<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>Developing with asyncio — Python 3.7.10 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/language_data.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 3.7.10 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="socket — Low-level networking interface" href="socket.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="Low-level API Index" href="asyncio-llapi-index.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-dev.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> <style> @media only screen { table.full-width-table { width: 100%; } } </style> </head><body> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="socket.html" title="socket — Low-level networking interface" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="asyncio-llapi-index.html" title="Low-level API Index" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">3.7.10 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="ipc.html" >Networking and Interprocess Communication</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-3"><a href="asyncio.html" accesskey="U"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio</span></code> — Asynchronous I/O</a> »</li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="developing-with-asyncio"> <span id="asyncio-dev"></span><h1>Developing with asyncio<a class="headerlink" href="#developing-with-asyncio" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>Asynchronous programming is different from classic “sequential” programming.</p> <p>This page lists common mistakes and traps and explains how to avoid them.</p> <div class="section" id="debug-mode"> <span id="asyncio-debug-mode"></span><h2>Debug Mode<a class="headerlink" href="#debug-mode" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>By default asyncio runs in production mode. In order to ease the development asyncio has a <em>debug mode</em>.</p> <p>There are several ways to enable asyncio debug mode:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><p>Setting the <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG</span></code></a> environment variable to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>.</p></li> <li><p>Using the <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#id5"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-X</span></code></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dev</span></code> Python command line option.</p></li> <li><p>Passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">debug=True</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#asyncio.run" title="asyncio.run"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio.run()</span></code></a>.</p></li> <li><p>Calling <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.set_debug" title="asyncio.loop.set_debug"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.set_debug()</span></code></a>.</p></li> </ul> <p>In addition to enabling the debug mode, consider also:</p> <ul> <li><p>setting the log level of the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio-logger"><span class="std std-ref">asyncio logger</span></a> to <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.DEBUG</span></code>, for example the following snippet of code can be run at startup of the application:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">basicConfig</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DEBUG</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> </li> <li><p>configuring the <a class="reference internal" href="warnings.html#module-warnings" title="warnings: Issue warning messages and control their disposition."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">warnings</span></code></a> module to display <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ResourceWarning" title="ResourceWarning"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ResourceWarning</span></code></a> warnings. One way of doing that is by using the <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-w"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-W</span></code></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">default</span></code> command line option.</p></li> </ul> <p>When the debug mode is enabled:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><p>asyncio checks for <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio-coroutine-not-scheduled"><span class="std std-ref">coroutines that were not awaited</span></a> and logs them; this mitigates the “forgotten await” pitfall.</p></li> <li><p>Many non-threadsafe asyncio APIs (such as <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.call_soon" title="asyncio.loop.call_soon"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.call_soon()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.call_at" title="asyncio.loop.call_at"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.call_at()</span></code></a> methods) raise an exception if they are called from a wrong thread.</p></li> <li><p>The execution time of the I/O selector is logged if it takes too long to perform an I/O operation.</p></li> <li><p>Callbacks taking longer than 100ms are logged. The <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.slow_callback_duration</span></code> attribute can be used to set the minimum execution duration in seconds that is considered “slow”.</p></li> </ul> </div> <div class="section" id="concurrency-and-multithreading"> <span id="asyncio-multithreading"></span><h2>Concurrency and Multithreading<a class="headerlink" href="#concurrency-and-multithreading" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>An event loop runs in a thread (typically the main thread) and executes all callbacks and Tasks in its thread. While a Task is running in the event loop, no other Tasks can run in the same thread. When a Task executes an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span></code> expression, the running Task gets suspended, and the event loop executes the next Task.</p> <p>To schedule a callback from a different OS thread, the <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.call_soon_threadsafe" title="asyncio.loop.call_soon_threadsafe"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.call_soon_threadsafe()</span></code></a> method should be used. Example:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">loop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_soon_threadsafe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">callback</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Almost all asyncio objects are not thread safe, which is typically not a problem unless there is code that works with them from outside of a Task or a callback. If there’s a need for such code to call a low-level asyncio API, the <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.call_soon_threadsafe" title="asyncio.loop.call_soon_threadsafe"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.call_soon_threadsafe()</span></code></a> method should be used, e.g.:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">loop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_soon_threadsafe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fut</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cancel</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>To schedule a coroutine object from a different OS thread, the <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe" title="asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run_coroutine_threadsafe()</span></code></a> function should be used. It returns a <a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures.Future</span></code></a> to access the result:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">coro_func</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># Later in another OS thread:</span> <span class="n">future</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run_coroutine_threadsafe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coro_func</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">loop</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># Wait for the result:</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">future</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>To handle signals and to execute subprocesses, the event loop must be run in the main thread.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.run_in_executor" title="asyncio.loop.run_in_executor"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.run_in_executor()</span></code></a> method can be used with a <a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor</span></code></a> to execute blocking code in a different OS thread without blocking the OS thread that the event loop runs in.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="running-blocking-code"> <span id="asyncio-handle-blocking"></span><h2>Running Blocking Code<a class="headerlink" href="#running-blocking-code" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Blocking (CPU-bound) code should not be called directly. For example, if a function performs a CPU-intensive calculation for 1 second, all concurrent asyncio Tasks and IO operations would be delayed by 1 second.</p> <p>An executor can be used to run a task in a different thread or even in a different process to avoid blocking the OS thread with the event loop. See the <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.run_in_executor" title="asyncio.loop.run_in_executor"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.run_in_executor()</span></code></a> method for more details.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="logging"> <span id="asyncio-logger"></span><h2>Logging<a class="headerlink" href="#logging" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>asyncio uses the <a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-logging" title="logging: Flexible event logging system for applications."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging</span></code></a> module and all logging is performed via the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"asyncio"</span></code> logger.</p> <p>The default log level is <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.INFO</span></code>, which can be easily adjusted:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getLogger</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"asyncio"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setLevel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">WARNING</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="detect-never-awaited-coroutines"> <span id="asyncio-coroutine-not-scheduled"></span><h2>Detect never-awaited coroutines<a class="headerlink" href="#detect-never-awaited-coroutines" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>When a coroutine function is called, but not awaited (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">coro()</span></code> instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span> <span class="pre">coro()</span></code>) or the coroutine is not scheduled with <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#asyncio.create_task" title="asyncio.create_task"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio.create_task()</span></code></a>, asyncio will emit a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeWarning" title="RuntimeWarning"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeWarning</span></code></a>:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">asyncio</span> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"never scheduled"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">())</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Output:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">RuntimeWarning</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">coroutine</span> <span class="s1">'test'</span> <span class="n">was</span> <span class="n">never</span> <span class="n">awaited</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Output in debug mode:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">RuntimeWarning</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">coroutine</span> <span class="s1">'test'</span> <span class="n">was</span> <span class="n">never</span> <span class="n">awaited</span> <span class="n">Coroutine</span> <span class="n">created</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">most</span> <span class="n">recent</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="n">last</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">"../t.py"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">debug</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="o">..</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">"../t.py"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">main</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The usual fix is to either await the coroutine or call the <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#asyncio.create_task" title="asyncio.create_task"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio.create_task()</span></code></a> function:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="detect-never-retrieved-exceptions"> <h2>Detect never-retrieved exceptions<a class="headerlink" href="#detect-never-retrieved-exceptions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>If a <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-future.html#asyncio.Future.set_exception" title="asyncio.Future.set_exception"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future.set_exception()</span></code></a> is called but the Future object is never awaited on, the exception would never be propagated to the user code. In this case, asyncio would emit a log message when the Future object is garbage collected.</p> <p>Example of an unhandled exception:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">asyncio</span> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">bug</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"not consumed"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bug</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">())</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Output:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Task</span> <span class="n">exception</span> <span class="n">was</span> <span class="n">never</span> <span class="n">retrieved</span> <span class="n">future</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Task</span> <span class="n">finished</span> <span class="n">coro</span><span class="o">=<</span><span class="n">bug</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">done</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">defined</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">exception</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'not consumed'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">Traceback</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">most</span> <span class="n">recent</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="n">last</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">"test.py"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">bug</span> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"not consumed"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">consumed</span> </pre></div> </div> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio-debug-mode"><span class="std std-ref">Enable the debug mode</span></a> to get the traceback where the task was created:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">debug</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Output in debug mode:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Task</span> <span class="n">exception</span> <span class="n">was</span> <span class="n">never</span> <span class="n">retrieved</span> <span class="n">future</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Task</span> <span class="n">finished</span> <span class="n">coro</span><span class="o">=<</span><span class="n">bug</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">done</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">defined</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">exception</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'not consumed'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">created</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">tasks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">321</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">source_traceback</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Object</span> <span class="n">created</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">most</span> <span class="n">recent</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="n">last</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">"../t.py"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">debug</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="o">..</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="n">Traceback</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">most</span> <span class="n">recent</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="n">last</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">"../t.py"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">bug</span> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"not consumed"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">consumed</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Developing with asyncio</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#debug-mode">Debug Mode</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#concurrency-and-multithreading">Concurrency and Multithreading</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-blocking-code">Running Blocking Code</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#detect-never-awaited-coroutines">Detect never-awaited coroutines</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#detect-never-retrieved-exceptions">Detect never-retrieved exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p 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