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<title>OpenSSL changes in PHP 5.6.x</title>
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</div><hr /><div id="migration56.openssl" class="sect1">
<h2 class="title">OpenSSL changes in PHP 5.6.x</h2>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.openssl.peer-verification">
<h3 class="title">Stream wrappers now verify peer certificates and host names by default when using SSL/TLS</h3>
<p class="para">
All encrypted client streams now enable peer verification by default. By
default, this will use OpenSSL's default CA bundle to verify the peer
certificate. In most cases, no changes will need to be made to communicate
with servers with valid SSL certificates, as distributors generally
configure OpenSSL to use known good CA bundles.
</p>
<p class="para">
The default CA bundle may be overridden on a global basis by setting
either the openssl.cafile or openssl.capath configuration setting, or on a
per request basis by using the
<a href="context.ssl.html#context.ssl.cafile" class="link"><code class="parameter">cafile</code></a> or
<a href="context.ssl.html#context.ssl.capath" class="link"><code class="parameter">capath</code></a>
context options.
</p>
<p class="para">
While not recommended in general, it is possible to disable peer
certificate verification for a request by setting the
<a href="context.ssl.html#context.ssl.verify-peer" class="link"><code class="parameter">verify_peer</code></a>
context option to <strong><code>FALSE</code></strong>, and to disable peer name validation by setting
the <a href="context.ssl.html#context.ssl.verify-peer-name" class="link"><code class="parameter">verify_peer_name</code></a>
context option to <strong><code>FALSE</code></strong>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.openssl.fingerprint">
<h3 class="title">Certificate fingerprints</h3>
<p class="para">
Support has been added for extracting and verifying certificate
fingerprints. <span class="function"><a href="function.openssl-x509-fingerprint.html" class="function">openssl_x509_fingerprint()</a></span> has been added
to extract a fingerprint from an X.509 certificate, and two
<a href="context.ssl.html" class="link">SSL stream context</a> options have been
added: <em>capture_peer_cert</em> to capture the peer's X.509
certificate, and <em>peer_fingerprint</em> to assert that the
peer's certificate should match the given fingerprint.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.openssl.ciphers">
<h3 class="title">Default ciphers updated</h3>
<p class="para">
The default ciphers used by PHP have been updated to a more secure list
based on the
<a href="https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server_Side_TLS#Recommended_Ciphersuite" class="link external">» Mozilla cipher recommendations</a>,
with two additional exclusions: anonymous Diffie-Hellman ciphers, and RC4.
</p>
<p class="para">
This list can be accessed via the new
<strong><code>OPENSSL_DEFAULT_STREAM_CIPHERS</code></strong> constant, and can be
overridden (as in previous PHP versions) by setting the
<a href="context.ssl.html#context.ssl.ciphers" class="link"><code class="parameter">ciphers</code></a>
context option.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.openssl.tls-compression">
<h3 class="title">Compression disabled by default</h3>
<p class="para">
SSL/TLS compression has been disabled by default to mitigate the CRIME
attack. PHP 5.4.13 added a
<a href="context.ssl.html#context.ssl.disable-compression" class="link"><code class="parameter">disable_compression</code></a>
context option to allow compression to be disabled: this is now set to
<strong><code>TRUE</code></strong> (that is, compression is disabled) by default.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.openssl.honor-cipher-order">
<h3 class="title">Allow servers to prefer their cipher order</h3>
<p class="para">
The <code class="parameter">honor_cipher_order</code> SSL context option has been
added to allow encrypted stream servers to mitigate BEAST vulnerabilities
by preferring the server's ciphers to the client's.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.openssl.metadata">
<h3 class="title">Access the negotiated protocol and cipher</h3>
<p class="para">
The protocol and cipher that were negotiated for an encrypted stream can
now be accessed via <span class="function"><a href="function.stream-get-meta-data.html" class="function">stream_get_meta_data()</a></span> or
<span class="function"><a href="function.stream-context-get-options.html" class="function">stream_context_get_options()</a></span> when the
<code class="parameter">capture_session_meta</code> SSL context option is set to
<strong><code>TRUE</code></strong>.
</p>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br />$ctx </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">stream_context_create</span><span style="color: #007700">([</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'ssl' </span><span style="color: #007700">=> [<br /> </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'capture_session_meta' </span><span style="color: #007700">=> </span><span style="color: #0000BB">TRUE<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">]]);<br /> <br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$html </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">file_get_contents</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'https://google.com/'</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">FALSE</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$ctx</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$meta </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">stream_context_get_options</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$ctx</span><span style="color: #007700">)[</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'ssl'</span><span style="color: #007700">][</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'session_meta'</span><span style="color: #007700">];<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">var_dump</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$meta</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
<p class="para">The above example will output:</p>
<div class="example-contents screen">
<div class="cdata"><pre>
array(4) {
["protocol"]=>
string(5) "TLSv1"
["cipher_name"]=>
string(20) "ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA"
["cipher_bits"]=>
int(128)
["cipher_version"]=>
string(11) "TLSv1/SSLv3"
}
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.openssl.forward-secrecy">
<h3 class="title">New options for perfect forward secrecy in encrypted stream servers</h3>
<p class="para">
Encrypted client streams already support perfect forward secrecy, as it is
generally controlled by the server. PHP encrypted server streams using
certificates capable of perfect forward secrecy do not need to take any
additional action to enable PFS; however a number of new SSL context options
have been added to allow more control over PFS and deal with any
compatibility issues that may arise.
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
<code class="parameter">ecdh_curve</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="para">
This option allows the selection of a specific curve for use with ECDH
ciphers. If not specified, <em>prime256v1</em> will be used.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<code class="parameter">dh_param</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="para">
A path to a file containing parametrs for Diffie-Hellman key exchange,
such as that created by the following command:
</p>
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="shellcode"><pre class="shellcode">openssl dhparam -out /path/to/my/certs/dh-2048.pem 2048</pre>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>
<code class="parameter">single_dh_use</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="para">
If set to <strong><code>TRUE</code></strong>, a new key pair will be created when using
Diffie-Hellman parameters, thereby improving forward secrecy.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<code class="parameter">single_ecdh_use</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="para">
If set to <strong><code>TRUE</code></strong>, a new key pair will always be generated when ECDH
cipher suites are negotiated. This improves forward secrecy.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.openssl.crypto-method">
<h3 class="title">SSL/TLS version selection</h3>
<p class="para">
It is now possible to select specific versions of SSL and TLS via the
<code class="parameter">crypto_method</code> SSL context option or by specifying a
specific transport when creating a stream wrapper (for example, by calling
<span class="function"><a href="function.stream-socket-client.html" class="function">stream_socket_client()</a></span> or
<span class="function"><a href="function.stream-socket-server.html" class="function">stream_socket_server()</a></span>).
</p>
<p class="para">
The <code class="parameter">crypto_method</code> SSL context option accepts a
bitmask enumerating the protocols that are permitted, as does the
<code class="parameter">crypto_type</code> of
<span class="function"><a href="function.stream-socket-enable-crypto.html" class="function">stream_socket_enable_crypto()</a></span>.
</p>
<table class="segmentedlist">
<caption><strong>Selected protocol versions and corresponding options</strong></caption>
<thead><tr><th>Protocol(s)</th>
<th>Client flag</th>
<th>Server flag</th>
<th>Transport</th>
</tr></thead><tbody><tr class="seglistitem">
<td class="seg">Any TLS or SSL version</td>
<td class="seg"><strong><code>STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_ANY_CLIENT</code></strong></td>
<td class="seg"><strong><code>STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_ANY_SERVER</code></strong></td>
<td class="seg"><em>ssl://</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="seglistitem">
<td class="seg">Any TLS version</td>
<td class="seg"><strong><code>STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLS_CLIENT</code></strong></td>
<td class="seg"><strong><code>STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLS_SERVER</code></strong></td>
<td class="seg"><em>tls://</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="seglistitem">
<td class="seg">TLS 1.0</td>
<td class="seg"><strong><code>STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_0_CLIENT</code></strong></td>
<td class="seg"><strong><code>STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_0_SERVER</code></strong></td>
<td class="seg"><em>tlsv1.0://</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="seglistitem">
<td class="seg">TLS 1.1</td>
<td class="seg"><strong><code>STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_1_CLIENT</code></strong></td>
<td class="seg"><strong><code>STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_1_SERVER</code></strong></td>
<td class="seg"><em>tlsv1.1://</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="seglistitem">
<td class="seg">TLS 1.2</td>
<td class="seg"><strong><code>STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_2_CLIENT</code></strong></td>
<td class="seg"><strong><code>STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_2_SERVER</code></strong></td>
<td class="seg"><em>tlsv1.2://</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="seglistitem">
<td class="seg">SSL 3</td>
<td class="seg"><strong><code>STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_SSLv3_CLIENT</code></strong></td>
<td class="seg"><strong><code>STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_SSLv3_SERVER</code></strong></td>
<td class="seg"><em>sslv3://</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #FF8000">// Requiring TLS 1.0 or better when using file_get_contents():<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$ctx </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">stream_context_create</span><span style="color: #007700">([<br /> </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'ssl' </span><span style="color: #007700">=> [<br /> </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'crypto_method' </span><span style="color: #007700">=> </span><span style="color: #0000BB">STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLS_CLIENT</span><span style="color: #007700">,<br /> ],<br />]);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$html </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">file_get_contents</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'https://google.com/'</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">false</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$ctx</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #FF8000">// Requiring TLS 1.1 or 1.2:<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$ctx </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">stream_context_create</span><span style="color: #007700">([<br /> </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'ssl' </span><span style="color: #007700">=> [<br /> </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'crypto_method' </span><span style="color: #007700">=> </span><span style="color: #0000BB">STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_1_CLIENT </span><span style="color: #007700">|<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000BB">STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_2_CLIENT</span><span style="color: #007700">,<br /> ],<br />]);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$html </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">file_get_contents</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'https://google.com/'</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">false</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$ctx</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #FF8000">// Connecting using the tlsv1.2:// stream socket transport.<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$sock </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">stream_socket_client</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'tlsv1.2://google.com:443/'</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.openssl.default-certificate-paths">
<h3 class="title"><span class="function"><a href="function.openssl-get-cert-locations.html" class="function">openssl_get_cert_locations()</a></span> added</h3>
<p class="para">
The <span class="function"><a href="function.openssl-get-cert-locations.html" class="function">openssl_get_cert_locations()</a></span> function has been
added: it returns the default locations PHP will search when looking for
CA bundles.
</p>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br />var_dump</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_get_cert_locations</span><span style="color: #007700">());<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
<p class="para">The above example will output:</p>
<div class="example-contents screen">
<div class="cdata"><pre>
array(8) {
["default_cert_file"]=>
string(21) "/etc/pki/tls/cert.pem"
["default_cert_file_env"]=>
string(13) "SSL_CERT_FILE"
["default_cert_dir"]=>
string(18) "/etc/pki/tls/certs"
["default_cert_dir_env"]=>
string(12) "SSL_CERT_DIR"
["default_private_dir"]=>
string(20) "/etc/pki/tls/private"
["default_default_cert_area"]=>
string(12) "/etc/pki/tls"
["ini_cafile"]=>
string(0) ""
["ini_capath"]=>
string(0) ""
}
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.openssl.spki">
<h3 class="title">SPKI support</h3>
<p class="para">
Support has been added for generating, extracting and verifying signed
public key and challenges (SPKAC). <span class="function"><a href="function.openssl-spki-new.html" class="function">openssl_spki_new()</a></span>,
<span class="function"><a href="function.openssl-spki-verify.html" class="function">openssl_spki_verify()</a></span>,
<span class="function"><a href="function.openssl-spki-export-challenge.html" class="function">openssl_spki_export_challenge()</a></span>, and
<span class="function"><a href="function.openssl-spki-export.html" class="function">openssl_spki_export()</a></span> have been added to create, verify
export PEM public key and associated challenge from SPKAC's generated from
a <em>KeyGen</em> HTML5 element.
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
<code class="parameter">openssl_spki_new</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="para">
Generates a new SPKAC using private key, challenge string and hashing
algorithm.
</p>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br />$pkey </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_pkey_new</span><span style="color: #007700">();<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_pkey_export</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$pkey</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'secret passphrase'</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$spkac </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_spki_new</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$pkey</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'challenge string'</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
<p class="para">The above example will output:</p>
<div class="example-contents screen">
<div class="cdata"><pre>
SPKAC=MIIBXjCByDCBnzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOBjQAwgYkCgYEA3L0IfUijj7+A8CPC8EmhcdNoe5fUAog7OrBdhn7EkxFButUp40P7+LiYiygYG1TmoI/a5EgsLU3s9twEz3hmgY9mYIqb/rb+SF8qlD/K6KVyUORC7Wlz1Df4L8O3DuRGzx6/+3jIW6cPBpfgH1sVuYS1vDBsP/gMMIxwTsKJ4P0CAwEAARYkYjViMzYxMTktNjY5YS00ZDljLWEyYzctMGZjNGFhMjVlMmE2MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAwUAA4GBAF7hu0ifzmjonhAak2FhhBRsKFDzXdKIkrWxVNe8e0bZzMrWOxFM/rqBgeH3/gtOUDRS5Fnzyq425UsTYbjfiKzxGeCYCQJb1KJ2V5Ij/mIJHZr53WYEXHQTNMGR8RPm7IxwVXVSHIgAfXsXZ9IXNbFbcaLRiSTr9/N4U+MXUWL7
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>
<code class="parameter">openssl_spki_verify</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="para">
Verifies provided SPKAC.
</p>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br />$pkey </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_pkey_new</span><span style="color: #007700">();<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_pkey_export</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$pkey</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'secret passphrase'</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$spkac </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_spki_new</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$pkey</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'challenge string'</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">var_dump</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_spki_verify</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$spkac</span><span style="color: #007700">));<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>
<code class="parameter">openssl_spki_export_challenge</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="para">
Exports associated challenge from provided SPKAC.
</p>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br />$pkey </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_pkey_new</span><span style="color: #007700">();<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_pkey_export</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$pkey</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'secret passphrase'</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$spkac </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_spki_new</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$pkey</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'challenge string'</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$challenge </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_spki_export_challenge</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$spkac</span><span style="color: #007700">):<br />echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$challenge</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
<p class="para">The above example will output:</p>
<div class="example-contents screen">
<div class="cdata"><pre>
challenge string
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>
<code class="parameter">openssl_spki_export</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="para">
Exports the PEM formatted RSA public key from SPKAC.
</p>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br />$pkey </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_pkey_new</span><span style="color: #007700">();<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_pkey_export</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$pkey</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'secret passphrase'</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$spkac </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_spki_new</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$pkey</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'challenge string'</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br />echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">openssl_spki_export</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$spkac</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
<p class="para">The above example will output:</p>
<div class="example-contents screen">
<div class="cdata"><pre>
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQDcvQh9SKOPv4DwI8LwSaFx02h7
l9QCiDs6sF2GfsSTEUG61SnjQ/v4uJiLKBgbVOagj9rkSCwtTez23ATPeGaBj2Zg
ipv+tv5IXyqUP8ropXJQ5ELtbXPUN/gvw7cO5EbPHr/7eMhbpw8Gl+AfWxW5hLW8
MGw/+AwwjHBOwong/QIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
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