comment">// The optimizer should unroll the loop fully for most types</span>
<span class="comment">// N.B. We can't use a for loop as the `range` impl calls `mem::swap` recursively</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">i</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="number">0</span>;
<span class="kw">while</span> <span class="ident">i</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="ident">block_size</span> <span class="op"><=</span> <span class="ident">len</span> {
<span class="comment">// Create some uninitialized memory as scratch space</span>
<span class="comment">// Declaring `t` here avoids aligning the stack when this loop is unused</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">t</span>: <span class="ident">Block</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">uninitialized</span>();
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">t</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">t</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> _ <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>;
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">x</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">x</span>.<span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="ident">i</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>);
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">y</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">y</span>.<span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="ident">i</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>);
<span class="comment">// Swap a block of bytes of x & y, using t as a temporary buffer</span>
<span class="comment">// This should be optimized into efficient SIMD operations where available</span>
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="ident">t</span>, <span class="ident">block_size</span>);
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="ident">block_size</span>);
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">t</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="ident">block_size</span>);
<span class="ident">i</span> <span class="op">+=</span> <span class="ident">block_size</span>;
}
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">i</span> <span class="op"><</span> <span class="ident">len</span> {
<span class="comment">// Swap any remaining bytes</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">t</span>: <span class="ident">UnalignedBlock</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">uninitialized</span>();
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">rem</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">len</span> <span class="op">-</span> <span class="ident">i</span>;
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">t</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">t</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> _ <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>;
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">x</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">x</span>.<span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="ident">i</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>);
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">y</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">y</span>.<span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="ident">i</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>);
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="ident">t</span>, <span class="ident">rem</span>);
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="ident">rem</span>);
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">t</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="ident">rem</span>);
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Replaces the value at `dest` with `src`, returning the old</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// value, without dropping either.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is only unsafe because it accepts a raw pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Otherwise, this operation is identical to `mem::replace`.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">replace</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">dest</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">swap</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">dest</span>, <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">src</span>); <span class="comment">// cannot overlap</span>
<span class="ident">src</span>
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Reads the value from `src` without moving it. This leaves the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory in `src` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Beyond accepting a raw pointer, this is unsafe because it semantically</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// moves the value out of `src` without preventing further usage of `src`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If `T` is not `Copy`, then care must be taken to ensure that the value at</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `src` is not used before the data is overwritten again (e.g. with `write`,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `write_bytes`, or `copy`). Note that `*src = foo` counts as a use</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// because it will attempt to drop the value previously at `*src`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The pointer must be aligned; use `read_unaligned` if that is not the case.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &x as *const i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(std::ptr::read(y), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">tmp</span>: <span class="ident">T</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">uninitialized</span>();
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>, <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">tmp</span>, <span class="number">1</span>);
<span class="ident">tmp</span>
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Reads the value from `src` without moving it. This leaves the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory in `src` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `read`, the pointer may be unaligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Beyond accepting a raw pointer, this is unsafe because it semantically</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// moves the value out of `src` without preventing further usage of `src`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If `T` is not `Copy`, then care must be taken to ensure that the value at</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `src` is not used before the data is overwritten again (e.g. with `write`,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `write_bytes`, or `copy`). Note that `*src = foo` counts as a use</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// because it will attempt to drop the value previously at `*src`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &x as *const i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(std::ptr::read_unaligned(y), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_unaligned"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.17.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read_unaligned</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">tmp</span>: <span class="ident">T</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">uninitialized</span>();
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">src</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>,
<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">tmp</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>,
<span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">size_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>());
<span class="ident">tmp</span>
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Overwrites a memory location with the given value without reading or</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dropping the old value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This operation is marked unsafe because it accepts a raw pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// It does not drop the contents of `dst`. This is safe, but it could leak</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allocations or resources, so care must be taken not to overwrite an object</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// that should be dropped.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Additionally, it does not drop `src`. Semantically, `src` is moved into the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// location pointed to by `dst`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is appropriate for initializing uninitialized memory, or overwriting</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory that has previously been `read` from.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The pointer must be aligned; use `write_unaligned` if that is not the case.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut x = 0;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &mut x as *mut i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let z = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// std::ptr::write(y, z);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(std::ptr::read(y), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">dst</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>) {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">move_val_init</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">dst</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Overwrites a memory location with the given value without reading or</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dropping the old value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `write`, the pointer may be unaligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This operation is marked unsafe because it accepts a raw pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// It does not drop the contents of `dst`. This is safe, but it could leak</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allocations or resources, so care must be taken not to overwrite an object</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// that should be dropped.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Additionally, it does not drop `src`. Semantically, `src` is moved into the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// location pointed to by `dst`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is appropriate for initializing uninitialized memory, or overwriting</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory that has previously been `read` from.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut x = 0;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &mut x as *mut i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let z = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// std::ptr::write_unaligned(y, z);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(std::ptr::read_unaligned(y), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_unaligned"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.17.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write_unaligned</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">dst</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>) {
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">src</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>,
<span class="ident">dst</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>,
<span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">size_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>());
<span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">forget</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>);
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Performs a volatile read of the value from `src` without moving it. This</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// leaves the memory in `src` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// operations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Notes</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Rust does not currently have a rigorously and formally defined memory model,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// so the precise semantics of what "volatile" means here is subject to change</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// over time. That being said, the semantics will almost always end up pretty</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// similar to [C11's definition of volatile][c11].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler shouldn't change the relative order or number of volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory operations. However, volatile memory operations on zero-sized types</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (e.g. if a zero-sized type is passed to `read_volatile`) are no-ops</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and may be ignored.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [c11]: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1570.pdf</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Beyond accepting a raw pointer, this is unsafe because it semantically</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// moves the value out of `src` without preventing further usage of `src`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If `T` is not `Copy`, then care must be taken to ensure that the value at</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `src` is not used before the data is overwritten again (e.g. with `write`,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `write_bytes`, or `copy`). Note that `*src = foo` counts as a use</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// because it will attempt to drop the value previously at `*src`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &x as *const i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(std::ptr::read_volatile(y), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"volatile"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.9.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read_volatile</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">volatile_load</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Performs a volatile write of a memory location with the given value without</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// reading or dropping the old value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// operations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Notes</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Rust does not currently have a rigorously and formally defined memory model,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// so the precise semantics of what "volatile" means here is subject to change</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// over time. That being said, the semantics will almost always end up pretty</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// similar to [C11's definition of volatile][c11].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler shouldn't change the relative order or number of volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory operations. However, volatile memory operations on zero-sized types</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (e.g. if a zero-sized type is passed to `write_volatile`) are no-ops</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and may be ignored.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [c11]: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1570.pdf</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This operation is marked unsafe because it accepts a raw pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// It does not drop the contents of `dst`. This is safe, but it could leak</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allocations or resources, so care must be taken not to overwrite an object</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// that should be dropped.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is appropriate for initializing uninitialized memory, or overwriting</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory that has previously been `read` from.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut x = 0;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &mut x as *mut i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let z = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// std::ptr::write_volatile(y, z);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(std::ptr::read_volatile(y), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"volatile"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.9.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write_volatile</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">dst</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>) {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">volatile_store</span>(<span class="ident">dst</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>);
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">lang</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"const_ptr"</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="doccomment">/// Returns `true` if the pointer is null.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that unsized types have many possible null pointers, as only the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// raw data pointer is considered, not their length, vtable, etc.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Therefore, two pointers that are null may still not compare equal to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// each other.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let s: &str = "Follow the rabbit";</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(!ptr.is_null());</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">is_null</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> {
<span class="comment">// Compare via a cast to a thin pointer, so fat pointers are only</span>
<span class="comment">// considering their "data" part for null-ness.</span>
(<span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>) <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">null</span>()
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Returns `None` if the pointer is null, or else returns a reference to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// the value wrapped in `Some`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// While this method and its mutable counterpart are useful for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// null-safety, it is important to note that this is still an unsafe</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// operation because the returned value could be pointing to invalid</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Additionally, the lifetime `'a` returned is arbitrarily chosen and does</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// not necessarily reflect the actual lifetime of the data.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *const u8 = &10u8 as *const u8;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// if let Some(val_back) = ptr.as_ref() {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("We got back the value: {}!", val_back);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_as_ref"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.9.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_ref</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">is_null</span>() {
<span class="prelude-val">None</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>)
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g. a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// byte past the end of an allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum, **in bytes** must fit in a usize.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `vec.as_ptr().offset(vec.len() as isize)` is always safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for 2<sup>63</sup> bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Consider using `wrapping_offset` instead if these constraints are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let s: &str = "123";</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(1) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(2) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">isize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g. a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Always use `.offset(count)` instead when possible, because `offset`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allows the compiler to optimize better.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let step = 2;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_offset(6);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // This loop prints "1, 3, 5, "</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// while ptr != end_rounded_up {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// print!("{}, ", *ptr);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_offset(step);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_wrapping_offset"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.16.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">wrapping_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">isize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">arith_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the distance between two pointers. The returned value is in</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// units of T: the distance in bytes is divided by `mem::size_of::<T>()`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If the address different between the two pointers ia not a multiple of</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `mem::size_of::<T>()` then the result of the division is rounded towards</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// zero.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This function returns `None` if `T` is a zero-sized typed.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(offset_to)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// fn main() {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let a = [0; 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr1: *const i32 = &a[1];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr2: *const i32 = &a[3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr1.offset_to(ptr2), Some(2));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr2.offset_to(ptr1), Some(-2));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(unsafe { ptr1.offset(2) }, ptr2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(unsafe { ptr2.offset(-2) }, ptr1);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"offset_to"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"41079"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">offset_to</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">isize</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">size</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">size_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>();
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">size</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="number">0</span> {
<span class="prelude-val">None</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">diff</span> <span class="op">=</span> (<span class="ident">other</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>).<span class="ident">wrapping_sub</span>(<span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>);
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="ident">diff</span> <span class="op">/</span> <span class="ident">size</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>)
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for `.offset(count as isize)`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g. a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// byte past the end of an allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a `usize`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len())` is always safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for 2<sup>63</sup> bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Consider using `wrapping_offset` instead if these constraints are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let s: &str = "123";</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.add(1) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.add(2) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">add</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `.offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg())`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g. a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// byte past the end of an allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The computed offset cannot exceed `isize::MAX` **bytes**.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a usize.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len()).sub(vec.len())` is always safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for 2<sup>63</sup> bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Consider using `wrapping_offset` instead if these constraints are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let s: &str = "123";</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let end: *const u8 = s.as_ptr().add(3);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *end.sub(1) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *end.sub(2) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">sub</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">offset</span>((<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>).<span class="ident">wrapping_neg</span>())
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset(count as isize)`)</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g. a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Always use `.add(count)` instead when possible, because `add`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allows the compiler to optimize better.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let step = 2;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_add(6);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // This loop prints "1, 3, 5, "</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// while ptr != end_rounded_up {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// print!("{}, ", *ptr);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(step);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">wrapping_add</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_offset</span>(<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset((count as isize).wrapping_sub())`)</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g. a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Always use `.sub(count)` instead when possible, because `sub`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allows the compiler to optimize better.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements (backwards)</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let start_rounded_down = ptr.wrapping_sub(2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(4);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let step = 2;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // This loop prints "5, 3, 1, "</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// while ptr != start_rounded_down {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// print!("{}, ", *ptr);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_sub(step);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">wrapping_sub</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_offset</span>((<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>).<span class="ident">wrapping_neg</span>())
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory in `self` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Beyond accepting a raw pointer, this is unsafe because it semantically</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// moves the value out of `self` without preventing further usage of `self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If `T` is not `Copy`, then care must be taken to ensure that the value at</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `self` is not used before the data is overwritten again (e.g. with `write`,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `write_bytes`, or `copy`). Note that `*self = foo` counts as a use</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// because it will attempt to drop the value previously at `*self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The pointer must be aligned; use `read_unaligned` if that is not the case.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &x as *const i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(y.read(), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">read</span>(<span class="self">self</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Performs a volatile read of the value from `self` without moving it. This</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// leaves the memory in `self` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// operations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Notes</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Rust does not currently have a rigorously and formally defined memory model,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// so the precise semantics of what "volatile" means here is subject to change</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// over time. That being said, the semantics will almost always end up pretty</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// similar to [C11's definition of volatile][c11].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler shouldn't change the relative order or number of volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory operations. However, volatile memory operations on zero-sized types</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (e.g. if a zero-sized type is passed to `read_volatile`) are no-ops</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and may be ignored.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [c11]: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1570.pdf</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Beyond accepting a raw pointer, this is unsafe because it semantically</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// moves the value out of `self` without preventing further usage of `self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If `T` is not `Copy`, then care must be taken to ensure that the value at</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `self` is not used before the data is overwritten again (e.g. with `write`,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `write_bytes`, or `copy`). Note that `*self = foo` counts as a use</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// because it will attempt to drop the value previously at `*self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &x as *const i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(y.read_volatile(), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read_volatile</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">read_volatile</span>(<span class="self">self</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory in `self` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `read`, the pointer may be unaligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Beyond accepting a raw pointer, this is unsafe because it semantically</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// moves the value out of `self` without preventing further usage of `self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If `T` is not `Copy`, then care must be taken to ensure that the value at</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `self` is not used before the data is overwritten again (e.g. with `write`,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `write_bytes`, or `copy`). Note that `*self = foo` counts as a use</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// because it will attempt to drop the value previously at `*self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &x as *const i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(y.read_unaligned(), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read_unaligned</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">read_unaligned</span>(<span class="self">self</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Copies `count * size_of<T>` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and destination may overlap.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as `ptr::copy`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is semantically equivalent to C's `memmove`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Care must be taken with the ownership of `self` and `dest`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This method semantically moves the values of `self` into `dest`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However it does not drop the contents of `self`, or prevent the contents</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of `dest` from being dropped or used.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Efficiently create a Rust vector from an unsafe buffer:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # #[allow(dead_code)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe fn from_buf_raw<T: Copy>(ptr: *const T, elts: usize) -> Vec<T> {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut dst = Vec::with_capacity(elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dst.set_len(elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr.copy_to(dst.as_mut_ptr(), elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dst</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy_to</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">copy</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Copies `count * size_of<T>` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and destination may *not* overlap.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as `ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `copy_nonoverlapping` is semantically equivalent to C's `memcpy`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Beyond requiring that the program must be allowed to access both regions</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of memory, it is Undefined Behavior for source and destination to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// overlap. Care must also be taken with the ownership of `self` and</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `self`. This method semantically moves the values of `self` into `dest`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However it does not drop the contents of `dest`, or prevent the contents</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of `self` from being dropped or used.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Efficiently create a Rust vector from an unsafe buffer:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # #[allow(dead_code)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe fn from_buf_raw<T: Copy>(ptr: *const T, elts: usize) -> Vec<T> {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut dst = Vec::with_capacity(elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dst.set_len(elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr.copy_to_nonoverlapping(dst.as_mut_ptr(), elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dst</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy_to_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Computes the byte offset that needs to be applied in order to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// make the pointer aligned to `align`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If it is not possible to align the pointer, the implementation returns</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `usize::max_value()`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// There are no guarantees whatsover that offsetting the pointer will not</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// overflow or go beyond the allocation that the pointer points into.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// It is up to the caller to ensure that the returned offset is correct</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// in all terms other than alignment.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Accessing adjacent `u8` as `u16`</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # #![feature(align_offset)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # fn foo(n: usize) {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # use std::mem::align_of;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = [5u8, 6u8, 7u8, 8u8, 9u8];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr = &x[n] as *const u8;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let offset = ptr.align_offset(align_of::<u16>());</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// if offset < x.len() - n - 1 {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let u16_ptr = ptr.offset(offset as isize) as *const u16;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_ne!(*u16_ptr, 500);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// } else {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // while the pointer can be aligned via `offset`, it would point</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // outside the allocation</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # } }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"align_offset"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"44488"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">align_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">align</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">usize</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">align_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> _, <span class="ident">align</span>)
}
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">lang</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"mut_ptr"</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="doccomment">/// Returns `true` if the pointer is null.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that unsized types have many possible null pointers, as only the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// raw data pointer is considered, not their length, vtable, etc.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Therefore, two pointers that are null may still not compare equal to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// each other.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut s = [1, 2, 3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *mut u32 = s.as_mut_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(!ptr.is_null());</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">is_null</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> {
<span class="comment">// Compare via a cast to a thin pointer, so fat pointers are only</span>
<span class="comment">// considering their "data" part for null-ness.</span>
(<span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>) <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">null_mut</span>()
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Returns `None` if the pointer is null, or else returns a reference to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// the value wrapped in `Some`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// While this method and its mutable counterpart are useful for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// null-safety, it is important to note that this is still an unsafe</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// operation because the returned value could be pointing to invalid</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Additionally, the lifetime `'a` returned is arbitrarily chosen and does</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// not necessarily reflect the actual lifetime of the data.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *mut u8 = &mut 10u8 as *mut u8;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// if let Some(val_back) = ptr.as_ref() {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("We got back the value: {}!", val_back);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_as_ref"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.9.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_ref</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">is_null</span>() {
<span class="prelude-val">None</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>)
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g. a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// byte past the end of an allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum, **in bytes** must fit in a usize.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `vec.as_ptr().offset(vec.len() as isize)` is always safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for 2<sup>63</sup> bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Consider using `wrapping_offset` instead if these constraints are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut s = [1, 2, 3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *mut u32 = s.as_mut_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(1));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(2));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">isize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>) <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g. a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Always use `.offset(count)` instead when possible, because `offset`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allows the compiler to optimize better.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut ptr: *mut u8 = data.as_mut_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let step = 2;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_offset(6);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// while ptr != end_rounded_up {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// *ptr = 0;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_offset(step);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(&data, &[0, 2, 0, 4, 0]);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_wrapping_offset"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.16.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">wrapping_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">isize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">arith_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>) <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Returns `None` if the pointer is null, or else returns a mutable</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// reference to the value wrapped in `Some`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// As with `as_ref`, this is unsafe because it cannot verify the validity</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of the returned pointer, nor can it ensure that the lifetime `'a`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// returned is indeed a valid lifetime for the contained data.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut s = [1, 2, 3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *mut u32 = s.as_mut_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let first_value = unsafe { ptr.as_mut().unwrap() };</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// *first_value = 4;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{:?}", s); // It'll print: "[4, 2, 3]".</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_as_ref"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.9.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_mut</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">is_null</span>() {
<span class="prelude-val">None</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>)
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the distance between two pointers. The returned value is in</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// units of T: the distance in bytes is divided by `mem::size_of::<T>()`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If the address different between the two pointers ia not a multiple of</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `mem::size_of::<T>()` then the result of the division is rounded towards</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// zero.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This function returns `None` if `T` is a zero-sized typed.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(offset_to)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// fn main() {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut a = [0; 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr1: *mut i32 = &mut a[1];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr2: *mut i32 = &mut a[3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr1.offset_to(ptr2), Some(2));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr2.offset_to(ptr1), Some(-2));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(unsafe { ptr1.offset(2) }, ptr2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(unsafe { ptr2.offset(-2) }, ptr1);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"offset_to"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"41079"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">offset_to</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">isize</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">size</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">size_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>();
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">size</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="number">0</span> {
<span class="prelude-val">None</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">diff</span> <span class="op">=</span> (<span class="ident">other</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>).<span class="ident">wrapping_sub</span>(<span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>);
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="ident">diff</span> <span class="op">/</span> <span class="ident">size</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>)
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Computes the byte offset that needs to be applied in order to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// make the pointer aligned to `align`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If it is not possible to align the pointer, the implementation returns</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `usize::max_value()`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// There are no guarantees whatsover that offsetting the pointer will not</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// overflow or go beyond the allocation that the pointer points into.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// It is up to the caller to ensure that the returned offset is correct</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// in all terms other than alignment.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Accessing adjacent `u8` as `u16`</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # #![feature(align_offset)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # fn foo(n: usize) {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # use std::mem::align_of;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = [5u8, 6u8, 7u8, 8u8, 9u8];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr = &x[n] as *const u8;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let offset = ptr.align_offset(align_of::<u16>());</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// if offset < x.len() - n - 1 {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let u16_ptr = ptr.offset(offset as isize) as *const u16;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_ne!(*u16_ptr, 500);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// } else {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // while the pointer can be aligned via `offset`, it would point</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // outside the allocation</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # } }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"align_offset"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"44488"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">align_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">align</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">usize</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">align_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> _, <span class="ident">align</span>)
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for `.offset(count as isize)`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g. a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// byte past the end of an allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a `usize`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len())` is always safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for 2<sup>63</sup> bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Consider using `wrapping_offset` instead if these constraints are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let s: &str = "123";</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.add(1) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.add(2) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">add</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `.offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg())`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g. a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// byte past the end of an allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The computed offset cannot exceed `isize::MAX` **bytes**.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a usize.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len()).sub(vec.len())` is always safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for 2<sup>63</sup> bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Consider using `wrapping_offset` instead if these constraints are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let s: &str = "123";</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let end: *const u8 = s.as_ptr().add(3);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *end.sub(1) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *end.sub(2) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">sub</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">offset</span>((<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>).<span class="ident">wrapping_neg</span>())
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset(count as isize)`)</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g. a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Always use `.add(count)` instead when possible, because `add`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allows the compiler to optimize better.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let step = 2;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_add(6);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // This loop prints "1, 3, 5, "</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// while ptr != end_rounded_up {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// print!("{}, ", *ptr);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(step);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">wrapping_add</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_offset</span>(<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset((count as isize).wrapping_sub())`)</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g. a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Always use `.sub(count)` instead when possible, because `sub`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allows the compiler to optimize better.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements (backwards)</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let start_rounded_down = ptr.wrapping_sub(2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(4);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let step = 2;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // This loop prints "5, 3, 1, "</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// while ptr != start_rounded_down {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// print!("{}, ", *ptr);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_sub(step);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">wrapping_sub</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_offset</span>((<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>).<span class="ident">wrapping_neg</span>())
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory in `self` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Beyond accepting a raw pointer, this is unsafe because it semantically</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// moves the value out of `self` without preventing further usage of `self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If `T` is not `Copy`, then care must be taken to ensure that the value at</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `self` is not used before the data is overwritten again (e.g. with `write`,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `write_bytes`, or `copy`). Note that `*self = foo` counts as a use</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// because it will attempt to drop the value previously at `*self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The pointer must be aligned; use `read_unaligned` if that is not the case.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &x as *const i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(y.read(), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">read</span>(<span class="self">self</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Performs a volatile read of the value from `self` without moving it. This</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// leaves the memory in `self` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// operations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Notes</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Rust does not currently have a rigorously and formally defined memory model,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// so the precise semantics of what "volatile" means here is subject to change</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// over time. That being said, the semantics will almost always end up pretty</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// similar to [C11's definition of volatile][c11].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler shouldn't change the relative order or number of volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory operations. However, volatile memory operations on zero-sized types</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (e.g. if a zero-sized type is passed to `read_volatile`) are no-ops</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and may be ignored.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [c11]: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1570.pdf</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Beyond accepting a raw pointer, this is unsafe because it semantically</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// moves the value out of `self` without preventing further usage of `self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If `T` is not `Copy`, then care must be taken to ensure that the value at</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `src` is not used before the data is overwritten again (e.g. with `write`,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `write_bytes`, or `copy`). Note that `*self = foo` counts as a use</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// because it will attempt to drop the value previously at `*self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &x as *const i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(y.read_volatile(), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read_volatile</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">read_volatile</span>(<span class="self">self</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory in `self` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `read`, the pointer may be unaligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Beyond accepting a raw pointer, this is unsafe because it semantically</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// moves the value out of `self` without preventing further usage of `self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If `T` is not `Copy`, then care must be taken to ensure that the value at</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `self` is not used before the data is overwritten again (e.g. with `write`,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `write_bytes`, or `copy`). Note that `*self = foo` counts as a use</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// because it will attempt to drop the value previously at `*self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &x as *const i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(y.read_unaligned(), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read_unaligned</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">read_unaligned</span>(<span class="self">self</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Copies `count * size_of<T>` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and destination may overlap.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as `ptr::copy`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is semantically equivalent to C's `memmove`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Care must be taken with the ownership of `self` and `dest`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This method semantically moves the values of `self` into `dest`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However it does not drop the contents of `self`, or prevent the contents</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of `dest` from being dropped or used.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Efficiently create a Rust vector from an unsafe buffer:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # #[allow(dead_code)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe fn from_buf_raw<T: Copy>(ptr: *const T, elts: usize) -> Vec<T> {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut dst = Vec::with_capacity(elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dst.set_len(elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr.copy_to(dst.as_mut_ptr(), elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dst</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy_to</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">copy</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Copies `count * size_of<T>` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and destination may *not* overlap.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as `ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `copy_nonoverlapping` is semantically equivalent to C's `memcpy`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Beyond requiring that the program must be allowed to access both regions</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of memory, it is Undefined Behavior for source and destination to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// overlap. Care must also be taken with the ownership of `self` and</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `self`. This method semantically moves the values of `self` into `dest`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However it does not drop the contents of `dest`, or prevent the contents</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of `self` from being dropped or used.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Efficiently create a Rust vector from an unsafe buffer:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # #[allow(dead_code)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe fn from_buf_raw<T: Copy>(ptr: *const T, elts: usize) -> Vec<T> {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut dst = Vec::with_capacity(elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dst.set_len(elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr.copy_to_nonoverlapping(dst.as_mut_ptr(), elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dst</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy_to_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Copies `count * size_of<T>` bytes from `src` to `self`. The source</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and destination may overlap.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// NOTE: this has the *opposite* argument order of `ptr::copy`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is semantically equivalent to C's `memmove`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Care must be taken with the ownership of `src` and `self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This method semantically moves the values of `src` into `self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However it does not drop the contents of `self`, or prevent the contents</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of `src` from being dropped or used.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Efficiently create a Rust vector from an unsafe buffer:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # #[allow(dead_code)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe fn from_buf_raw<T: Copy>(ptr: *const T, elts: usize) -> Vec<T> {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut dst: Vec<T> = Vec::with_capacity(elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dst.set_len(elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dst.as_mut_ptr().copy_from(ptr, elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dst</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy_from</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">copy</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>, <span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Copies `count * size_of<T>` bytes from `src` to `self`. The source</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and destination may *not* overlap.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// NOTE: this has the *opposite* argument order of `ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `copy_nonoverlapping` is semantically equivalent to C's `memcpy`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Beyond requiring that the program must be allowed to access both regions</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of memory, it is Undefined Behavior for source and destination to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// overlap. Care must also be taken with the ownership of `src` and</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `self`. This method semantically moves the values of `src` into `self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However it does not drop the contents of `self`, or prevent the contents</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of `src` from being dropped or used.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Efficiently create a Rust vector from an unsafe buffer:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # #[allow(dead_code)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe fn from_buf_raw<T: Copy>(ptr: *const T, elts: usize) -> Vec<T> {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut dst: Vec<T> = Vec::with_capacity(elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dst.set_len(elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dst.as_mut_ptr().copy_from_nonoverlapping(ptr, elts);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dst</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy_from_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>, <span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Executes the destructor (if any) of the pointed-to value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This has two use cases:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * It is *required* to use `drop_in_place` to drop unsized types like</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// trait objects, because they can't be read out onto the stack and</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dropped normally.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * It is friendlier to the optimizer to do this over `ptr::read` when</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dropping manually allocated memory (e.g. when writing Box/Rc/Vec),</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// as the compiler doesn't need to prove that it's sound to elide the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// copy.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This has all the same safety problems as `ptr::read` with respect to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// invalid pointers, types, and double drops.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">drop_in_place</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) {
<span class="ident">drop_in_place</span>(<span class="self">self</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Overwrites a memory location with the given value without reading or</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dropping the old value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This operation is marked unsafe because it writes through a raw pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// It does not drop the contents of `self`. This is safe, but it could leak</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allocations or resources, so care must be taken not to overwrite an object</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// that should be dropped.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Additionally, it does not drop `val`. Semantically, `val` is moved into the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// location pointed to by `self`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is appropriate for initializing uninitialized memory, or overwriting</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory that has previously been `read` from.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The pointer must be aligned; use `write_unaligned` if that is not the case.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut x = 0;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &mut x as *mut i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let z = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// y.write(z);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(y.read(), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">write</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Invokes memset on the specified pointer, setting `count * size_of::<T>()`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// bytes of memory starting at `self` to `val`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut vec = vec![0; 4];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let vec_ptr = vec.as_mut_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// vec_ptr.write_bytes(b'a', 2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(vec, [b'a', b'a', 0, 0]);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write_bytes</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>: <span class="ident">u8</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">write_bytes</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Performs a volatile write of a memory location with the given value without</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// reading or dropping the old value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// operations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Notes</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Rust does not currently have a rigorously and formally defined memory model,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// so the precise semantics of what "volatile" means here is subject to change</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// over time. That being said, the semantics will almost always end up pretty</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// similar to [C11's definition of volatile][c11].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler shouldn't change the relative order or number of volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory operations. However, volatile memory operations on zero-sized types</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (e.g. if a zero-sized type is passed to `write_volatile`) are no-ops</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and may be ignored.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [c11]: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1570.pdf</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This operation is marked unsafe because it accepts a raw pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// It does not drop the contents of `self`. This is safe, but it could leak</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allocations or resources, so care must be taken not to overwrite an object</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// that should be dropped.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is appropriate for initializing uninitialized memory, or overwriting</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory that has previously been `read` from.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut x = 0;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &mut x as *mut i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let z = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// y.write_volatile(z);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(y.read_volatile(), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write_volatile</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">write_volatile</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Overwrites a memory location with the given value without reading or</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dropping the old value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `write`, the pointer may be unaligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This operation is marked unsafe because it writes through a raw pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// It does not drop the contents of `self`. This is safe, but it could leak</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allocations or resources, so care must be taken not to overwrite an object</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// that should be dropped.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Additionally, it does not drop `src`. Semantically, `src` is moved into the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// location pointed to by `dst`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is appropriate for initializing uninitialized memory, or overwriting</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory that has previously been `read` from.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(pointer_methods)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut x = 0;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &mut x as *mut i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let z = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// y.write_unaligned(z);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(y.read_unaligned(), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write_unaligned</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">write_unaligned</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Replaces the value at `self` with `src`, returning the old</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// value, without dropping either.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is only unsafe because it accepts a raw pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Otherwise, this operation is identical to `mem::replace`.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">replace</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">replace</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Swaps the values at two mutable locations of the same type, without</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// deinitializing either. They may overlap, unlike `mem::swap` which is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// otherwise equivalent.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This function copies the memory through the raw pointers passed to it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// as arguments.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Ensure that these pointers are valid before calling `swap`.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"43941"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">swap</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">with</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">swap</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">with</span>)
}
}
<span class="comment">// Equality for pointers</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialEq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">eq</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Eq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialEq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">eq</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Eq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {}
<span class="doccomment">/// Compare raw pointers for equality.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is the same as using the `==` operator, but less generic:</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// the arguments have to be `*const T` raw pointers,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// not anything that implements `PartialEq`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This can be used to compare `&T` references (which coerce to `*const T` implicitly)</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// by their address rather than comparing the values they point to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (which is what the `PartialEq for &T` implementation does).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let five = 5;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let other_five = 5;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let five_ref = &five;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let same_five_ref = &five;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let other_five_ref = &other_five;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(five_ref == same_five_ref);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(five_ref == other_five_ref);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(ptr::eq(five_ref, same_five_ref));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(!ptr::eq(five_ref, other_five_ref));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_eq"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.17.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">eq</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">a</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">b</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> {
<span class="ident">a</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">b</span>
}
<span class="comment">// Impls for function pointers</span>
<span class="macro">macro_rules</span><span class="macro">!</span> <span class="ident">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span> {
(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span>: <span class="ident">ty</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>: <span class="ident">ident</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span>) <span class="op">=></span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"fnptr_impls"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.4.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialEq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">eq</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">Self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> {
<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"fnptr_impls"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.4.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Eq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span> {}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"fnptr_impls"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.4.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialOrd</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">partial_cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">Self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ordering</span><span class="op">></span> {
(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>).<span class="ident">partial_cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span>(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>))
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"fnptr_impls"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.4.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Ord</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">Self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ordering</span> {
(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>).<span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span>(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>))
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"fnptr_impls"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.4.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">hash</span>::<span class="ident">Hash</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">hash</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">HH</span>: <span class="ident">hash</span>::<span class="ident">Hasher</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">state</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">HH</span>) {
<span class="ident">state</span>.<span class="ident">write_usize</span>(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>)
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"fnptr_impls"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.4.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">f</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Formatter</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span> {
<span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span>::<span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span>(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> ()), <span class="ident">f</span>)
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"fnptr_impls"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.4.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Debug</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">f</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Formatter</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span> {
<span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span>::<span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span>(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> ()), <span class="ident">f</span>)
}
}
}
}
<span class="macro">macro_rules</span><span class="macro">!</span> <span class="ident">fnptr_impls_args</span> {
($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>: <span class="ident">ident</span>),<span class="op">+</span>) <span class="op">=></span> {
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"Rust"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"C"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"C"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> , ...) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"Rust"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"C"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"C"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> , ...) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> }
};
() <span class="op">=></span> {
<span class="comment">// No variadic functions with 0 parameters</span>
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"Rust"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"C"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"Rust"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"C"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, }
};
}
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span>, <span class="ident">F</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span>, <span class="ident">F</span>, <span class="ident">G</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span>, <span class="ident">F</span>, <span class="ident">G</span>, <span class="ident">H</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span>, <span class="ident">F</span>, <span class="ident">G</span>, <span class="ident">H</span>, <span class="ident">I</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span>, <span class="ident">F</span>, <span class="ident">G</span>, <span class="ident">H</span>, <span class="ident">I</span>, <span class="ident">J</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span>, <span class="ident">F</span>, <span class="ident">G</span>, <span class="ident">H</span>, <span class="ident">I</span>, <span class="ident">J</span>, <span class="ident">K</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span>, <span class="ident">F</span>, <span class="ident">G</span>, <span class="ident">H</span>, <span class="ident">I</span>, <span class="ident">J</span>, <span class="ident">K</span>, <span class="ident">L</span> }
<span class="comment">// Comparison for pointers</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Ord</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ordering</span> {
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span> <span class="op"><</span> <span class="ident">other</span> {
<span class="ident">Less</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">other</span> {
<span class="ident">Equal</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="ident">Greater</span>
}
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialOrd</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">partial_cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ordering</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="ident">other</span>))
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">lt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op"><</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">le</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op"><=</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">gt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">ge</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">>=</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Ord</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ordering</span> {
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span> <span class="op"><</span> <span class="ident">other</span> {
<span class="ident">Less</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">other</span> {
<span class="ident">Equal</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="ident">Greater</span>
}
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialOrd</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">partial_cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ordering</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="ident">other</span>))
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">lt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op"><</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">le</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op"><=</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">gt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">ge</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">>=</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
}
<span class="doccomment">/// A wrapper around a raw non-null `*mut T` that indicates that the possessor</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of this wrapper owns the referent. Useful for building abstractions like</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `Box<T>`, `Vec<T>`, `String`, and `HashMap<K, V>`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `*mut T`, `Unique<T>` behaves "as if" it were an instance of `T`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// It implements `Send`/`Sync` if `T` is `Send`/`Sync`. It also implies</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// the kind of strong aliasing guarantees an instance of `T` can expect:</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// the referent of the pointer should not be modified without a unique path to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// its owning Unique.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If you're uncertain of whether it's correct to use `Unique` for your purposes,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// consider using `NonNull`, which has weaker semantics.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `*mut T`, the pointer must always be non-null, even if the pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// is never dereferenced. This is so that enums may use this forbidden value</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// as a discriminant -- `Option<Unique<T>>` has the same size as `Unique<T>`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However the pointer may still dangle if it isn't dereferenced.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `*mut T`, `Unique<T>` is covariant over `T`. This should always be correct</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for any type which upholds Unique's aliasing requirements.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>,
<span class="ident">reason</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"use NonNull instead and consider PhantomData<T> \
(if you also use #[may_dangle]), Send, and/or Sync"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">NonZero</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>,
<span class="comment">// NOTE: this marker has no consequences for variance, but is necessary</span>
<span class="comment">// for dropck to understand that we logically own a `T`.</span>
<span class="comment">//</span>
<span class="comment">// For details, see:</span>
<span class="comment">// https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0769-sound-generic-drop.md#phantom-data</span>
<span class="ident">_marker</span>: <span class="ident">PhantomData</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>,
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Debug</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">f</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Formatter</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span> {
<span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span>::<span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="ident">f</span>)
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// `Unique` pointers are `Send` if `T` is `Send` because the data they</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// reference is unaliased. Note that this aliasing invariant is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unenforced by the type system; the abstraction using the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `Unique` must enforce it.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Send</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Send</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="doccomment">/// `Unique` pointers are `Sync` if `T` is `Sync` because the data they</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// reference is unaliased. Note that this aliasing invariant is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unenforced by the type system; the abstraction using the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `Unique` must enforce it.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sync</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Sync</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new `Unique` that is dangling, but well-aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is useful for initializing types which lazily allocate, like</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `Vec::new` does.</span>
<span class="comment">// FIXME: rename to dangling() to match NonNull?</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">empty</span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">ptr</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">align_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>;
<span class="ident">Unique</span>::<span class="ident">new_unchecked</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span>)
}
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new `Unique`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `ptr` must be non-null.</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">new_unchecked</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="ident">Unique</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">NonZero</span>::<span class="ident">new_unchecked</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span>), <span class="ident">_marker</span>: <span class="ident">PhantomData</span> }
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new `Unique` if `ptr` is non-null.</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="self">Self</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="ident">NonZero</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>).<span class="ident">map</span>(<span class="op">|</span><span class="ident">nz</span><span class="op">|</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">nz</span>, <span class="ident">_marker</span>: <span class="ident">PhantomData</span> })
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Acquires the underlying `*mut` pointer.</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">pointer</span>.<span class="ident">get</span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Dereferences the content.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting lifetime is bound to self so this behaves "as if"</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// it were actually an instance of T that is getting borrowed. If a longer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (unbound) lifetime is needed, use `&*my_ptr.as_ptr()`.</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_ref</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Mutably dereferences the content.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting lifetime is bound to self so this behaves "as if"</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// it were actually an instance of T that is getting borrowed. If a longer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (unbound) lifetime is needed, use `&mut *my_ptr.as_ptr()`.</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_mut</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Clone</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">clone</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Copy</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span>, <span class="ident">U</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">CoerceUnsized</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">>></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Unsize</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">f</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Formatter</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span> {
<span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span>::<span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="ident">f</span>)
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span>, <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">From</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">reference</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="ident">Unique</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">NonZero</span>::<span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">reference</span>), <span class="ident">_marker</span>: <span class="ident">PhantomData</span> }
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span>, <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">From</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">reference</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="ident">Unique</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">NonZero</span>::<span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">reference</span>), <span class="ident">_marker</span>: <span class="ident">PhantomData</span> }
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span>, <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">From</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">>></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>: <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="ident">Unique</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">p</span>.<span class="ident">pointer</span>, <span class="ident">_marker</span>: <span class="ident">PhantomData</span> }
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Previous name of `NonNull`.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">rustc_deprecated</span>(<span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>, <span class="ident">reason</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"renamed to `NonNull`"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"shared"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"27730"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">type</span> <span class="ident">Shared</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>;
<span class="doccomment">/// `*mut T` but non-zero and covariant.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is often the correct thing to use when building data structures using</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// raw pointers, but is ultimately more dangerous to use because of its additional</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// properties. If you're not sure if you should use `NonNull<T>`, just use `*mut T`!</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `*mut T`, the pointer must always be non-null, even if the pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// is never dereferenced. This is so that enums may use this forbidden value</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// as a discriminant -- `Option<NonNull<T>>` has the same size as `NonNull<T>`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However the pointer may still dangle if it isn't dereferenced.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `*mut T`, `NonNull<T>` is covariant over `T`. If this is incorrect</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for your use case, you should include some PhantomData in your type to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// provide invariance, such as `PhantomData<Cell<T>>` or `PhantomData<&'a mut T>`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Usually this won't be necessary; covariance is correct for most safe abstractions,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// such as Box, Rc, Arc, Vec, and LinkedList. This is the case because they</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// provide a public API that follows the normal shared XOR mutable rules of Rust.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">NonZero</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>,
}
<span class="doccomment">/// `NonNull` pointers are not `Send` because the data they reference may be aliased.</span>
<span class="comment">// NB: This impl is unnecessary, but should provide better error messages.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="op">!</span><span class="ident">Send</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="doccomment">/// `NonNull` pointers are not `Sync` because the data they reference may be aliased.</span>
<span class="comment">// NB: This impl is unnecessary, but should provide better error messages.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="op">!</span><span class="ident">Sync</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new `NonNull` that is dangling, but well-aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is useful for initializing types which lazily allocate, like</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `Vec::new` does.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">dangling</span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">ptr</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">align_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>;
<span class="ident">NonNull</span>::<span class="ident">new_unchecked</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span>)
}
}
}
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new `NonNull`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `ptr` must be non-null.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">new_unchecked</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="ident">NonNull</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">NonZero</span>::<span class="ident">new_unchecked</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span>) }
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new `NonNull` if `ptr` is non-null.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="self">Self</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="ident">NonZero</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>).<span class="ident">map</span>(<span class="op">|</span><span class="ident">nz</span><span class="op">|</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">nz</span> })
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Acquires the underlying `*mut` pointer.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">pointer</span>.<span class="ident">get</span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Dereferences the content.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting lifetime is bound to self so this behaves "as if"</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// it were actually an instance of T that is getting borrowed. If a longer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (unbound) lifetime is needed, use `&*my_ptr.as_ptr()`.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_ref</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Mutably dereferences the content.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting lifetime is bound to self so this behaves "as if"</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// it were actually an instance of T that is getting borrowed. If a longer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (unbound) lifetime is needed, use `&mut *my_ptr.as_ptr()`.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_mut</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Cast to a pointer of another type</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull_cast"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"47653"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">cast</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
<span class="ident">NonNull</span>::<span class="ident">new_unchecked</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">U</span>)
}
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Clone</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">clone</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Copy</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span>, <span class="ident">U</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">CoerceUnsized</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">>></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Unsize</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Debug</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">f</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Formatter</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span> {
<span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span>::<span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="ident">f</span>)
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">f</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Formatter</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span> {
<span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span>::<span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="ident">f</span>)
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Eq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialEq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">eq</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">Self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> {
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>() <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">other</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Ord</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">Self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ordering</span> {
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>().<span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">other</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>())
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialOrd</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">partial_cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">Self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ordering</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>().<span class="ident">partial_cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">other</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>())
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">hash</span>::<span class="ident">Hash</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">hash</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">H</span>: <span class="ident">hash</span>::<span class="ident">Hasher</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">state</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">H</span>) {
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>().<span class="ident">hash</span>(<span class="ident">state</span>)
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">From</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">>></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">unique</span>: <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="ident">NonNull</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">unique</span>.<span class="ident">pointer</span> }
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span>, <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">From</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">reference</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="ident">NonNull</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">NonZero</span>::<span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">reference</span>) }
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span>, <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">From</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">reference</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="ident">NonNull</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">NonZero</span>::<span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">reference</span>) }
}
}
</pre>
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