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<div class="section" id="special-character-handling-in-urls">
<h1>Special character handling in URLs<a class="headerlink" href="#special-character-handling-in-urls" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Bazaar allows locations to be specified in multiple ways, either:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li>Fully qualified URLs</li>
<li>File system paths, relative or absolute</li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
<p>Internally bzr treats all locations as URLs. For any file system paths
that are specified it will automatically determine the appropriate URL
representation, and escape special characters where necessary.</p>
<p>There are a few characters which have special meaning in URLs and need careful
handling to avoid ambiguities. Characters can be escaped with a % and a hex
value in URLs. Any non-ASCII characters in a file path will automatically be
urlencoded when the path is converted to a URL.</p>
<p>URLs represent non-ASCII characters in an encoding defined by the server, but
usually UTF-8. The % escapes should be of the UTF-8 bytes. Bazaar tries to be
generous in what it accepts as a URL and to print them in a way that
will be readable.</p>
<p>For example, if you have a directory named ‘/tmp/%2False’ these are all valid
ways of accessing the content (0x2F, or 47, is the ASCII code for forward slash):</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">cd</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span>
<span class="n">bzr</span> <span class="n">log</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="o">/%</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="kc">False</span>
<span class="n">bzr</span> <span class="n">log</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="kc">False</span>
<span class="n">bzr</span> <span class="n">log</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="o">///</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="o">/%</span><span class="mi">252</span><span class="kc">False</span>
<span class="n">bzr</span> <span class="n">log</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="n">localhost</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="o">/%</span><span class="mi">252</span><span class="kc">False</span>
<span class="n">bzr</span> <span class="n">log</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">252</span><span class="kc">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>These are valid but do not refer to the same file:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">bzr</span> <span class="n">log</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="o">///</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="o">/%</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="kc">False</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">refers</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="n">file</span> <span class="n">called</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="o">/</span>\<span class="o">/</span><span class="n">alse</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">bzr</span> <span class="n">log</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">252</span><span class="kc">False</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">refers</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="n">file</span> <span class="n">called</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="o">/%</span><span class="mi">252</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Comma also has special meaning in URLs, because it denotes <a class="reference internal" href="#segment-parameters">segment parameters</a></p>
<p><span class="target" id="segment-parameters">segment parameters</span>: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt</a> (section 3.3)</p>
<p>Comma is also special in any file system paths that are specified. To use a literal
comma in a file system path, specify a URL and URL encode the comma:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">bzr</span> <span class="n">log</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">branch</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">bla</span> <span class="c1"># path "foo" with the segment parameter "branch" set to "bla"</span>
<span class="n">bzr</span> <span class="n">log</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">Cbranch</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">bla</span> <span class="c1"># path "foo,branch=bla"</span>
<span class="n">bzr</span> <span class="n">log</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">branch</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">bla</span> <span class="c1"># path "foo" with segment parameter "branch" set to "bla"</span>
</pre></div>
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