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<p class="section-title">STDLIB</p>
<p class="section-subtitle">Reference Manual</p>
<p class="section-version">Version 3.7</p>
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<h3>Table of Contents</h3>
<ul class="flipMenu">
<li title="STDLIB (App)"><a href="STDLIB_app.html">STDLIB (App)
</a></li>
<li id="no" title="array " expanded="false">array<ul>
<li><a href="array.html">
Top of manual page
</a></li>
<li title="default-1"><a href="array.html#default-1">default/1</a></li>
<li title="fix-1"><a href="array.html#fix-1">fix/1</a></li>
<li title="foldl-3"><a href="array.html#foldl-3">foldl/3</a></li>
<li title="foldr-3"><a href="array.html#foldr-3">foldr/3</a></li>
<li title="from_list-1"><a href="array.html#from_list-1">from_list/1</a></li>
<li title="from_list-2"><a href="array.html#from_list-2">from_list/2</a></li>
<li title="from_orddict-1"><a href="array.html#from_orddict-1">from_orddict/1</a></li>
<li title="from_orddict-2"><a href="array.html#from_orddict-2">from_orddict/2</a></li>
<li title="get-2"><a href="array.html#get-2">get/2</a></li>
<li title="is_array-1"><a href="array.html#is_array-1">is_array/1</a></li>
<li title="is_fix-1"><a href="array.html#is_fix-1">is_fix/1</a></li>
<li title="map-2"><a href="array.html#map-2">map/2</a></li>
<li title="new-0"><a href="array.html#new-0">new/0</a></li>
<li title="new-1"><a href="array.html#new-1">new/1</a></li>
<li title="new-2"><a href="array.html#new-2">new/2</a></li>
<li title="relax-1"><a href="array.html#relax-1">relax/1</a></li>
<li title="reset-2"><a href="array.html#reset-2">reset/2</a></li>
<li title="resize-1"><a href="array.html#resize-1">resize/1</a></li>
<li title="resize-2"><a href="array.html#resize-2">resize/2</a></li>
<li title="set-3"><a href="array.html#set-3">set/3</a></li>
<li title="size-1"><a href="array.html#size-1">size/1</a></li>
<li title="sparse_foldl-3"><a href="array.html#sparse_foldl-3">sparse_foldl/3</a></li>
<li title="sparse_foldr-3"><a href="array.html#sparse_foldr-3">sparse_foldr/3</a></li>
<li title="sparse_map-2"><a href="array.html#sparse_map-2">sparse_map/2</a></li>
<li title="sparse_size-1"><a href="array.html#sparse_size-1">sparse_size/1</a></li>
<li title="sparse_to_list-1"><a href="array.html#sparse_to_list-1">sparse_to_list/1</a></li>
<li title="sparse_to_orddict-1"><a href="array.html#sparse_to_orddict-1">sparse_to_orddict/1</a></li>
<li title="to_list-1"><a href="array.html#to_list-1">to_list/1</a></li>
<li title="to_orddict-1"><a href="array.html#to_orddict-1">to_orddict/1</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li title="assert.hrl"><a href="assert.hrl.html">assert.hrl</a></li>
<li id="no" title="base64 " expanded="false">base64<ul>
<li><a href="base64.html">
Top of manual page
</a></li>
<li title="decode-1"><a href="base64.html#decode-1">decode/1</a></li>
<li title="decode_to_string-1"><a href="base64.html#decode_to_string-1">decode_to_string/1</a></li>
<li title="encode-1"><a href="base64.html#encode-1">encode/1</a></li>
<li title="encode_to_string-1"><a href="base64.html#encode_to_string-1">encode_to_string/1</a></li>
<li title="mime_decode-1"><a href="base64.html#mime_decode-1">mime_decode/1</a></li>
<li title="mime_decode_to_string-1"><a href="base64.html#mime_decode_to_string-1">mime_decode_to_string/1</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="no" title="beam_lib " expanded="false">beam_lib<ul>
<li><a href="beam_lib.html">
Top of manual page
</a></li>
<li title="all_chunks-1"><a href="beam_lib.html#all_chunks-1">all_chunks/1</a></li>
<li title="build_module-1"><a href="beam_lib.html#build_module-1">build_module/1</a></li>
<li title="chunks-2"><a href="beam_lib.html#chunks-2">chunks/2</a></li>
<li title="chunks-3"><a href="beam_lib.html#chunks-3">chunks/3</a></li>
<li title="clear_crypto_key_fun-0"><a href="beam_lib.html#clear_crypto_key_fun-0">clear_crypto_key_fun/0</a></li>
<li title="cmp-2"><a href="beam_lib.html#cmp-2">cmp/2</a></li>
<li title="cmp_dirs-2"><a href="beam_lib.html#cmp_dirs-2">cmp_dirs/2</a></li>
<li title="crypto_key_fun-1"><a href="beam_lib.html#crypto_key_fun-1">crypto_key_fun/1</a></li>
<li title="diff_dirs-2"><a href="beam_lib.html#diff_dirs-2">diff_dirs/2</a></li>
<li title="format_error-1"><a href="beam_lib.html#format_error-1">format_error/1</a></li>
<li title="info-1"><a href="beam_lib.html#info-1">info/1</a></li>
<li title="md5-1"><a href="beam_lib.html#md5-1">md5/1</a></li>
<li title="strip-1"><a href="beam_lib.html#strip-1">strip/1</a></li>
<li title="strip_files-1"><a href="beam_lib.html#strip_files-1">strip_files/1</a></li>
<li title="strip_release-1"><a href="beam_lib.html#strip_release-1">strip_release/1</a></li>
<li title="version-1"><a href="beam_lib.html#version-1">version/1</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="no" title="binary " expanded="false">binary<ul>
<li><a href="binary.html">
Top of manual page
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<li title="at-2"><a href="binary.html#at-2">at/2</a></li>
<li title="bin_to_list-1"><a href="binary.html#bin_to_list-1">bin_to_list/1</a></li>
<li title="bin_to_list-2"><a href="binary.html#bin_to_list-2">bin_to_list/2</a></li>
<li title="bin_to_list-3"><a href="binary.html#bin_to_list-3">bin_to_list/3</a></li>
<li title="compile_pattern-1"><a href="binary.html#compile_pattern-1">compile_pattern/1</a></li>
<li title="copy-1"><a href="binary.html#copy-1">copy/1</a></li>
<li title="copy-2"><a href="binary.html#copy-2">copy/2</a></li>
<li title="decode_unsigned-1"><a href="binary.html#decode_unsigned-1">decode_unsigned/1</a></li>
<li title="decode_unsigned-2"><a href="binary.html#decode_unsigned-2">decode_unsigned/2</a></li>
<li title="encode_unsigned-1"><a href="binary.html#encode_unsigned-1">encode_unsigned/1</a></li>
<li title="encode_unsigned-2"><a href="binary.html#encode_unsigned-2">encode_unsigned/2</a></li>
<li title="first-1"><a href="binary.html#first-1">first/1</a></li>
<li title="last-1"><a href="binary.html#last-1">last/1</a></li>
<li title="list_to_bin-1"><a href="binary.html#list_to_bin-1">list_to_bin/1</a></li>
<li title="longest_common_prefix-1"><a href="binary.html#longest_common_prefix-1">longest_common_prefix/1</a></li>
<li title="longest_common_suffix-1"><a href="binary.html#longest_common_suffix-1">longest_common_suffix/1</a></li>
<li title="match-2"><a href="binary.html#match-2">match/2</a></li>
<li title="match-3"><a href="binary.html#match-3">match/3</a></li>
<li title="matches-2"><a href="binary.html#matches-2">matches/2</a></li>
<li title="matches-3"><a href="binary.html#matches-3">matches/3</a></li>
<li title="part-2"><a href="binary.html#part-2">part/2</a></li>
<li title="part-3"><a href="binary.html#part-3">part/3</a></li>
<li title="referenced_byte_size-1"><a href="binary.html#referenced_byte_size-1">referenced_byte_size/1</a></li>
<li title="replace-3"><a href="binary.html#replace-3">replace/3</a></li>
<li title="replace-4"><a href="binary.html#replace-4">replace/4</a></li>
<li title="split-2"><a href="binary.html#split-2">split/2</a></li>
<li title="split-3"><a href="binary.html#split-3">split/3</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="no" title="c " expanded="false">c<ul>
<li><a href="c.html">
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<li title="bt-1"><a href="c.html#bt-1">bt/1</a></li>
<li title="c-1"><a href="c.html#c-1">c/1</a></li>
<li title="c-2"><a href="c.html#c-2">c/2</a></li>
<li title="c-3"><a href="c.html#c-3">c/3</a></li>
<li title="cd-1"><a href="c.html#cd-1">cd/1</a></li>
<li title="erlangrc-1"><a href="c.html#erlangrc-1">erlangrc/1</a></li>
<li title="flush-0"><a href="c.html#flush-0">flush/0</a></li>
<li title="help-0"><a href="c.html#help-0">help/0</a></li>
<li title="i-0"><a href="c.html#i-0">i/0</a></li>
<li title="i-3"><a href="c.html#i-3">i/3</a></li>
<li title="l-1"><a href="c.html#l-1">l/1</a></li>
<li title="lc-1"><a href="c.html#lc-1">lc/1</a></li>
<li title="lm-0"><a href="c.html#lm-0">lm/0</a></li>
<li title="ls-0"><a href="c.html#ls-0">ls/0</a></li>
<li title="ls-1"><a href="c.html#ls-1">ls/1</a></li>
<li title="m-0"><a href="c.html#m-0">m/0</a></li>
<li title="m-1"><a href="c.html#m-1">m/1</a></li>
<li title="memory-0"><a href="c.html#memory-0">memory/0</a></li>
<li title="memory-1"><a href="c.html#memory-1">memory/1</a></li>
<li title="mm-0"><a href="c.html#mm-0">mm/0</a></li>
<li title="nc-1"><a href="c.html#nc-1">nc/1</a></li>
<li title="nc-2"><a href="c.html#nc-2">nc/2</a></li>
<li title="ni-0"><a href="c.html#ni-0">ni/0</a></li>
<li title="nl-1"><a href="c.html#nl-1">nl/1</a></li>
<li title="nregs-0"><a href="c.html#nregs-0">nregs/0</a></li>
<li title="pid-3"><a href="c.html#pid-3">pid/3</a></li>
<li title="pwd-0"><a href="c.html#pwd-0">pwd/0</a></li>
<li title="q-0"><a href="c.html#q-0">q/0</a></li>
<li title="regs-0"><a href="c.html#regs-0">regs/0</a></li>
<li title="uptime-0"><a href="c.html#uptime-0">uptime/0</a></li>
<li title="xm-1"><a href="c.html#xm-1">xm/1</a></li>
<li title="y-1"><a href="c.html#y-1">y/1</a></li>
<li title="y-2"><a href="c.html#y-2">y/2</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="no" title="calendar " expanded="false">calendar<ul>
<li><a href="calendar.html">
Top of manual page
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<li title="date_to_gregorian_days-1"><a href="calendar.html#date_to_gregorian_days-1">date_to_gregorian_days/1</a></li>
<li title="date_to_gregorian_days-3"><a href="calendar.html#date_to_gregorian_days-3">date_to_gregorian_days/3</a></li>
<li title="datetime_to_gregorian_seconds-1"><a href="calendar.html#datetime_to_gregorian_seconds-1">datetime_to_gregorian_seconds/1</a></li>
<li title="day_of_the_week-1"><a href="calendar.html#day_of_the_week-1">day_of_the_week/1</a></li>
<li title="day_of_the_week-3"><a href="calendar.html#day_of_the_week-3">day_of_the_week/3</a></li>
<li title="gregorian_days_to_date-1"><a href="calendar.html#gregorian_days_to_date-1">gregorian_days_to_date/1</a></li>
<li title="gregorian_seconds_to_datetime-1"><a href="calendar.html#gregorian_seconds_to_datetime-1">gregorian_seconds_to_datetime/1</a></li>
<li title="is_leap_year-1"><a href="calendar.html#is_leap_year-1">is_leap_year/1</a></li>
<li title="iso_week_number-0"><a href="calendar.html#iso_week_number-0">iso_week_number/0</a></li>
<li title="iso_week_number-1"><a href="calendar.html#iso_week_number-1">iso_week_number/1</a></li>
<li title="last_day_of_the_month-2"><a href="calendar.html#last_day_of_the_month-2">last_day_of_the_month/2</a></li>
<li title="local_time-0"><a href="calendar.html#local_time-0">local_time/0</a></li>
<li title="local_time_to_universal_time-1"><a href="calendar.html#local_time_to_universal_time-1">local_time_to_universal_time/1</a></li>
<li title="local_time_to_universal_time_dst-1"><a href="calendar.html#local_time_to_universal_time_dst-1">local_time_to_universal_time_dst/1</a></li>
<li title="now_to_datetime-1"><a href="calendar.html#now_to_datetime-1">now_to_datetime/1</a></li>
<li title="now_to_local_time-1"><a href="calendar.html#now_to_local_time-1">now_to_local_time/1</a></li>
<li title="now_to_universal_time-1"><a href="calendar.html#now_to_universal_time-1">now_to_universal_time/1</a></li>
<li title="rfc3339_to_system_time-1"><a href="calendar.html#rfc3339_to_system_time-1">rfc3339_to_system_time/1</a></li>
<li title="rfc3339_to_system_time-2"><a href="calendar.html#rfc3339_to_system_time-2">rfc3339_to_system_time/2</a></li>
<li title="seconds_to_daystime-1"><a href="calendar.html#seconds_to_daystime-1">seconds_to_daystime/1</a></li>
<li title="seconds_to_time-1"><a href="calendar.html#seconds_to_time-1">seconds_to_time/1</a></li>
<li title="system_time_to_local_time-2"><a href="calendar.html#system_time_to_local_time-2">system_time_to_local_time/2</a></li>
<li title="system_time_to_rfc3339-1"><a href="calendar.html#system_time_to_rfc3339-1">system_time_to_rfc3339/1</a></li>
<li title="system_time_to_rfc3339-2"><a href="calendar.html#system_time_to_rfc3339-2">system_time_to_rfc3339/2</a></li>
<li title="system_time_to_universal_time-2"><a href="calendar.html#system_time_to_universal_time-2">system_time_to_universal_time/2</a></li>
<li title="time_difference-2"><a href="calendar.html#time_difference-2">time_difference/2</a></li>
<li title="time_to_seconds-1"><a href="calendar.html#time_to_seconds-1">time_to_seconds/1</a></li>
<li title="universal_time-0"><a href="calendar.html#universal_time-0">universal_time/0</a></li>
<li title="universal_time_to_local_time-1"><a href="calendar.html#universal_time_to_local_time-1">universal_time_to_local_time/1</a></li>
<li title="valid_date-1"><a href="calendar.html#valid_date-1">valid_date/1</a></li>
<li title="valid_date-3"><a href="calendar.html#valid_date-3">valid_date/3</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="no" title="dets " expanded="false">dets<ul>
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<li title="all-0"><a href="dets.html#all-0">all/0</a></li>
<li title="bchunk-2"><a href="dets.html#bchunk-2">bchunk/2</a></li>
<li title="close-1"><a href="dets.html#close-1">close/1</a></li>
<li title="delete-2"><a href="dets.html#delete-2">delete/2</a></li>
<li title="delete_all_objects-1"><a href="dets.html#delete_all_objects-1">delete_all_objects/1</a></li>
<li title="delete_object-2"><a href="dets.html#delete_object-2">delete_object/2</a></li>
<li title="first-1"><a href="dets.html#first-1">first/1</a></li>
<li title="foldl-3"><a href="dets.html#foldl-3">foldl/3</a></li>
<li title="foldr-3"><a href="dets.html#foldr-3">foldr/3</a></li>
<li title="from_ets-2"><a href="dets.html#from_ets-2">from_ets/2</a></li>
<li title="info-1"><a href="dets.html#info-1">info/1</a></li>
<li title="info-2"><a href="dets.html#info-2">info/2</a></li>
<li title="init_table-2"><a href="dets.html#init_table-2">init_table/2</a></li>
<li title="init_table-3"><a href="dets.html#init_table-3">init_table/3</a></li>
<li title="insert-2"><a href="dets.html#insert-2">insert/2</a></li>
<li title="insert_new-2"><a href="dets.html#insert_new-2">insert_new/2</a></li>
<li title="is_compatible_bchunk_format-2"><a href="dets.html#is_compatible_bchunk_format-2">is_compatible_bchunk_format/2</a></li>
<li title="is_dets_file-1"><a href="dets.html#is_dets_file-1">is_dets_file/1</a></li>
<li title="lookup-2"><a href="dets.html#lookup-2">lookup/2</a></li>
<li title="match-1"><a href="dets.html#match-1">match/1</a></li>
<li title="match-2"><a href="dets.html#match-2">match/2</a></li>
<li title="match-3"><a href="dets.html#match-3">match/3</a></li>
<li title="match_delete-2"><a href="dets.html#match_delete-2">match_delete/2</a></li>
<li title="match_object-1"><a href="dets.html#match_object-1">match_object/1</a></li>
<li title="match_object-2"><a href="dets.html#match_object-2">match_object/2</a></li>
<li title="match_object-3"><a href="dets.html#match_object-3">match_object/3</a></li>
<li title="member-2"><a href="dets.html#member-2">member/2</a></li>
<li title="next-2"><a href="dets.html#next-2">next/2</a></li>
<li title="open_file-1"><a href="dets.html#open_file-1">open_file/1</a></li>
<li title="open_file-2"><a href="dets.html#open_file-2">open_file/2</a></li>
<li title="pid2name-1"><a href="dets.html#pid2name-1">pid2name/1</a></li>
<li title="repair_continuation-2"><a href="dets.html#repair_continuation-2">repair_continuation/2</a></li>
<li title="safe_fixtable-2"><a href="dets.html#safe_fixtable-2">safe_fixtable/2</a></li>
<li title="select-1"><a href="dets.html#select-1">select/1</a></li>
<li title="select-2"><a href="dets.html#select-2">select/2</a></li>
<li title="select-3"><a href="dets.html#select-3">select/3</a></li>
<li title="select_delete-2"><a href="dets.html#select_delete-2">select_delete/2</a></li>
<li title="slot-2"><a href="dets.html#slot-2">slot/2</a></li>
<li title="sync-1"><a href="dets.html#sync-1">sync/1</a></li>
<li title="table-1"><a href="dets.html#table-1">table/1</a></li>
<li title="table-2"><a href="dets.html#table-2">table/2</a></li>
<li title="to_ets-2"><a href="dets.html#to_ets-2">to_ets/2</a></li>
<li title="traverse-2"><a href="dets.html#traverse-2">traverse/2</a></li>
<li title="update_counter-3"><a href="dets.html#update_counter-3">update_counter/3</a></li>
</ul>
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<li id="no" title="dict " expanded="false">dict<ul>
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<li title="append-3"><a href="dict.html#append-3">append/3</a></li>
<li title="append_list-3"><a href="dict.html#append_list-3">append_list/3</a></li>
<li title="erase-2"><a href="dict.html#erase-2">erase/2</a></li>
<li title="fetch-2"><a href="dict.html#fetch-2">fetch/2</a></li>
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</ul>
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<li id="no" title="gb_sets " expanded="false">gb_sets<ul>
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<li title="from_list-1"><a href="gb_sets.html#from_list-1">from_list/1</a></li>
<li title="from_ordset-1"><a href="gb_sets.html#from_ordset-1">from_ordset/1</a></li>
<li title="insert-2"><a href="gb_sets.html#insert-2">insert/2</a></li>
<li title="intersection-1"><a href="gb_sets.html#intersection-1">intersection/1</a></li>
<li title="intersection-2"><a href="gb_sets.html#intersection-2">intersection/2</a></li>
<li title="is_disjoint-2"><a href="gb_sets.html#is_disjoint-2">is_disjoint/2</a></li>
<li title="is_element-2"><a href="gb_sets.html#is_element-2">is_element/2</a></li>
<li title="is_empty-1"><a href="gb_sets.html#is_empty-1">is_empty/1</a></li>
<li title="is_member-2"><a href="gb_sets.html#is_member-2">is_member/2</a></li>
<li title="is_set-1"><a href="gb_sets.html#is_set-1">is_set/1</a></li>
<li title="is_subset-2"><a href="gb_sets.html#is_subset-2">is_subset/2</a></li>
<li title="iterator-1"><a href="gb_sets.html#iterator-1">iterator/1</a></li>
<li title="iterator_from-2"><a href="gb_sets.html#iterator_from-2">iterator_from/2</a></li>
<li title="largest-1"><a href="gb_sets.html#largest-1">largest/1</a></li>
<li title="new-0"><a href="gb_sets.html#new-0">new/0</a></li>
<li title="next-1"><a href="gb_sets.html#next-1">next/1</a></li>
<li title="singleton-1"><a href="gb_sets.html#singleton-1">singleton/1</a></li>
<li title="size-1"><a href="gb_sets.html#size-1">size/1</a></li>
<li title="smallest-1"><a href="gb_sets.html#smallest-1">smallest/1</a></li>
<li title="subtract-2"><a href="gb_sets.html#subtract-2">subtract/2</a></li>
<li title="take_largest-1"><a href="gb_sets.html#take_largest-1">take_largest/1</a></li>
<li title="take_smallest-1"><a href="gb_sets.html#take_smallest-1">take_smallest/1</a></li>
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</ul>
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<li id="no" title="gb_trees " expanded="false">gb_trees<ul>
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<li title="balance-1"><a href="gb_trees.html#balance-1">balance/1</a></li>
<li title="delete-2"><a href="gb_trees.html#delete-2">delete/2</a></li>
<li title="delete_any-2"><a href="gb_trees.html#delete_any-2">delete_any/2</a></li>
<li title="empty-0"><a href="gb_trees.html#empty-0">empty/0</a></li>
<li title="enter-3"><a href="gb_trees.html#enter-3">enter/3</a></li>
<li title="from_orddict-1"><a href="gb_trees.html#from_orddict-1">from_orddict/1</a></li>
<li title="get-2"><a href="gb_trees.html#get-2">get/2</a></li>
<li title="insert-3"><a href="gb_trees.html#insert-3">insert/3</a></li>
<li title="is_defined-2"><a href="gb_trees.html#is_defined-2">is_defined/2</a></li>
<li title="is_empty-1"><a href="gb_trees.html#is_empty-1">is_empty/1</a></li>
<li title="iterator-1"><a href="gb_trees.html#iterator-1">iterator/1</a></li>
<li title="iterator_from-2"><a href="gb_trees.html#iterator_from-2">iterator_from/2</a></li>
<li title="keys-1"><a href="gb_trees.html#keys-1">keys/1</a></li>
<li title="largest-1"><a href="gb_trees.html#largest-1">largest/1</a></li>
<li title="lookup-2"><a href="gb_trees.html#lookup-2">lookup/2</a></li>
<li title="map-2"><a href="gb_trees.html#map-2">map/2</a></li>
<li title="next-1"><a href="gb_trees.html#next-1">next/1</a></li>
<li title="size-1"><a href="gb_trees.html#size-1">size/1</a></li>
<li title="smallest-1"><a href="gb_trees.html#smallest-1">smallest/1</a></li>
<li title="take-2"><a href="gb_trees.html#take-2">take/2</a></li>
<li title="take_any-2"><a href="gb_trees.html#take_any-2">take_any/2</a></li>
<li title="take_largest-1"><a href="gb_trees.html#take_largest-1">take_largest/1</a></li>
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<li title="update-3"><a href="gb_trees.html#update-3">update/3</a></li>
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</ul>
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<li id="no" title="gen_event " expanded="false">gen_event<ul>
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<li title="start-1"><a href="gen_event.html#start-1">start/1</a></li>
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</ul>
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<li id="no" title="gen_server " expanded="false">gen_server<ul>
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<li title="abcast-2"><a href="gen_server.html#abcast-2">abcast/2</a></li>
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<li title="call-2"><a href="gen_server.html#call-2">call/2</a></li>
<li title="call-3"><a href="gen_server.html#call-3">call/3</a></li>
<li title="cast-2"><a href="gen_server.html#cast-2">cast/2</a></li>
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<li title="start-3"><a href="gen_server.html#start-3">start/3</a></li>
<li title="start-4"><a href="gen_server.html#start-4">start/4</a></li>
<li title="start_link-3"><a href="gen_server.html#start_link-3">start_link/3</a></li>
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<li title="Module:code_change-3"><a href="gen_server.html#Module:code_change-3">Module:code_change/3</a></li>
<li title="Module:format_status-2"><a href="gen_server.html#Module:format_status-2">Module:format_status/2</a></li>
<li title="Module:handle_call-3"><a href="gen_server.html#Module:handle_call-3">Module:handle_call/3</a></li>
<li title="Module:handle_cast-2"><a href="gen_server.html#Module:handle_cast-2">Module:handle_cast/2</a></li>
<li title="Module:handle_continue-2"><a href="gen_server.html#Module:handle_continue-2">Module:handle_continue/2</a></li>
<li title="Module:handle_info-2"><a href="gen_server.html#Module:handle_info-2">Module:handle_info/2</a></li>
<li title="Module:init-1"><a href="gen_server.html#Module:init-1">Module:init/1</a></li>
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</ul>
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<li id="no" title="gen_statem " expanded="false">gen_statem<ul>
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<li title="call-2"><a href="gen_statem.html#call-2">call/2</a></li>
<li title="call-3"><a href="gen_statem.html#call-3">call/3</a></li>
<li title="cast-2"><a href="gen_statem.html#cast-2">cast/2</a></li>
<li title="enter_loop-4"><a href="gen_statem.html#enter_loop-4">enter_loop/4</a></li>
<li title="enter_loop-5"><a href="gen_statem.html#enter_loop-5">enter_loop/5</a></li>
<li title="enter_loop-6"><a href="gen_statem.html#enter_loop-6">enter_loop/6</a></li>
<li title="reply-1"><a href="gen_statem.html#reply-1">reply/1</a></li>
<li title="reply-2"><a href="gen_statem.html#reply-2">reply/2</a></li>
<li title="start-3"><a href="gen_statem.html#start-3">start/3</a></li>
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<li title="Module:StateName-3"><a href="gen_statem.html#Module:StateName-3">Module:StateName/3</a></li>
<li title="Module:StateName-3"><a href="gen_statem.html#Module:StateName-3">Module:StateName/3</a></li>
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<li title="dissect_query-1"><a href="uri_string.html#dissect_query-1">dissect_query/1</a></li>
<li title="normalize-1"><a href="uri_string.html#normalize-1">normalize/1</a></li>
<li title="normalize-2"><a href="uri_string.html#normalize-2">normalize/2</a></li>
<li title="parse-1"><a href="uri_string.html#parse-1">parse/1</a></li>
<li title="recompose-1"><a href="uri_string.html#recompose-1">recompose/1</a></li>
<li title="transcode-2"><a href="uri_string.html#transcode-2">transcode/2</a></li>
</ul>
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Top of manual page
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<li title="close-1"><a href="win32reg.html#close-1">close/1</a></li>
<li title="current_key-1"><a href="win32reg.html#current_key-1">current_key/1</a></li>
<li title="delete_key-1"><a href="win32reg.html#delete_key-1">delete_key/1</a></li>
<li title="delete_value-2"><a href="win32reg.html#delete_value-2">delete_value/2</a></li>
<li title="expand-1"><a href="win32reg.html#expand-1">expand/1</a></li>
<li title="format_error-1"><a href="win32reg.html#format_error-1">format_error/1</a></li>
<li title="open-1"><a href="win32reg.html#open-1">open/1</a></li>
<li title="set_value-3"><a href="win32reg.html#set_value-3">set_value/3</a></li>
<li title="sub_keys-1"><a href="win32reg.html#sub_keys-1">sub_keys/1</a></li>
<li title="value-2"><a href="win32reg.html#value-2">value/2</a></li>
<li title="values-1"><a href="win32reg.html#values-1">values/1</a></li>
</ul>
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<li title="extract-1"><a href="zip.html#extract-1">extract/1</a></li>
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<div id="content">
<div class="innertube">
<!-- refpage --><center><h1>ets</h1></center>
<h3><span onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-module-idm281471868924792').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-module-idm281471868924792').style.visibility = 'hidden';"><span id="ghlink-module-idm281471868924792"></span><a class="title_link" name="module" href="#module">Module</a></span></h3>
<div class="REFBODY module-body">ets</div>
<h3><span onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-module-summary-idm281471868924344').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-module-summary-idm281471868924344').style.visibility = 'hidden';"><span id="ghlink-module-summary-idm281471868924344"></span><a class="title_link" name="module-summary" href="#module-summary">Module Summary</a></span></h3>
<div class="REFBODY module-summary-body">Built-in term storage.</div>
<h3><span onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-description-idm281471868923896').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-description-idm281471868923896').style.visibility = 'hidden';"><span id="ghlink-description-idm281471868923896" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L33" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span><a class="title_link" name="description" href="#description">Description</a></span></h3>
<div class="REFBODY description-body"><p>
<p>This module is an interface to the Erlang built-in term storage
BIFs. These provide the ability to store very large quantities of
data in an Erlang runtime system, and to have constant access
time to the data. (In the case of <span class="code">ordered_set</span>, see below,
access time is proportional to the logarithm of the number of
stored objects.)</p>
<p>Data is organized as a set of dynamic tables, which can store
tuples. Each table is created by a process. When the process
terminates, the table is automatically destroyed. Every table has
access rights set at creation.</p>
<p>Tables are divided into four different types, <span class="code">set</span>,
<span class="code">ordered_set</span>, <span class="code">bag</span>, and <span class="code">duplicate_bag</span>.
A <span class="code">set</span> or <span class="code">ordered_set</span> table can only have one object
associated with each key. A <span class="code">bag</span> or <span class="code">duplicate_bag</span> table can
have many objects associated with each key.</p>
<a name="max_ets_tables"></a>
<div class="note">
<div class="label">Note</div>
<div class="content"><p>
<p>
The number of tables stored at one Erlang node <strong>used</strong> to
be limited. This is no longer the case (except by memory usage).
The previous default limit was about 1400 tables and
could be increased by setting the environment variable
<span class="code">ERL_MAX_ETS_TABLES</span> or the command line option
<span class="bold_code bc-13"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../../doc/../','erts','erl.html#+e');"><span class="code">+e</span></a></span> before starting the
Erlang runtime system. This hard limit has been removed, but it is currently
useful to set the <span class="code">ERL_MAX_ETS_TABLES</span> anyway. It should be
set to an approximate of the maximum amount of tables used. This since
an internal table for named tables is sized using this value. If
large amounts of named tables are used and <span class="code">ERL_MAX_ETS_TABLES</span>
hasn't been increased, the performance of named table lookup will
degrade.
</p>
</p></div>
</div>
<p>Notice that there is no automatic garbage collection for tables.
Even if there are no references to a table from any process, it
is not automatically destroyed unless the owner process
terminates. To destroy a table explicitly, use function
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#delete-1"><span class="code">delete/1</span></a></span>.
The default owner is the process that created the
table. To transfer table ownership at process termination, use
option <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#heir"><span class="code">heir</span></a></span> or call
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#give_away-3"><span class="code">give_away/3</span></a></span>.</p>
<p>Some implementation details:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>In the current implementation, every object insert and
look-up operation results in a copy of the object.</p></li>
<li><p><span class="code">'$end_of_table'</span> is not to be used as a key, as
this atom is used to mark the end of the table when using functions
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#first-1"><span class="code">first/1</span></a></span> and
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#next-2"><span class="code">next/2</span></a></span>.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Notice the subtle difference between
<strong>matching</strong> and <strong>comparing equal</strong>, which is
demonstrated by table types <span class="code">set</span> and <span class="code">ordered_set</span>:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Two Erlang terms <span class="code">match</span> if they are of
the same type and have the same value, so that <span class="code">1</span> matches
<span class="code">1</span>, but not <span class="code">1.0</span> (as <span class="code">1.0</span> is a <span class="code">float()</span>
and not an <span class="code">integer()</span>).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Two Erlang terms <strong>compare equal</strong>
if they either are of the same type and value, or if
both are numeric types and extend to the same value, so that
<span class="code">1</span> compares equal to both <span class="code">1</span> and <span class="code">1.0</span>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <span class="code">ordered_set</span> works on the <strong>Erlang term order</strong> and
no defined order exists between an <span class="code">integer()</span> and a
<span class="code">float()</span> that extends to the same value. Hence the key
<span class="code">1</span> and the key <span class="code">1.0</span> are regarded as equal in an
<span class="code">ordered_set</span> table.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</p></div>
<h3><span onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-failure-idm281471868890712').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-failure-idm281471868890712').style.visibility = 'hidden';"><span id="ghlink-failure-idm281471868890712" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L119" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span><a class="title_link" name="failure" href="#failure">Failure</a></span></h3>
<div class="REFBODY rb-3">
<p>The functions in this module exits with reason
<span class="code">badarg</span> if any argument has the wrong format, if the
table identifier is invalid, or if the operation is denied because of
table access rights (<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#protected">protected</a></span>
or <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#private">private</a></span>).</p>
</div>
<h3>
<a name="concurrency"></a><span onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-concurrency-idm281471868887032').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-concurrency-idm281471868887032').style.visibility = 'hidden';"><span id="ghlink-concurrency-idm281471868887032" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L128" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span><a class="title_link" name="concurrency" href="#concurrency">Concurrency</a></span>
</h3>
<div class="REFBODY rb-3">
<p>This module provides some limited support for concurrent access.
All updates to single objects are guaranteed to be both <strong>atomic</strong>
and <strong>isolated</strong>. This means that an updating operation to
a single object either succeeds or fails completely without any
effect (atomicity) and that
no intermediate results of the update can be seen by other
processes (isolation). Some functions that update many objects
state that they even guarantee atomicity and isolation for the entire
operation. In database terms the isolation level can be seen as
"serializable", as if all isolated operations are carried out serially,
one after the other in a strict order.</p>
<p>No other support is available within this module that would guarantee
consistency between objects. However, function
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#safe_fixtable-2"><span class="code">safe_fixtable/2</span></a></span>
can be used to guarantee that a sequence of
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#first-1"><span class="code">first/1</span></a></span> and
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#next-2"><span class="code">next/2</span></a></span> calls traverse the
table without errors and that each existing object in the table is
visited exactly once, even if another (or the same) process
simultaneously deletes or inserts objects into the table.
Nothing else is guaranteed; in particular objects that are inserted
or deleted during such a traversal can be visited once or not at all.
Functions that internally traverse over a table, like
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-1"><span class="code">select</span></a></span> and
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match-1"><span class="code">match</span></a></span>,
give the same guarantee as
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#safe_fixtable-2"><span class="code">safe_fixtable</span></a></span>.</p>
</div>
<h3>
<a name="match_spec"></a><span onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-match-specifications-idm281471868878328').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-match-specifications-idm281471868878328').style.visibility = 'hidden';"><span id="ghlink-match-specifications-idm281471868878328" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L160" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span><a class="title_link" name="match-specifications" href="#match-specifications">Match Specifications</a></span>
</h3>
<div class="REFBODY rb-3">
<p>Some of the functions use a <strong>match specification</strong>,
<span class="code">match_spec</span>. For a brief explanation, see
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-2"><span class="code">select/2</span></a></span>. For a detailed
description, see section <span class="bold_code bc-18"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../../doc/../','erts','match_spec.html');">Match Specifications in Erlang</a></span> in ERTS User's Guide.</p>
</div>
<h3><span onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-data-types-idm281471868873592').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-data-types-idm281471868873592').style.visibility = 'hidden';"><span id="ghlink-data-types-idm281471868873592"></span><a class="title_link" name="data-types" href="#data-types">Data Types</a></span></h3>
<div class="data-types-body">
<div class="data-type-name" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-access').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-access').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-type-access" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L171" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>
<span class="bold_code bc-4"><a name="type-access">access()</a> = public | protected | private</span><br>
</div>
<div class="data-type-desc"></div>
</div>
<div class="data-types-body">
<div class="data-type-name" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-type-" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L174" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span><div class="bold_code bc-8"><span onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-continuation-idm281471868871432').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-continuation-idm281471868871432').style.visibility = 'hidden';"><span id="ghlink-type-continuation-idm281471868871432" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L174" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span><a class="title_link" name="type-continuation" href="#type-continuation">continuation()</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="data-type-desc"><div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Opaque continuation used by <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-1"><span class="code">select/1,3</span></a></span>, <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select_reverse-1"><span class="code">select_reverse/1,3</span></a></span>, <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match-1"><span class="code">match/1,3</span></a></span>, and <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_object-1"><span class="code">match_object/1,3</span></a></span>.</p>
</p></div></div>
</div>
<div class="data-types-body">
<div class="data-type-name" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-match_spec').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-match_spec').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-type-match_spec" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L184" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>
<span class="bold_code bc-4"><a name="type-match_spec">match_spec()</a> = [{<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_pattern">match_pattern()</a></span>, [term()], [term()]}]</span><br>
</div>
<div class="data-type-desc"><div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p><p>A match specification, see above.</p></p></div></div>
</div>
<div class="data-types-body">
<div class="data-type-name" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-comp_match_spec').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-comp_match_spec').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-type-comp_match_spec" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L188" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>
<span class="bold_code bc-4"><a name="type-comp_match_spec">comp_match_spec()</a></span><br>
</div>
<div class="data-type-desc"><div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p><p>A compiled match specification.</p></p></div></div>
</div>
<div class="data-types-body">
<div class="data-type-name" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-match_pattern').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-match_pattern').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-type-match_pattern" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L192" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>
<span class="bold_code bc-4"><a name="type-match_pattern">match_pattern()</a> = atom() | tuple()</span><br>
</div>
<div class="data-type-desc"></div>
</div>
<div class="data-types-body">
<div class="data-type-name" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-tab').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-tab').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-type-tab" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L195" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>
<span class="bold_code bc-4"><a name="type-tab">tab()</a> = atom() | <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tid">tid()</a></span></span><br>
</div>
<div class="data-type-desc"></div>
</div>
<div class="data-types-body">
<div class="data-type-name" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-tid').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-tid').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-type-tid" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L198" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>
<span class="bold_code bc-4"><a name="type-tid">tid()</a></span><br>
</div>
<div class="data-type-desc"><div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p><p>A table identifier, as returned by
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#new-2"><span class="code">new/2</span></a></span>.</p></p></div></div>
</div>
<div class="data-types-body">
<div class="data-type-name" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-type').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-type-type').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-type-type" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L203" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>
<span class="bold_code bc-4"><a name="type-type">type()</a> = set | ordered_set | bag | duplicate_bag</span><br>
</div>
<div class="data-type-desc"></div>
</div>
<h3><span onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-exports-idm281471868855304').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-exports-idm281471868855304').style.visibility = 'hidden';"><span id="ghlink-exports-idm281471868855304"></span><a class="title_link" name="exports" href="#exports">Exports</a></span></h3>
<div class="exports-body">
<p><a name="all-0"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-all-0-idm281471851657288').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-all-0-idm281471851657288').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-all-0-idm281471851657288" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L209" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>all() -> [Tab]</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Returns a list of all tables at the node. Named tables are
specified by their names, unnamed tables are specified by their
table identifiers.</p>
<p>There is no guarantee of consistency in the returned list. Tables
created or deleted by other processes "during" the <span class="code">ets:all()</span>
call either are or are not included in the list. Only tables
created/deleted <strong>before</strong> <span class="code">ets:all()</span> is called are
guaranteed to be included/excluded.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="delete-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-delete-1-idm281471852060584').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-delete-1-idm281471852060584').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-delete-1-idm281471852060584" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L224" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>delete(Tab) -> true</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Deletes the entire table <span class="code">Tab</span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="delete-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-delete-2-idm281471852189800').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-delete-2-idm281471852189800').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-delete-2-idm281471852189800" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L232" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>delete(Tab, Key) -> true</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Key = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Deletes all objects with key <span class="code">Key</span> from table
<span class="code">Tab</span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="delete_all_objects-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-delete_all_objects-1-idm281471852209928').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-delete_all_objects-1-idm281471852209928').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-delete_all_objects-1-idm281471852209928" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L242" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>delete_all_objects(Tab) -> true</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Delete all objects in the ETS table <span class="code">Tab</span>.
The operation is guaranteed to be
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#concurrency">atomic and isolated</a></span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="delete_object-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-delete_object-2-idm281471851533896').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-delete_object-2-idm281471851533896').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-delete_object-2-idm281471851533896" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L252" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>delete_object(Tab, Object) -> true</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Object = tuple()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Delete the exact object <span class="code">Object</span> from the
ETS table,
leaving objects with the same key but other differences
(useful for type <span class="code">bag</span>). In a <span class="code">duplicate_bag</span> table, all
instances of the object are deleted.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="file2tab-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-file2tab-1-idm281471851633384').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-file2tab-1-idm281471851633384').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-file2tab-1-idm281471851633384" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L264" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>file2tab(Filename) -> {ok, Tab} | {error, Reason}</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Filename = <span class="bold_code bc-14"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../../doc/../','kernel','file.html#type-name');">file:name()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Reason = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Reads a file produced by <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#tab2file-2"><span class="code">tab2file/2</span></a></span> or
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#tab2file-3"><span class="code">tab2file/3</span></a></span> and
creates the corresponding table <span class="code">Tab</span>.</p>
<p>Equivalent to <span class="code">file2tab(Filename, [])</span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="file2tab-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-file2tab-2-idm281471851229240').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-file2tab-2-idm281471851229240').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-file2tab-2-idm281471851229240" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L276" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>file2tab(Filename, Options) -> {ok, Tab} | {error, Reason}</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Filename = <span class="bold_code bc-14"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../../doc/../','kernel','file.html#type-name');">file:name()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Options = [Option]</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Option = {verify, boolean()}</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Reason = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Reads a file produced by <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#tab2file-2"><span class="code">tab2file/2</span></a></span> or <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#tab2file-3"><span class="code">tab2file/3</span></a></span> and creates the
corresponding table <span class="code">Tab</span>.</p>
<p>The only supported option is <span class="code">{verify,boolean()}</span>.
If verification is turned on (by specifying <span class="code">{verify,true}</span>),
the function uses whatever information is present in the file to
assert that the information is not damaged. How this is done depends
on which <span class="code">extended_info</span> was written using
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#tab2file-3"><span class="code">tab2file/3</span></a></span>.</p>
<p>If no <span class="code">extended_info</span> is present in the file and
<span class="code">{verify,true}</span> is specified, the number of objects
written is compared to the size of the original table when the
dump was started. This can make verification fail if the table was
<span class="code">public</span> and objects were added or removed while the
table was dumped to file. To avoid this problem,
either do not verify files dumped while updated simultaneously
or use option <span class="code">{extended_info, [object_count]}</span> to
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#tab2file-3"><span class="code">tab2file/3</span></a></span>, which
extends the information in the file with the number of objects
written.</p>
<p>If verification is turned on and the file was written with
option <span class="code">{extended_info, [md5sum]}</span>, reading the file
is slower and consumes radically more CPU time than otherwise.</p>
<p><span class="code">{verify,false}</span> is the default.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="first-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-first-1-idm281471852150376').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-first-1-idm281471852150376').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-first-1-idm281471852150376" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L308" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>first(Tab) -> Key | '$end_of_table'</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Key = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Returns the first key <span class="code">Key</span> in table
<span class="code">Tab</span>. For an <span class="code">ordered_set</span> table, the first
key in Erlang term order is returned. For other
table types, the first key according to the internal
order of the table is returned. If the table is empty,
<span class="code">'$end_of_table'</span> is returned.</p>
<p>To find subsequent keys in the table, use
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#next-2"><span class="code">next/2</span></a></span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="foldl-3"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-foldl-3-idm281471852600952').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-foldl-3-idm281471852600952').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-foldl-3-idm281471852600952" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L323" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>foldl(Function, Acc0, Tab) -> Acc1</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Function = fun((Element :: term(), AccIn) -> AccOut)</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Acc0 = Acc1 = AccIn = AccOut = term()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2"></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2"></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2"></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p><span class="code">Acc0</span> is returned if the table is empty.
This function is similar to
<span class="bold_code bc-15"><a href="lists.html#foldl-3"><span class="code">lists:foldl/3</span></a></span>.
The table elements are traversed in an unspecified order, except for
<span class="code">ordered_set</span> tables, where they are traversed first to last.</p>
<p>If <span class="code">Function</span> inserts objects into the table,
or another
process inserts objects into the table, those objects <strong>can</strong>
(depending on key ordering) be included in the traversal.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="foldr-3"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-foldr-3-idm281471852599096').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-foldr-3-idm281471852599096').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-foldr-3-idm281471852599096" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L339" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>foldr(Function, Acc0, Tab) -> Acc1</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Function = fun((Element :: term(), AccIn) -> AccOut)</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Acc0 = Acc1 = AccIn = AccOut = term()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2"></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2"></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2"></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p><span class="code">Acc0</span> is returned if the table is empty.
This function is similar to
<span class="bold_code bc-15"><a href="lists.html#foldr-3"><span class="code">lists:foldr/3</span></a></span>.
The table elements are traversed in an unspecified order, except for
<span class="code">ordered_set</span> tables, where they are traversed last to first.</p>
<p>If <span class="code">Function</span> inserts objects into the table,
or another
process inserts objects into the table, those objects <strong>can</strong>
(depending on key ordering) be included in the traversal.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="from_dets-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-from_dets-2-idm281471852597128').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-from_dets-2-idm281471852597128').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-from_dets-2-idm281471852597128" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L355" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>from_dets(Tab, DetsTab) -> true</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">DetsTab = <span class="bold_code bc-15"><a href="dets.html#type-tab_name">dets:tab_name()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Fills an already created ETS table with the objects in the
already opened Dets table <span class="code">DetsTab</span>.
Existing objects in the ETS table are kept unless
overwritten.</p>
<p>If any of the tables does not exist or the Dets table is
not open, a <span class="code">badarg</span> exception is raised.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="fun2ms-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-fun2ms-1-idm281471852596360').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-fun2ms-1-idm281471852596360').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-fun2ms-1-idm281471852596360" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L369" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>fun2ms(LiteralFun) -> MatchSpec</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">LiteralFun = function()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">MatchSpec = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_spec">match_spec()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Pseudo function that by a <span class="code">parse_transform</span> translates
<span class="code">LiteralFun</span> typed as parameter in the function
call to a
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_spec">match specification</a></span>.
With "literal" is meant that the fun must textually be written
as the parameter of the function, it cannot be held in a
variable that in turn is passed to the function.</p>
<p>The parse transform is provided in the <span class="code">ms_transform</span>
module and the source <strong>must</strong> include
file <span class="code">ms_transform.hrl</span> in STDLIB for this
pseudo function to work. Failing to include the hrl file in
the source results in a runtime error, not a compile
time error. The include file is easiest included by adding line
<span class="code">-include_lib("stdlib/include/ms_transform.hrl").</span> to
the source file.</p>
<p>The fun is very restricted, it can take only a single
parameter (the object to match): a sole variable or a
tuple. It must use the <span class="code">is_</span> guard tests.
Language constructs that have no representation in a match
specification (<span class="code">if</span>, <span class="code">case</span>, <span class="code">receive</span>,
and so on) are not allowed.</p>
<p>The return value is the resulting match specification.</p>
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
<div class="example"><pre>
1> <span class="bold_code bc-12">ets:fun2ms(fun({M,N}) when N > 3 -> M end).</span>
[{{'$1','$2'},[{'>','$2',3}],['$1']}]</pre></div>
<p>Variables from the environment can be imported, so that the
following works:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
2> <span class="bold_code bc-12">X=3.</span>
3
3> <span class="bold_code bc-12">ets:fun2ms(fun({M,N}) when N > X -> M end).</span>
[{{'$1','$2'},[{'>','$2',{const,3}}],['$1']}]</pre></div>
<p>The imported variables are replaced by match specification
<span class="code">const</span> expressions, which is consistent with the
static scoping for Erlang funs. However, local or global function
calls cannot be in the guard or body of the fun. Calls to built-in
match specification functions is of course allowed:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
4> <span class="bold_code bc-12">ets:fun2ms(fun({M,N}) when N > X, my_fun(M) -> M end).</span>
Error: fun containing local Erlang function calls
('my_fun' called in guard) cannot be translated into match_spec
{error,transform_error}
5> <span class="bold_code bc-12">ets:fun2ms(fun({M,N}) when N > X, is_atom(M) -> M end).</span>
[{{'$1','$2'},[{'>','$2',{const,3}},{is_atom,'$1'}],['$1']}]</pre></div>
<p>As shown by the example, the function can be called
from the shell also. The fun must be literally in the call
when used from the shell as well.</p>
<div class="warning">
<div class="label">Warning</div>
<div class="content"><p>
<p>If the <span class="code">parse_transform</span> is not applied to a module that
calls this pseudo function, the call fails in runtime
(with a <span class="code">badarg</span>). The <span class="code">ets</span> module
exports a function with this name, but it is never to
be called except when using the function in the
shell. If the <span class="code">parse_transform</span> is properly applied by
including header file <span class="code">ms_transform.hrl</span>, compiled
code never calls the function, but the function call is
replaced by a literal match specification.</p>
</p></div>
</div>
<p>For more information, see <span class="bold_code bc-15"><a href="ms_transform.html#top"><span class="code">ms_transform(3)</span></a></span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="give_away-3"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-give_away-3-idm281471851598552').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-give_away-3-idm281471851598552').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-give_away-3-idm281471851598552" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L438" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>give_away(Tab, Pid, GiftData) -> true</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Pid = pid()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">GiftData = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Make process <span class="code">Pid</span> the new owner of table
<span class="code">Tab</span>. If successful, message
<span class="code">{'ETS-TRANSFER',Tab,FromPid,GiftData}</span>
is sent to the new owner.</p>
<p>The process <span class="code">Pid</span> must be alive, local, and not
already the owner of the table.
The calling process must be the table owner.</p>
<p>Notice that this function does not affect option
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#heir"><span class="code">heir</span></a></span> of the table. A table
owner can, for example, set <span class="code">heir</span> to itself, give the table
away, and then get it back if the receiver terminates.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="i-0"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-i-0-idm281471851497608').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-i-0-idm281471851497608').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-i-0-idm281471851497608" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L456" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>i() -> ok</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Displays information about all ETS tables on a terminal.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="i-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-i-1-idm281471852172088').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-i-1-idm281471852172088').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-i-1-idm281471852172088" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L465" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>i(Tab) -> ok</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Browses table <span class="code">Tab</span> on a terminal.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="info-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-info-1-idm281471852161928').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-info-1-idm281471852161928').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-info-1-idm281471852161928" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L473" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>info(Tab) -> InfoList | undefined</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">InfoList = [InfoTuple]</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">InfoTuple = <br> {compressed, boolean()} |<br> {heir, pid() | none} |<br> {id, <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tid">tid()</a></span>} |<br> {keypos, integer() >= 1} |<br> {memory, integer() >= 0} |<br> {name, atom()} |<br> {named_table, boolean()} |<br> {node, node()} |<br> {owner, pid()} |<br> {protection, <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-access">access()</a></span>} |<br> {size, integer() >= 0} |<br> {type, <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-type">type()</a></span>} |<br> {write_concurrency, boolean()} |<br> {read_concurrency, boolean()}</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Returns information about table <span class="code">Tab</span> as a list of
tuples. If <span class="code">Tab</span> has the correct type
for a table identifier, but does not refer to an existing ETS
table, <span class="code">undefined</span> is returned. If <span class="code">Tab</span> is
not of the correct type, a <span class="code">badarg</span> exception is raised.</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{compressed, boolean()}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Indicates if the table is compressed.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{heir, pid() | none}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The pid of the heir of the table, or <span class="code">none</span> if no heir
is set.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{id,</span><span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tid"><span class="code">tid()</span></a></span><span class="code">}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The table identifier.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{keypos, integer() >= 1}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The key position.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{memory, integer() >= 0</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The number of words allocated to the table.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{name, atom()}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The table name.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{named_table, boolean()}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Indicates if the table is named.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{node, node()}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The node where the table is stored. This field is no longer
meaningful, as tables cannot be accessed from other nodes.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{owner, pid()}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The pid of the owner of the table.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{protection,</span> <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-access"><span class="code">access()</span></a></span><span class="code">}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The table access rights.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{size, integer() >= 0</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The number of objects inserted in the table.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{type,</span> <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-type"><span class="code">type()</span></a></span><span class="code">}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The table type.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{read_concurrency, boolean()}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Indicates whether the table uses <span class="code">read_concurrency</span> or
not.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{write_concurrency, boolean()}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Indicates whether the table uses <span class="code">write_concurrency</span>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</p></div>
<p><a name="info-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-info-2-idm281471852741624').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-info-2-idm281471852741624').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-info-2-idm281471852741624" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L549" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>info(Tab, Item) -> Value | undefined</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Item = <br> compressed |<br> fixed |<br> heir |<br> id |<br> keypos |<br> memory |<br> name |<br> named_table |<br> node |<br> owner |<br> protection |<br> safe_fixed |<br> safe_fixed_monotonic_time |<br> size |<br> stats |<br> type |<br> write_concurrency |<br> read_concurrency</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Value = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Returns the information associated with <span class="code">Item</span> for table
<span class="code">Tab</span>, or returns <span class="code">undefined</span> if <span class="code">Tab</span>
does not refer an existing ETS table. If
<span class="code">Tab</span> is
not of the correct type, or if <span class="code">Item</span> is not
one of the allowed values, a <span class="code">badarg</span> exception is raised.</p>
<p>In addition to the <span class="code">{Item,Value}</span>
pairs defined for <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#info-1"><span class="code">info/1</span></a></span>,
the following items are allowed:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span class="code">Item=fixed, Value=boolean()</span></p>
<p>Indicates if the table is fixed by any process.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a name="info_2_safe_fixed_monotonic_time"></a></p>
<p><span class="code">Item=safe_fixed|safe_fixed_monotonic_time,
Value={FixationTime,Info}|false</span></p>
<p>If the table has been fixed using
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#safe_fixtable-2"><span class="code">safe_fixtable/2</span></a></span>,
the call returns a tuple where <span class="code">FixationTime</span> is the
time when the table was first fixed by a process, which either
is or is not one of the processes it is fixed by now.</p>
<p>The format and value of <span class="code">FixationTime</span> depends on
<span class="code">Item</span>:</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">safe_fixed</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p><span class="code">FixationTime</span> corresponds to the result returned by
<span class="bold_code bc-13"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../../doc/../','erts','erlang.html#timestamp-0');"><span class="code">erlang:timestamp/0</span></a></span> at the time of fixation.
Notice that when the system uses single or multi
<span class="bold_code bc-13"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../../doc/../','erts','time_correction.html#Time_Warp_Modes');">time warp modes</a></span> this can produce strange results, as
the use of <span class="code">safe_fixed</span> is not
<span class="bold_code bc-13"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../../doc/../','erts','time_correction.html#Time_Warp_Safe_Code');">time warp safe</a></span>. Time warp safe code must use
<span class="code">safe_fixed_monotonic_time</span> instead.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">safe_fixed_monotonic_time</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p><span class="code">FixationTime</span> corresponds to the result returned by
<span class="bold_code bc-13"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../../doc/../','erts','erlang.html#monotonic_time-0');"><span class="code">erlang:monotonic_time/0</span></a></span> at the time of
fixation. The use of <span class="code">safe_fixed_monotonic_time</span> is
<span class="bold_code bc-13"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../../doc/../','erts','time_correction.html#Time_Warp_Safe_Code');">time warp safe</a></span>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p><span class="code">Info</span> is a possibly empty lists of tuples
<span class="code">{Pid,RefCount}</span>, one tuple for every process the
table is fixed by now. <span class="code">RefCount</span> is the value
of the reference counter and it keeps track of how many times
the table has been fixed by the process.</p>
<p>If the table never has been fixed, the call returns
<span class="code">false</span>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="code">Item=stats, Value=tuple()</span></p>
<p>Returns internal statistics about <span class="code">set</span>, <span class="code">bag</span>, and
<span class="code">duplicate_bag</span> tables on an internal format used by OTP
test suites. Not for production use.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</p></div>
<p><a name="init_table-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-init_table-2-idm281471852851368').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-init_table-2-idm281471852851368').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-init_table-2-idm281471852851368" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L621" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>init_table(Tab, InitFun) -> true</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">InitFun = fun((Arg) -> Res)</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Arg = read | close</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Res = end_of_input | {Objects :: [term()], InitFun} | term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Replaces the existing objects of table <span class="code">Tab</span> with
objects created by calling the input function
<span class="code">InitFun</span>,
see below. This function is provided for compatibility with
the <span class="code">dets</span> module, it is not more efficient than filling
a table by using
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#insert-2"><span class="code">insert/2</span></a></span>.</p>
<p>When called with argument <span class="code">read</span>, the function
<span class="code">InitFun</span> is assumed to return
<span class="code">end_of_input</span> when
there is no more input, or <span class="code">{Objects, Fun}</span>, where
<span class="code">Objects</span> is a list of objects and <span class="code">Fun</span> is a
new input function. Any other value <span class="code">Value</span> is returned as an
error <span class="code">{error, {init_fun, Value}}</span>. Each input function is
called exactly once, and if an error occur, the last
function is called with argument <span class="code">close</span>, the reply
of which is ignored.</p>
<p>If the table type is <span class="code">set</span> and more than one object
exists with a given key, one of the objects is
chosen. This is not necessarily the last object with the given
key in the sequence of objects returned by the input
functions. This holds also for duplicated
objects stored in tables of type <span class="code">bag</span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="insert-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-insert-2-idm281471852799304').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-insert-2-idm281471852799304').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-insert-2-idm281471852799304" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L651" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>insert(Tab, ObjectOrObjects) -> true</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">ObjectOrObjects = tuple() | [tuple()]</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Inserts the object or all of the objects in list
<span class="code">ObjectOrObjects</span> into table
<span class="code">Tab</span>.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>If the table type is <span class="code">set</span> and the key of the inserted
objects <strong>matches</strong> the key of any object in the table,
the old object is replaced.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If the table type is <span class="code">ordered_set</span> and the key of the
inserted object <strong>compares equal</strong> to the key of any object
in the table, the old object is replaced.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If the list contains more than one object with
<strong>matching</strong> keys and the table type is <span class="code">set</span>, one is
inserted, which one is not defined.
The same holds for table type <span class="code">ordered_set</span>
if the keys <strong>compare equal</strong>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The entire operation is guaranteed to be
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#concurrency">atomic and isolated</a></span>,
even when a list of objects is inserted.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="insert_new-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-insert_new-2-idm281471851042744').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-insert_new-2-idm281471851042744').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-insert_new-2-idm281471851042744" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L683" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>insert_new(Tab, ObjectOrObjects) -> boolean()</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">ObjectOrObjects = tuple() | [tuple()]</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Same as <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#insert-2"><span class="code">insert/2</span></a></span>
except that instead of overwriting objects with the same key
(for <span class="code">set</span> or <span class="code">ordered_set</span>) or adding more objects with
keys already existing in the table (for <span class="code">bag</span> and
<span class="code">duplicate_bag</span>), <span class="code">false</span> is returned.</p>
<p>If <span class="code">ObjectOrObjects</span> is a
list, the function checks <strong>every</strong> key before
inserting anything. Nothing is inserted unless
<strong>all</strong> keys present in the list are absent from the
table. Like <span class="code">insert/2</span>, the entire operation is guaranteed to be
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#concurrency">atomic and isolated</a></span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="is_compiled_ms-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-is_compiled_ms-1-idm281471851025688').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-is_compiled_ms-1-idm281471851025688').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-is_compiled_ms-1-idm281471851025688" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L702" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>is_compiled_ms(Term) -> boolean()</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Term = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Checks if a term is a valid
compiled <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_spec">match specification</a></span>.
The compiled match specification is an opaque datatype that
<strong>cannot</strong> be sent between Erlang nodes or be stored on
disk. Any attempt to create an external representation of a
compiled match specification results in an empty binary
(<span class="code"><<>></span>).</p>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<p>The following expression yields <span class="code">true</span>::</p>
<div class="example"><pre>ets:is_compiled_ms(ets:match_spec_compile([{'_',[],[true]}])).</pre></div>
<p>The following expressions yield <span class="code">false</span>, as variable
<span class="code">Broken</span> contains a compiled match specification that has
passed through external representation:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>MS = ets:match_spec_compile([{'_',[],[true]}]),
Broken = binary_to_term(term_to_binary(MS)),
ets:is_compiled_ms(Broken).</pre></div>
<div class="note">
<div class="label">Note</div>
<div class="content"><p>
<p>The reason for not having an external representation of
compiled match specifications is performance. It can be
subject to change in future releases, while this interface
remains for backward compatibility.</p>
</p></div>
</div>
</p></div>
<p><a name="last-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-last-1-idm281471852320008').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-last-1-idm281471852320008').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-last-1-idm281471852320008" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L734" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>last(Tab) -> Key | '$end_of_table'</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Key = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Returns the last key <span class="code">Key</span> according to Erlang
term order in table <span class="code">Tab</span> of type <span class="code">ordered_set</span>. For
other table types, the function is synonymous to
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#first-1"><span class="code">first/1</span></a></span>.
If the table is empty, <span class="code">'$end_of_table'</span> is returned.</p>
<p>To find preceding keys in the table, use
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#prev-2"><span class="code">prev/2</span></a></span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="lookup-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-lookup-2-idm281471852304360').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-lookup-2-idm281471852304360').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-lookup-2-idm281471852304360" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L749" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>lookup(Tab, Key) -> [Object]</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Key = term()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Object = tuple()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Returns a list of all objects with key <span class="code">Key</span> in
table <span class="code">Tab</span>.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>For tables of type <span class="code">set</span>, <span class="code">bag</span>, or
<span class="code">duplicate_bag</span>, an object is returned only if the specified
key <strong>matches</strong> the key of the object in the table.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>For tables of type <span class="code">ordered_set</span>, an object is returned if
the specified key <strong>compares equal</strong> to the key of an object
in the table.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The difference is the same as between <span class="code">=:=</span> and <span class="code">==</span>.</p>
<p>As an example, one can insert an object with
<span class="code">integer()</span> <span class="code">1</span> as a key in an <span class="code">ordered_set</span>
and get the object returned as a result of doing a <span class="code">lookup/2</span>
with <span class="code">float()</span> <span class="code">1.0</span> as the key to search for.</p>
<p>For tables of type <span class="code">set</span> or <span class="code">ordered_set</span>,
the function returns either the empty list or a list with one
element, as there cannot be more than one object with the same
key. For tables of type <span class="code">bag</span> or <span class="code">duplicate_bag</span>, the
function returns a list of arbitrary length.</p>
<p>Notice that the time order of object insertions is preserved;
the first object inserted with the specified key is the first
in the resulting list, and so on.</p>
<p>Insert and lookup times in tables of type <span class="code">set</span>,
<span class="code">bag</span>, and <span class="code">duplicate_bag</span> are constant, regardless
of the table size. For the <span class="code">ordered_set</span>
datatype, time is proportional to the (binary) logarithm of
the number of objects.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="lookup_element-3"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-lookup_element-3-idm281471851681608').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-lookup_element-3-idm281471851681608').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-lookup_element-3-idm281471851681608" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L789" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>lookup_element(Tab, Key, Pos) -> Elem</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Key = term()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Pos = integer() >= 1</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Elem = term() | [term()]</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>For a table <span class="code">Tab</span> of type <span class="code">set</span> or
<span class="code">ordered_set</span>, the function returns the
<span class="code">Pos</span>:th
element of the object with key <span class="code">Key</span>.</p>
<p>For tables of type <span class="code">bag</span> or <span class="code">duplicate_bag</span>,
the functions returns a list with the <span class="code">Pos</span>:th
element of every object with key <span class="code">Key</span>.</p>
<p>If no object with key <span class="code">Key</span> exists, the
function exits with reason <span class="code">badarg</span>.</p>
<p>The difference between <span class="code">set</span>, <span class="code">bag</span>, and
<span class="code">duplicate_bag</span> on one hand, and <span class="code">ordered_set</span> on
the other, regarding the fact that <span class="code">ordered_set</span>
view keys as equal when they <strong>compare equal</strong>
whereas the other table types regard them equal only when
they <strong>match</strong>, holds for <span class="code">lookup_element/3</span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="match-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-match-1-idm281471852574408').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-match-1-idm281471852574408').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-match-1-idm281471852574408" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L812" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>match(Continuation) -> {[Match], Continuation} | '$end_of_table'</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Match = [term()]</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Continuation = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-continuation">continuation()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Continues a match started with
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match-3"><span class="code">match/3</span></a></span>. The next
chunk of the size specified in the initial <span class="code">match/3</span>
call is returned together with a new <span class="code">Continuation</span>,
which can be used in subsequent calls to this function.</p>
<p>When there are no more objects in the table, <span class="code">'$end_of_table'</span>
is returned.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="match-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-match-2-idm281471852562200').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-match-2-idm281471852562200').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-match-2-idm281471852562200" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L826" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>match(Tab, Pattern) -> [Match]</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Pattern = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_pattern">match_pattern()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Match = [term()]</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Matches the objects in table <span class="code">Tab</span> against
pattern <span class="code">Pattern</span>.</p>
<p>A pattern is a term that can contain:</p>
<ul>
<li>Bound parts (Erlang terms)</li>
<li>
<span class="code">'_'</span> that matches any Erlang term</li>
<li>Pattern variables <span class="code">'$N'</span>, where <span class="code">N</span>=0,1,...</li>
</ul>
<p>The function returns a list with one element for each
matching object, where each element is an ordered list of
pattern variable bindings, for example:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
6> <span class="bold_code bc-12">ets:match(T, '$1').</span> % Matches every object in table
[[{rufsen,dog,7}],[{brunte,horse,5}],[{ludde,dog,5}]]
7> <span class="bold_code bc-12">ets:match(T, {'_',dog,'$1'}).</span>
[[7],[5]]
8> <span class="bold_code bc-12">ets:match(T, {'_',cow,'$1'}).</span>
[]</pre></div>
<p>If the key is specified in the pattern, the match is very
efficient. If the key is not specified, that is, if it is a
variable or an underscore, the entire table must be searched.
The search time can be substantial if the table is very large.</p>
<p>For tables of type <span class="code">ordered_set</span>, the result is in
the same order as in a <span class="code">first</span>/<span class="code">next</span> traversal.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="match-3"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-match-3-idm281471851928840').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-match-3-idm281471851928840').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-match-3-idm281471851928840" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L858" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>match(Tab, Pattern, Limit) -><br> {[Match], Continuation} | '$end_of_table'</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Pattern = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_pattern">match_pattern()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Limit = integer() >= 1</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Match = [term()]</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Continuation = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-continuation">continuation()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Works like <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match-2"><span class="code">match/2</span></a></span>,
but returns only a limited (<span class="code">Limit</span>) number of
matching objects. Term <span class="code">Continuation</span> can then
be used in subsequent calls to <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match-1"><span class="code">match/1</span></a></span> to get the next chunk of matching
objects. This is a space-efficient way to work on objects in a
table, which is faster than traversing the table object
by object using
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#first-1"><span class="code">first/1</span></a></span> and
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#next-2"><span class="code">next/2</span></a></span>.</p>
<p>If the table is empty, <span class="code">'$end_of_table'</span> is returned.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="match_delete-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-match_delete-2-idm281471851928200').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-match_delete-2-idm281471851928200').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-match_delete-2-idm281471851928200" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L877" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>match_delete(Tab, Pattern) -> true</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Pattern = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_pattern">match_pattern()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Deletes all objects that match pattern <span class="code">Pattern</span>
from table <span class="code">Tab</span>. For a description of patterns,
see <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match-2"><span class="code">match/2</span></a></span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="match_object-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-match_object-1-idm281471851802008').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-match_object-1-idm281471851802008').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-match_object-1-idm281471851802008" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L888" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>match_object(Continuation) -><br> {[Object], Continuation} | '$end_of_table'</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Object = tuple()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Continuation = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-continuation">continuation()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Continues a match started with
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_object-3"><span class="code">match_object/3</span></a></span>.
The next chunk of the size specified in the initial
<span class="code">match_object/3</span> call is returned together with a new
<span class="code">Continuation</span>, which can be used in subsequent
calls to this function.</p>
<p>When there are no more objects in the table, <span class="code">'$end_of_table'</span>
is returned.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="match_object-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-match_object-2-idm281471851787656').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-match_object-2-idm281471851787656').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-match_object-2-idm281471851787656" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L903" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>match_object(Tab, Pattern) -> [Object]</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Pattern = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_pattern">match_pattern()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Object = tuple()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Matches the objects in table <span class="code">Tab</span> against
pattern <span class="code">Pattern</span>. For a description of patterns,
see <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match-2"><span class="code">match/2</span></a></span>.
The function returns a list of all objects that
match the pattern.</p>
<p>If the key is specified in the pattern, the match is very
efficient. If the key is not specified, that is, if it is a
variable or an underscore, the entire table must be searched.
The search time can be substantial if the table is very large.</p>
<p>For tables of type <span class="code">ordered_set</span>, the result is in
the same order as in a <span class="code">first</span>/<span class="code">next</span> traversal.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="match_object-3"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-match_object-3-idm281471851453880').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-match_object-3-idm281471851453880').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-match_object-3-idm281471851453880" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L922" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>match_object(Tab, Pattern, Limit) -><br> {[Object], Continuation} | '$end_of_table'</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Pattern = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_pattern">match_pattern()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Limit = integer() >= 1</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Object = tuple()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Continuation = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-continuation">continuation()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Works like <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_object-2"><span class="code">match_object/2</span></a></span>, but only returns a
limited (<span class="code">Limit</span>) number of matching objects. Term
<span class="code">Continuation</span> can then be used in subsequent
calls to <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_object-1"><span class="code">match_object/1</span></a></span> to get the next chunk of matching
objects. This is a space-efficient way to work on objects in a
table, which is faster than traversing the table object
by object using
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#first-1"><span class="code">first/1</span></a></span> and
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#next-2"><span class="code">next/2</span></a></span>.</p>
<p>If the table is empty, <span class="code">'$end_of_table'</span> is returned.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="match_spec_compile-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-match_spec_compile-1-idm281471851454424').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-match_spec_compile-1-idm281471851454424').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-match_spec_compile-1-idm281471851454424" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L942" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>match_spec_compile(MatchSpec) -> CompiledMatchSpec</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">MatchSpec = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_spec">match_spec()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">CompiledMatchSpec = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-comp_match_spec">comp_match_spec()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Transforms a
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_spec">match specification</a></span> into an
internal representation that can be used in subsequent calls to
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_spec_run-2"><span class="code">match_spec_run/2</span></a></span>.
The internal representation is
opaque and cannot be converted to external term format and
then back again without losing its properties (that is, it cannot
be sent to a process on another node and still remain a
valid compiled match specification, nor can it be stored on disk).
To check the validity of a compiled match specification, use
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#is_compiled_ms-1"><span class="code">is_compiled_ms/1</span></a></span>.
</p>
<p>If term <span class="code">MatchSpec</span> cannot be compiled (does not
represent a valid match specification), a <span class="code">badarg</span> exception is
raised.</p>
<div class="note">
<div class="label">Note</div>
<div class="content"><p>
<p>This function has limited use in normal code. It is used by the
<span class="bold_code bc-19"><a href="dets.html"><span class="code">dets</span></a></span> module
to perform the <span class="code">dets:select()</span> operations.</p>
</p></div>
</div>
</p></div>
<p><a name="match_spec_run-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-match_spec_run-2-idm281471851411496').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-match_spec_run-2-idm281471851411496').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-match_spec_run-2-idm281471851411496" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L970" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>match_spec_run(List, CompiledMatchSpec) -> list()</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">List = [term()]</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">CompiledMatchSpec = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-comp_match_spec">comp_match_spec()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Executes the matching specified in a compiled
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_spec">match specification</a></span> on a list
of terms. Term <span class="code">CompiledMatchSpec</span> is to be
the result of a call to <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_spec_compile-1"><span class="code">match_spec_compile/1</span></a></span> and is hence the internal
representation of the match specification one wants to use.</p>
<p>The matching is executed on each element in <span class="code">List</span>
and the function returns a list containing all results. If an element
in <span class="code">List</span> does not match, nothing is returned
for that element. The length of the result list is therefore
equal or less than the length of parameter <span class="code">List</span>.
</p>
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
<p>The following two calls give the same result (but certainly not the
same execution time):</p>
<div class="example"><pre>Table = ets:new...
MatchSpec = ...
% The following call...
ets:match_spec_run(ets:tab2list(Table),
ets:match_spec_compile(MatchSpec)),
% ...gives the same result as the more common (and more efficient)
ets:select(Table, MatchSpec),</pre></div>
<div class="note">
<div class="label">Note</div>
<div class="content"><p>
<p>This function has limited use in normal code. It is used by the
<span class="bold_code bc-19"><a href="dets.html"><span class="code">dets</span></a></span> module
to perform the <span class="code">dets:select()</span> operations and by
Mnesia during transactions.</p>
</p></div>
</div>
</p></div>
<p><a name="member-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-member-2-idm281471851193224').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-member-2-idm281471851193224').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-member-2-idm281471851193224" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1007" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>member(Tab, Key) -> boolean()</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Key = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Works like <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#lookup-2"><span class="code">lookup/2</span></a></span>,
but does not return the objects. Returns <span class="code">true</span> if one or more
elements in the table has key <span class="code">Key</span>, otherwise
<span class="code">false</span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="new-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-new-2-idm281471851191576').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-new-2-idm281471851191576').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-new-2-idm281471851191576" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1018" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>new(Name, Options) -> <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tid">tid()</a></span> | atom()</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Name = atom()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Options = [Option]</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Option = <br> Type |<br> Access |<br> named_table |<br> {keypos, Pos} |<br> {heir, Pid :: pid(), HeirData} |<br> {heir, none} |<br> Tweaks</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Type = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-type">type()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Access = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-access">access()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tweaks = <br> {write_concurrency, boolean()} |<br> {read_concurrency, boolean()} |<br> compressed</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Pos = integer() >= 1</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">HeirData = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Creates a new table and returns a table identifier that can
be used in subsequent operations. The table identifier can be
sent to other processes so that a table can be shared between
different processes within a node.</p>
<p>Parameter <span class="code">Options</span> is a list of options that
specifies table type, access rights, key position, and whether the
table is named. Default values are used for omitted options.
This means that not specifying any options (<span class="code">[]</span>) is the same
as specifying <span class="code">[set, protected, {keypos,1}, {heir,none},
{write_concurrency,false}, {read_concurrency,false}]</span>.</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">set</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The table is a <span class="code">set</span> table: one key, one object,
no order among objects. This is the default table type.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">ordered_set</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The table is a <span class="code">ordered_set</span> table: one key, one
object, ordered in Erlang term order, which is the order
implied by the < and > operators. Tables of this type
have a somewhat different behavior in some situations
than tables of other types. Most notably, the
<span class="code">ordered_set</span> tables regard keys as equal when they
<strong>compare equal</strong>, not only when they match. This
means that to an <span class="code">ordered_set</span> table, <span class="code">integer()</span>
<span class="code">1</span> and <span class="code">float()</span> <span class="code">1.0</span> are regarded as equal.
This also means that the
key used to lookup an element not necessarily
<strong>matches</strong> the key in the returned elements, if
<span class="code">float()</span>'s and <span class="code">integer()</span>'s are mixed in
keys of a table.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">bag</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The table is a <span class="code">bag</span> table, which can have many
objects, but only one instance of each object, per key.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">duplicate_bag</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The table is a <span class="code">duplicate_bag</span> table, which can have
many objects, including multiple copies of the same
object, per key.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">public</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Any process can read or write to the table.</p>
<a name="protected"></a>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">protected</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The owner process can read and write to the table. Other
processes can only read the table. This is the default
setting for the access rights.</p>
<a name="private"></a>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">private</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Only the owner process can read or write to the table.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">named_table</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>If this option is present, the table is registered under its
<span class="code">Name</span> which can then be used instead of the
table identifier in subsequent operations.</p>
<p>The function will also return the <span class="code">Name</span>
instead of the table identifier. To get the table identifier of a
named table, use
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#whereis-1"><span class="code">whereis/1</span></a></span>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{keypos,Pos}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Specifies which element in the stored tuples to use
as key. By default, it is the first element, that is,
<span class="code">Pos=1</span>. However, this is not always
appropriate. In
particular, we do not want the first element to be the
key if we want to store Erlang records in a table.</p>
<p>Notice that any tuple stored in the table must have at
least <span class="code">Pos</span> number of elements.</p>
<a name="heir"></a>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{heir,Pid,HeirData} |
{heir,none}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Set a process as heir. The heir inherits the table if
the owner terminates. Message
<span class="code">{'ETS-TRANSFER',tid(),FromPid,HeirData}</span> is
sent to the heir when that occurs. The heir must be a local
process. Default heir is <span class="code">none</span>, which destroys the table
when the owner terminates.</p>
<a name="new_2_write_concurrency"></a>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{write_concurrency,boolean()}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Performance tuning. Defaults to <span class="code">false</span>, in which case an
operation that
mutates (writes to) the table obtains exclusive access,
blocking any concurrent access of the same table until finished.
If set to <span class="code">true</span>, the table is optimized to concurrent
write access. Different objects of the same table can be mutated
(and read) by concurrent processes. This is achieved to some
degree at the expense of memory consumption and the performance
of sequential access and concurrent reading.</p>
<p>Option <span class="code">write_concurrency</span> can be combined with option
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#new_2_read_concurrency"><span class="code">read_concurrency</span></a></span>. You typically want to combine
these when large concurrent read bursts and large concurrent
write bursts are common; for more information, see option
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#new_2_read_concurrency"><span class="code">read_concurrency</span></a></span>.</p>
<p>Notice that this option does not change any guarantees about
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#concurrency">atomicity and isolation</a></span>.
Functions that makes such promises over many objects (like
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#insert-2"><span class="code">insert/2</span></a></span>)
gain less (or nothing) from this option.</p>
<p>Table type <span class="code">ordered_set</span> is not affected by this option.
Also, the memory consumption inflicted by
both <span class="code">write_concurrency</span> and <span class="code">read_concurrency</span> is a
constant overhead per table. This overhead can be especially
large when both options are combined.</p>
<a name="new_2_read_concurrency"></a>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{read_concurrency,boolean()}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Performance tuning. Defaults to <span class="code">false</span>. When set to
<span class="code">true</span>, the table is optimized for concurrent read
operations. When this option is enabled on a runtime system with
SMP support, read operations become much cheaper; especially on
systems with multiple physical processors. However, switching
between read and write operations becomes more expensive.</p>
<p>You typically want to enable this option when concurrent read
operations are much more frequent than write operations, or when
concurrent reads and writes comes in large read and write bursts
(that is, many reads not interrupted by writes, and many
writes not interrupted by reads).</p>
<p>You typically do
<strong>not</strong> want to enable this option when the common access
pattern is a few read operations interleaved with a few write
operations repeatedly. In this case, you would get a performance
degradation by enabling this option.</p>
<p>Option <span class="code">read_concurrency</span> can be combined with option
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#new_2_write_concurrency"><span class="code">write_concurrency</span></a></span>.
You typically want to combine these when large concurrent
read bursts and large concurrent write bursts are common.</p>
<a name="new_2_compressed"></a>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">compressed</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>If this option is present, the table data is stored in a more
compact format to consume less memory. However, it will make
table operations slower. Especially operations that need to
inspect entire objects, such as <span class="code">match</span> and <span class="code">select</span>,
get much slower. The key element is not compressed.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</p></div>
<p><a name="next-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-next-2-idm281471851379832').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-next-2-idm281471851379832').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-next-2-idm281471851379832" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1182" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>next(Tab, Key1) -> Key2 | '$end_of_table'</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Key1 = Key2 = term()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2"></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Returns the next key <span class="code">Key2</span>, following key
<span class="code">Key1</span> in table <span class="code">Tab</span>. For table
type <span class="code">ordered_set</span>, the next key in Erlang term order is
returned. For other table types, the next key
according to the internal order of the table is returned. If no
next key exists, <span class="code">'$end_of_table'</span> is returned.</p>
<p>To find the first key in the table, use
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#first-1"><span class="code">first/1</span></a></span>.</p>
<p>Unless a table of type <span class="code">set</span>, <span class="code">bag</span>, or
<span class="code">duplicate_bag</span> is protected using
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#safe_fixtable-2"><span class="code">safe_fixtable/2</span></a></span>,
a traversal can fail if
concurrent updates are made to the table. For table
type <span class="code">ordered_set</span>, the function returns the next key in
order, even if the object does no longer exist.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="prev-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-prev-2-idm281471851360136').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-prev-2-idm281471851360136').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-prev-2-idm281471851360136" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1204" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>prev(Tab, Key1) -> Key2 | '$end_of_table'</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Key1 = Key2 = term()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2"></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Returns the previous key <span class="code">Key2</span>, preceding key
<span class="code">Key1</span> according to Erlang term order in table
<span class="code">Tab</span> of type <span class="code">ordered_set</span>. For other
table types, the function is synonymous to
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#next-2"><span class="code">next/2</span></a></span>.
If no previous key exists, <span class="code">'$end_of_table'</span> is returned.</p>
<p>To find the last key in the table, use
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#last-1"><span class="code">last/1</span></a></span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="rename-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-rename-2-idm281471851343992').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-rename-2-idm281471851343992').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-rename-2-idm281471851343992" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1220" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>rename(Tab, Name) -> Name</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Name = atom()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Renames the named table <span class="code">Tab</span> to the new name
<span class="code">Name</span>. Afterwards, the old name cannot be used to
access the table. Renaming an unnamed table has no effect.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="repair_continuation-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-repair_continuation-2-idm281471851341704').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-repair_continuation-2-idm281471851341704').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-repair_continuation-2-idm281471851341704" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1230" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>repair_continuation(Continuation, MatchSpec) -> Continuation</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Continuation = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-continuation">continuation()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">MatchSpec = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_spec">match_spec()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Restores an opaque continuation returned by
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-3"><span class="code">select/3</span></a></span> or
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-1"><span class="code">select/1</span></a></span> if the
continuation has passed through external term format (been
sent between nodes or stored on disk).</p>
<p>The reason for this function is that continuation terms
contain compiled match specifications and therefore are
invalidated if converted to external term format. Given that the
original match specification is kept intact, the continuation can
be restored, meaning it can once again be used in subsequent
<span class="code">select/1</span> calls even though it has been stored on
disk or on another node.</p>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<p>The following sequence of calls fails:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>T=ets:new(x,[]),
...
{_,C} = ets:select(T,ets:fun2ms(fun({N,_}=A)
when (N rem 10) =:= 0 ->
A
end),10),
Broken = binary_to_term(term_to_binary(C)),
ets:select(Broken).</pre></div>
<p>The following sequence works, as the call to
<span class="code">repair_continuation/2</span> reestablishes the (deliberately)
invalidated continuation <span class="code">Broken</span>.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>T=ets:new(x,[]),
...
MS = ets:fun2ms(fun({N,_}=A)
when (N rem 10) =:= 0 ->
A
end),
{_,C} = ets:select(T,MS,10),
Broken = binary_to_term(term_to_binary(C)),
ets:select(ets:repair_continuation(Broken,MS)).</pre></div>
<div class="note">
<div class="label">Note</div>
<div class="content"><p>
<p>This function is rarely needed in application code. It is used
by Mnesia to provide distributed <span class="code">select/3</span>
and <span class="code">select/1</span> sequences. A normal application would
either use Mnesia or keep the continuation from being
converted to external format.</p>
<p>The reason for not having an external representation of a
compiled match specification is performance. It can be subject to
change in future releases, while this interface remains
for backward compatibility.</p>
</p></div>
</div>
</p></div>
<p><a name="safe_fixtable-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-safe_fixtable-2-idm281471851310584').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-safe_fixtable-2-idm281471851310584').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-safe_fixtable-2-idm281471851310584" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1285" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>safe_fixtable(Tab, Fix) -> true</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Fix = boolean()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Fixes a table of type <span class="code">set</span>, <span class="code">bag</span>, or
<span class="code">duplicate_bag</span> for safe traversal.</p>
<p>A process fixes a table by calling
<span class="code">safe_fixtable(Tab, true)</span>. The table remains
fixed until the process releases it by calling
<span class="code">safe_fixtable(Tab, false)</span>, or until the process
terminates.</p>
<p>If many processes fix a table, the table remains fixed
until all processes have released it (or terminated).
A reference counter is kept on a per process basis, and N
consecutive fixes requires N releases to release the table.</p>
<p>When a table is fixed, a sequence of
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#first-1"><span class="code">first/1</span></a></span> and
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#next-2"><span class="code">next/2</span></a></span> calls are
guaranteed to succeed, and each object in
the table is returned only once, even if objects
are removed or inserted during the traversal. The keys for new
objects inserted during the traversal <strong>can</strong> be returned by
<span class="code">next/2</span> (it depends on the internal ordering of the keys).</p>
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
<div class="example"><pre>clean_all_with_value(Tab,X) ->
safe_fixtable(Tab,true),
clean_all_with_value(Tab,X,ets:first(Tab)),
safe_fixtable(Tab,false).
clean_all_with_value(Tab,X,'$end_of_table') ->
true;
clean_all_with_value(Tab,X,Key) ->
case ets:lookup(Tab,Key) of
[{Key,X}] ->
ets:delete(Tab,Key);
_ ->
true
end,
clean_all_with_value(Tab,X,ets:next(Tab,Key)).</pre></div>
<p>Notice that no deleted objects are removed from a
fixed table until it has been released. If a process fixes a
table but never releases it, the memory used by the deleted
objects is never freed. The performance of operations on
the table also degrades significantly.</p>
<p>To retrieve information about which processes have fixed which
tables, use <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#info_2_safe_fixed_monotonic_time"><span class="code">info(Tab, safe_fixed_monotonic_time)</span></a></span>. A system with
many processes fixing tables can need a monitor that sends alarms
when tables have been fixed for too long.</p>
<p>Notice that for table type <span class="code">ordered_set</span>,
<span class="code">safe_fixtable/2</span> is not necessary, as calls to
<span class="code">first/1</span> and <span class="code">next/2</span> always succeed.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="select-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-select-1-idm281471851285336').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-select-1-idm281471851285336').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-select-1-idm281471851285336" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1341" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>select(Continuation) -> {[Match], Continuation} | '$end_of_table'</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Match = term()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Continuation = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-continuation">continuation()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Continues a match started with
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-3"><span class="code">select/3</span></a></span>. The next
chunk of the size specified in the initial <span class="code">select/3</span>
call is returned together with a new <span class="code">Continuation</span>,
which can be used in subsequent calls to this function.</p>
<p>When there are no more objects in the table, <span class="code">'$end_of_table'</span>
is returned.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="select-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-select-2-idm281471851284632').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-select-2-idm281471851284632').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-select-2-idm281471851284632" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1355" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>select(Tab, MatchSpec) -> [Match]</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">MatchSpec = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_spec">match_spec()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Match = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Matches the objects in table <span class="code">Tab</span> using a
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_spec">match specification</a></span>.
This is a more general call than
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match-2"><span class="code">match/2</span></a></span> and
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_object-2"><span class="code">match_object/2</span></a></span>
calls. In its simplest form, the match specification is as
follows:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>MatchSpec = [MatchFunction]
MatchFunction = {MatchHead, [Guard], [Result]}
MatchHead = "Pattern as in ets:match"
Guard = {"Guardtest name", ...}
Result = "Term construct"</pre></div>
<p>This means that the match specification is always a list of one or
more tuples (of arity 3). The first element of the tuple is to be
a pattern as described in
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match-2"><span class="code">match/2</span></a></span>.
The second element of the tuple is to
be a list of 0 or more guard tests (described below). The
third element of the tuple is to be a list containing a
description of the value to return. In almost all
normal cases, the list contains exactly one term that fully
describes the value to return for each object.</p>
<p>The return value is constructed using the "match variables"
bound in <span class="code">MatchHead</span> or using the special match variables
<span class="code">'$_'</span> (the whole matching object) and <span class="code">'$$'</span> (all
match variables in a list), so that the following
<span class="code">match/2</span> expression:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>ets:match(Tab,{'$1','$2','$3'})</pre></div>
<p>is exactly equivalent to:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>ets:select(Tab,[{{'$1','$2','$3'},[],['$$']}])</pre></div>
<p>And that the following <span class="code">match_object/2</span> call:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>ets:match_object(Tab,{'$1','$2','$1'})</pre></div>
<p>is exactly equivalent to</p>
<div class="example"><pre>ets:select(Tab,[{{'$1','$2','$1'},[],['$_']}])</pre></div>
<p>Composite terms can be constructed in the <span class="code">Result</span> part
either by simply writing a list, so that the following code:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>ets:select(Tab,[{{'$1','$2','$3'},[],['$$']}])</pre></div>
<p>gives the same output as:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>ets:select(Tab,[{{'$1','$2','$3'},[],[['$1','$2','$3']]}])</pre></div>
<p>That is, all the bound variables in the match head as a list. If
tuples are to be constructed, one has to write a tuple of
arity 1 where the single element in the tuple is the tuple
one wants to construct (as an ordinary tuple can be mistaken
for a <span class="code">Guard</span>).</p>
<p>Therefore the following call:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>ets:select(Tab,[{{'$1','$2','$1'},[],['$_']}])</pre></div>
<p>gives the same output as:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>ets:select(Tab,[{{'$1','$2','$1'},[],[{{'$1','$2','$3'}}]}])</pre></div>
<p>This syntax is equivalent to the syntax used in the trace
patterns (see the
<span class="bold_code bc-18"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../../doc/../','runtime_tools','dbg.html');"><span class="code">dbg(3)</span></a></span>) module in Runtime_Tools.</p>
<p>The <span class="code">Guard</span>s are constructed as tuples, where the first
element is the test name and the remaining elements
are the test parameters. To check for a specific type
(say a list) of the element bound to the match variable
<span class="code">'$1'</span>, one would write the test as
<span class="code">{is_list, '$1'}</span>. If the test fails, the object in the
table does not match and the next <span class="code">MatchFunction</span> (if
any) is tried. Most guard tests present in Erlang can be
used, but only the new versions prefixed <span class="code">is_</span> are
allowed (<span class="code">is_float</span>, <span class="code">is_atom</span>, and so on).</p>
<p>The <span class="code">Guard</span> section can also contain logic and
arithmetic operations, which are written with the same syntax
as the guard tests (prefix notation), so that the following
guard test written in Erlang:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>is_integer(X), is_integer(Y), X + Y < 4711</pre></div>
<p>is expressed as follows (<span class="code">X</span> replaced with <span class="code">'$1'</span> and
<span class="code">Y</span> with <span class="code">'$2'</span>):</p>
<div class="example"><pre>[{is_integer, '$1'}, {is_integer, '$2'}, {'<', {'+', '$1', '$2'}, 4711}]</pre></div>
<p>For tables of type <span class="code">ordered_set</span>, objects are visited
in the same order as in a <span class="code">first</span>/<span class="code">next</span>
traversal. This means that the match specification is
executed against objects with keys in the <span class="code">first</span>/<span class="code">next</span>
order and the corresponding result list is in the order of that
execution.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="select-3"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-select-3-idm281471850910856').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-select-3-idm281471850910856').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-select-3-idm281471850910856" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1450" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>select(Tab, MatchSpec, Limit) -><br> {[Match], Continuation} | '$end_of_table'</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">MatchSpec = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_spec">match_spec()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Limit = integer() >= 1</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Match = term()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Continuation = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-continuation">continuation()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Works like <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-2"><span class="code">select/2</span></a></span>,
but only returns a limited
(<span class="code">Limit</span>) number of matching objects. Term
<span class="code">Continuation</span> can then be used in subsequent
calls to <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-1"><span class="code">select/1</span></a></span>
to get the next chunk of matching
objects. This is a space-efficient way to work on objects in a
table, which is still faster than traversing the table object by
object using <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#first-1"><span class="code">first/1</span></a></span>
and <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#next-2"><span class="code">next/2</span></a></span>.</p>
<p>If the table is empty, <span class="code">'$end_of_table'</span> is returned.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="select_count-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-select_count-2-idm281471850909800').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-select_count-2-idm281471850909800').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-select_count-2-idm281471850909800" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1469" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>select_count(Tab, MatchSpec) -> NumMatched</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">MatchSpec = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_spec">match_spec()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">NumMatched = integer() >= 0</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Matches the objects in table <span class="code">Tab</span> using a
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_spec">match specification</a></span>. If the
match specification returns <span class="code">true</span> for an object, that object
considered a match and is counted. For any other result from
the match specification the object is not considered a match and is
therefore not counted.</p>
<p>This function can be described as a
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_delete-2"><span class="code">match_delete/2</span></a></span>
function that does not delete any elements, but only counts them.</p>
<p>The function returns the number of objects matched.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="select_delete-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-select_delete-2-idm281471850909064').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-select_delete-2-idm281471850909064').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-select_delete-2-idm281471850909064" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1488" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>select_delete(Tab, MatchSpec) -> NumDeleted</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">MatchSpec = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_spec">match_spec()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">NumDeleted = integer() >= 0</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Matches the objects in table <span class="code">Tab</span> using a
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_spec">match specification</a></span>. If the
match specification returns <span class="code">true</span> for an object, that object is
removed from the table. For any other result from the match
specification the object is retained. This is a more general
call than the <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_delete-2"><span class="code">match_delete/2</span></a></span> call.</p>
<p>The function returns the number of objects
deleted from the table.</p>
<div class="note">
<div class="label">Note</div>
<div class="content"><p>
<p>The match specification has to return the atom <span class="code">true</span> if
the object is to be deleted. No other return value gets the
object deleted. So one cannot use the same match specification for
looking up elements as for deleting them.</p>
</p></div>
</div>
</p></div>
<p><a name="select_replace-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-select_replace-2-idm281471850857672').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-select_replace-2-idm281471850857672').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-select_replace-2-idm281471850857672" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1512" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>select_replace(Tab, MatchSpec) -> NumReplaced</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">MatchSpec = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_spec">match_spec()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">NumReplaced = integer() >= 0</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Matches the objects in the table <span class="code">Tab</span> using a
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_spec">match specification</a></span>. For each
matched object, the existing object is replaced with
the match specification result.</p>
<p>The match-and-replace operation for each individual object is guaranteed to be
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#concurrency">atomic and isolated</a></span>. The
<span class="code">select_replace</span> table iteration as a whole, like all other select functions,
does not give such guarantees.</p>
<p>The match specifiction must be guaranteed to <strong>retain the key</strong>
of any matched object. If not, <span class="code">select_replace</span> will fail with <span class="code">badarg</span>
without updating any objects.</p>
<p>For the moment, due to performance and semantic constraints,
tables of type <span class="code">bag</span> are not yet supported.</p>
<p>The function returns the total number of replaced objects.</p>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>For all 2-tuples with a list in second position, add atom <span class="code">'marker'</span> first in the list:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
1> <span class="bold_code bc-12">T = ets:new(x,[]), ets:insert(T, {key, [1, 2, 3]}).</span>
true
2> <span class="bold_code bc-12">MS = ets:fun2ms(fun({K, L}) when is_list(L) -> {K, [marker | L]} end).</span>
[{{'$1','$2'},[{is_list,'$2'}],[{{'$1',[marker|'$2']}}]}]
3> <span class="bold_code bc-12">ets:select_replace(T, MS).</span>
1
4> <span class="bold_code bc-12">ets:tab2list(T).</span>
[{key,[marker,1,2,3]}]
</pre></div>
<p>A generic single object compare-and-swap operation:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
[Old] = ets:lookup(T, Key),
New = update_object(Old),
Success = (1 =:= ets:select_replace(T, [{Old, [], [{const, New}]}])),
</pre></div>
</p></div>
<p><a name="select_reverse-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-select_reverse-1-idm281471850834168').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-select_reverse-1-idm281471850834168').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-select_reverse-1-idm281471850834168" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1551" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>select_reverse(Continuation) -><br> {[Match], Continuation} | '$end_of_table'</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Continuation = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-continuation">continuation()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Match = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Continues a match started with <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select_reverse-3"><span class="code">select_reverse/3</span></a></span>. For tables of type
<span class="code">ordered_set</span>, the traversal of the table continues
to objects with keys earlier in the Erlang term order. The
returned list also contains objects with keys in reverse order.
For all other table types, the behavior is exactly that of
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-1"><span class="code">select/1</span></a></span>.</p>
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
<div class="example"><pre>1> T = ets:new(x,[ordered_set]).
2> [ ets:insert(T,{N}) || N <- lists:seq(1,10) ].
...
3> {R0,C0} = ets:select_reverse(T,[{'_',[],['$_']}],4).
...
4> R0.
[{10},{9},{8},{7}]
5> {R1,C1} = ets:select_reverse(C0).
...
6> R1.
[{6},{5},{4},{3}]
7> {R2,C2} = ets:select_reverse(C1).
...
8> R2.
[{2},{1}]
9> '$end_of_table' = ets:select_reverse(C2).
...</pre></div>
</p></div>
<p><a name="select_reverse-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-select_reverse-2-idm281471850831320').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-select_reverse-2-idm281471850831320').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-select_reverse-2-idm281471850831320" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1584" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>select_reverse(Tab, MatchSpec) -> [Match]</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">MatchSpec = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_spec">match_spec()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Match = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Works like <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-2"><span class="code">select/2</span></a></span>,
but returns the list in reverse order for table type <span class="code">ordered_set</span>.
For all other table types, the return value is identical to that of
<span class="code">select/2</span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="select_reverse-3"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-select_reverse-3-idm281471850816072').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-select_reverse-3-idm281471850816072').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-select_reverse-3-idm281471850816072" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1596" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>select_reverse(Tab, MatchSpec, Limit) -><br> {[Match], Continuation} | '$end_of_table'</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">MatchSpec = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_spec">match_spec()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Limit = integer() >= 1</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Match = term()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Continuation = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-continuation">continuation()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Works like <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-3"><span class="code">select/3</span></a></span>,
but for table type <span class="code">ordered_set</span>
traversing is done starting at the last object in
Erlang term order and moves to the first. For all other table
types, the return value is identical to that of <span class="code">select/3</span>.</p>
<p>Notice that this is <strong>not</strong> equivalent to
reversing the result list of a <span class="code">select/3</span> call, as the result list
is not only reversed, but also contains the last
<span class="code">Limit</span>
matching objects in the table, not the first.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="setopts-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-setopts-2-idm281471850814152').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-setopts-2-idm281471850814152').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-setopts-2-idm281471850814152" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1614" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>setopts(Tab, Opts) -> true</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Opts = Opt | [Opt]</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Opt = {heir, pid(), HeirData} | {heir, none}</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">HeirData = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Sets table options. The only allowed option to be set after the
table has been created is
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#heir"><span class="code">heir</span></a></span>.
The calling process must be the table owner.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="slot-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-slot-2-idm281471850795784').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-slot-2-idm281471850795784').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-slot-2-idm281471850795784" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1625" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>slot(Tab, I) -> [Object] | '$end_of_table'</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">I = integer() >= 0</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Object = tuple()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>This function is mostly for debugging purposes, Normally
<span class="code">first</span>/<span class="code">next</span> or <span class="code">last</span>/<span class="code">prev</span> are to be used
instead.</p>
<p>Returns all objects in slot <span class="code">I</span> of table
<span class="code">Tab</span>. A table can be traversed by repeatedly
calling the function,
starting with the first slot <span class="code">I=0</span> and
ending when <span class="code">'$end_of_table'</span> is returned.
If argument <span class="code">I</span> is out of range,
the function fails with reason <span class="code">badarg</span>.</p>
<p>Unless a table of type <span class="code">set</span>, <span class="code">bag</span>, or
<span class="code">duplicate_bag</span> is protected using
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#safe_fixtable-2"><span class="code">safe_fixtable/2</span></a></span>,
a traversal can fail if
concurrent updates are made to the table. For table type
<span class="code">ordered_set</span>, the function returns a list containing
object <span class="code">I</span> in Erlang term order.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="tab2file-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-tab2file-2-idm281471850753064').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-tab2file-2-idm281471850753064').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-tab2file-2-idm281471850753064" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1650" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>tab2file(Tab, Filename) -> ok | {error, Reason}</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Filename = <span class="bold_code bc-14"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../../doc/../','kernel','file.html#type-name');">file:name()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Reason = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Dumps table <span class="code">Tab</span> to file
<span class="code">Filename</span>.</p>
<p>Equivalent to
<span class="code">tab2file(Tab, Filename,[])</span></p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="tab2file-3"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-tab2file-3-idm281471850753448').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-tab2file-3-idm281471850753448').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-tab2file-3-idm281471850753448" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1661" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>tab2file(Tab, Filename, Options) -> ok | {error, Reason}</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Filename = <span class="bold_code bc-14"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../../doc/../','kernel','file.html#type-name');">file:name()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Options = [Option]</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Option = {extended_info, [ExtInfo]} | {sync, boolean()}</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">ExtInfo = md5sum | object_count</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Reason = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Dumps table <span class="code">Tab</span> to file
<span class="code">Filename</span>.</p>
<p>When dumping the table, some information about the table
is dumped to a header at the beginning of the dump. This
information contains data about the table type,
name, protection, size, version, and if it is a named table. It
also contains notes about what extended information is added
to the file, which can be a count of the objects in the file
or a MD5 sum of the header and records in the file.</p>
<p>The size field in the header might not correspond to the
number of records in the file if the table is public
and records are added or removed from the table during
dumping. Public tables updated during dump, and that one wants
to verify when reading, needs at least one field of extended
information for the read verification process to be reliable
later.</p>
<p>Option <span class="code">extended_info</span> specifies what extra
information is written to the table dump:</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">object_count</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The number of objects written to the file is
noted in the file footer, so file truncation can be
verified even if the file was updated during dump.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">md5sum</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The header and objects in the file are checksummed using
the built-in MD5 functions. The MD5 sum of all objects is
written in the file footer, so that verification while reading
detects the slightest bitflip in the file data. Using this
costs a fair amount of CPU time.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>Whenever option <span class="code">extended_info</span> is used, it
results in a file not readable by versions of ETS before
that in STDLIB 1.15.1</p>
<p>If option <span class="code">sync</span> is set to <span class="code">true</span>, it ensures that
the content of the file is written to the disk before
<span class="code">tab2file</span> returns. Defaults to <span class="code">{sync, false}</span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="tab2list-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-tab2list-1-idm281471850714648').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-tab2list-1-idm281471850714648').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-tab2list-1-idm281471850714648" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1708" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>tab2list(Tab) -> [Object]</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Object = tuple()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Returns a list of all objects in table <span class="code">Tab</span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="tabfile_info-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-tabfile_info-1-idm281471850711112').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-tabfile_info-1-idm281471850711112').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-tabfile_info-1-idm281471850711112" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1716" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>tabfile_info(Filename) -> {ok, TableInfo} | {error, Reason}</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Filename = <span class="bold_code bc-14"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../../doc/../','kernel','file.html#type-name');">file:name()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">TableInfo = [InfoItem]</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">InfoItem = <br> {name, atom()} |<br> {type, Type} |<br> {protection, Protection} |<br> {named_table, boolean()} |<br> {keypos, integer() >= 0} |<br> {size, integer() >= 0} |<br> {extended_info, [ExtInfo]} |<br> {version,<br> {Major :: integer() >= 0, Minor :: integer() >= 0}}</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">ExtInfo = md5sum | object_count</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Type = bag | duplicate_bag | ordered_set | set</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Protection = private | protected | public</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Reason = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Returns information about the table dumped to file by
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#tab2file-2"><span class="code">tab2file/2</span></a></span> or
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#tab2file-3"><span class="code">tab2file/3</span></a></span>.</p>
<p>The following items are returned:</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">name</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The name of the dumped table. If the table was a
named table, a table with the same name cannot exist when the
table is loaded from file with
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#file2tab-2"><span class="code">file2tab/2</span></a></span>.
If the table is
not saved as a named table, this field has no significance
when loading the table from file.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">type</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The ETS type of the dumped table (that is, <span class="code">set</span>,
<span class="code">bag</span>, <span class="code">duplicate_bag</span>, or <span class="code">ordered_set</span>). This
type is used when loading the table again.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">protection</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The protection of the dumped table (that is, <span class="code">private</span>,
<span class="code">protected</span>, or <span class="code">public</span>). A table loaded from the
file gets the same protection.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">named_table</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p><span class="code">true</span> if the table was a named table when dumped
to file, otherwise <span class="code">false</span>. Notice that when a named table
is loaded from a file, there cannot exist a table in the
system with the same name.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">keypos</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The <span class="code">keypos</span> of the table dumped to file, which
is used when loading the table again.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">size</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The number of objects in the table when the table dump
to file started. For a <span class="code">public</span> table, this number
does not need to correspond to the number of objects saved to
the file, as objects can have been added or deleted by another
process during table dump.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">extended_info</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The extended information written in the file footer to
allow stronger verification during table loading from file, as
specified to <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#tab2file-3"><span class="code">tab2file/3</span></a></span>. Notice that this
function only tells <strong>which</strong> information is present, not
the values in the file footer. The value is a list containing one
or more of the atoms <span class="code">object_count</span> and <span class="code">md5sum</span>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">version</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>A tuple <span class="code">{Major,Minor}</span>
containing the major and
minor version of the file format for ETS table dumps. This
version field was added beginning with STDLIB 1.5.1.
Files dumped with older versions return <span class="code">{0,0}</span> in this
field.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>An error is returned if the file is inaccessible,
badly damaged, or not produced with
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#tab2file-2"><span class="code">tab2file/2</span></a></span> or
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#tab2file-3"><span class="code">tab2file/3</span></a></span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="table-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-table-1-idm281471850649384').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-table-1-idm281471850649384').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-table-1-idm281471850649384" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1794" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>table(Tab) -> QueryHandle</div><a name="table-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-table-2-idm281471850647320').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-table-2-idm281471850647320').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-table-2-idm281471850647320" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1794" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>table(Tab, Options) -> QueryHandle</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">QueryHandle = <span class="bold_code bc-15"><a href="qlc.html#type-query_handle">qlc:query_handle()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Options = [Option] | Option</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Option = {n_objects, NObjects} | {traverse, TraverseMethod}</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">NObjects = default | integer() >= 1</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">TraverseMethod = <br> first_next |<br> last_prev |<br> select |<br> {select, MatchSpec :: <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_spec">match_spec()</a></span>}</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Returns a Query List
Comprehension (QLC) query handle. The
<span class="bold_code bc-19"><a href="qlc.html"><span class="code">qlc</span></a></span> module provides
a query language aimed mainly at Mnesia, but ETS
tables, Dets tables,
and lists are also recognized by QLC as sources of
data. Calling <span class="code">table/1,2</span> is the means to make the
ETS table <span class="code">Tab</span> usable to QLC.</p>
<p>When there are only simple restrictions on the key position,
QLC uses <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#lookup-2"><span class="code">lookup/2</span></a></span>
to look up the keys. When
that is not possible, the whole table is traversed.
Option <span class="code">traverse</span> determines how this is done:</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">first_next</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The table is traversed one key at a time by calling
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#first-1"><span class="code">first/1</span></a></span> and
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#next-2"><span class="code">next/2</span></a></span>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">last_prev</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The table is traversed one key at a time by calling
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#last-1"><span class="code">last/1</span></a></span> and
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#prev-2"><span class="code">prev/2</span></a></span>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">select</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The table is traversed by calling
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-3"><span class="code">select/3</span></a></span> and
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-1"><span class="code">select/1</span></a></span>.
Option <span class="code">n_objects</span> determines the number of objects
returned (the third argument of <span class="code">select/3</span>); the
default is to return <span class="code">100</span> objects at a time. The
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_spec">match specification</a></span> (the
second argument of <span class="code">select/3</span>) is assembled by QLC: simple
filters are translated into equivalent match specifications
while more complicated filters must be applied to all
objects returned by <span class="code">select/3</span> given a match specification
that matches all objects.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">{select, MatchSpec}</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>As for <span class="code">select</span>, the table is traversed by calling
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-3"><span class="code">select/3</span></a></span> and
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-1"><span class="code">select/1</span></a></span>.
The difference is that the match specification is explicitly
specified. This is how to state match specifications that cannot
easily be expressed within the syntax provided by QLC.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<p>An explicit match specification is here used to traverse the
table:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
9> <span class="bold_code bc-12">true = ets:insert(Tab = ets:new(t, []), [{1,a},{2,b},{3,c},{4,d}]),</span>
<span class="bold_code bc-12">MS = ets:fun2ms(fun({X,Y}) when (X > 1) or (X < 5) -> {Y} end),</span>
<span class="bold_code bc-12">QH1 = ets:table(Tab, [{traverse, {select, MS}}]).</span></pre></div>
<p>An example with an implicit match specification:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
10> <span class="bold_code bc-12">QH2 = qlc:q([{Y} || {X,Y} <- ets:table(Tab), (X > 1) or (X < 5)]).</span></pre></div>
<p>The latter example is equivalent to the former, which
can be verified using function <span class="code">qlc:info/1</span>:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
11> <span class="bold_code bc-12">qlc:info(QH1) =:= qlc:info(QH2).</span>
true</pre></div>
<p><span class="code">qlc:info/1</span> returns information about a query handle,
and in this case identical information is returned for the
two query handles.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="take-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-take-2-idm281471850592312').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-take-2-idm281471850592312').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-take-2-idm281471850592312" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1871" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>take(Tab, Key) -> [Object]</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Key = term()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Object = tuple()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Returns and removes a list of all objects with key
<span class="code">Key</span> in table <span class="code">Tab</span>.</p>
<p>The specified <span class="code">Key</span> is used to identify the object
by either <strong>comparing equal</strong> the key of an object in an
<span class="code">ordered_set</span> table, or <strong>matching</strong> in other types of
tables (for details on the difference, see
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#lookup-2"><span class="code">lookup/2</span></a></span> and
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#new-2"><span class="code">new/2</span></a></span>).</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="test_ms-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-test_ms-2-idm281471850575224').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-test_ms-2-idm281471850575224').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-test_ms-2-idm281471850575224" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1886" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>test_ms(Tuple, MatchSpec) -> {ok, Result} | {error, Errors}</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tuple = tuple()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">MatchSpec = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-match_spec">match_spec()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Result = term()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Errors = [{warning | error, string()}]</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>This function is a utility to test a
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#match_spec">match specification</a></span> used in
calls to <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#select-2"><span class="code">select/2</span></a></span>.
The function both tests <span class="code">MatchSpec</span> for "syntactic"
correctness and runs the match specification against object
<span class="code">Tuple</span>.</p>
<p>If the match specification is syntactically correct, the function
either returns <span class="code">{ok,Result}</span>, where
<span class="code">Result</span> is what would have been the result in a
real <span class="code">select/2</span> call, or <span class="code">false</span> if the match specification
does not match object <span class="code">Tuple</span>.</p>
<p>If the match specification contains errors, tuple
<span class="code">{error, Errors}</span> is returned,
where <span class="code">Errors</span> is a list of natural language
descriptions of what was wrong with the match specification.</p>
<p>This is a useful debugging and test tool, especially when
writing complicated <span class="code">select/2</span> calls.</p>
<p>See also: <span class="bold_code bc-13"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../../doc/../','erts','erlang.html#match_spec_test-3');">erlang:match_spec_test/3</a></span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="to_dets-2"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-to_dets-2-idm281471850549768').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-to_dets-2-idm281471850549768').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-to_dets-2-idm281471850549768" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1913" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>to_dets(Tab, DetsTab) -> DetsTab</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">DetsTab = <span class="bold_code bc-15"><a href="dets.html#type-tab_name">dets:tab_name()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>Fills an already created/opened Dets table with the objects
in the already opened ETS table named <span class="code">Tab</span>.
The Dets table is emptied before the objects are inserted.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="update_counter-3"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_counter-3-idm281471850547992').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_counter-3-idm281471850547992').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-update_counter-3-idm281471850547992" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1924" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>update_counter(Tab, Key, UpdateOp) -> Result</div><a name="update_counter-4"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_counter-4-idm281471850529000').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_counter-4-idm281471850529000').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-update_counter-4-idm281471850529000" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1924" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>update_counter(Tab, Key, UpdateOp, Default) -> Result</div><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_counter-3-idm281471850523960').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_counter-3-idm281471850523960').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-update_counter-3-idm281471850523960" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1924" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>update_counter(Tab, Key, X3 :: [UpdateOp]) -> [Result]</div><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_counter-4-idm281471850530408').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_counter-4-idm281471850530408').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-update_counter-4-idm281471850530408" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1924" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>update_counter(Tab, Key, X3 :: [UpdateOp], Default) -> [Result]</div><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_counter-3-idm281471850542424').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_counter-3-idm281471850542424').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-update_counter-3-idm281471850542424" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1924" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>update_counter(Tab, Key, Incr) -> Result</div><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_counter-4-idm281471850530664').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_counter-4-idm281471850530664').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-update_counter-4-idm281471850530664" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L1924" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>update_counter(Tab, Key, Incr, Default) -> Result</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Key = term()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">UpdateOp = {Pos, Incr} | {Pos, Incr, Threshold, SetValue}</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Pos = Incr = Threshold = SetValue = Result = integer()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2"></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2"></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Default = tuple()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>This function provides an efficient way to update one or more
counters, without the trouble of having to look up an object, update
the object by incrementing an element, and insert the resulting
object into the table again. (The update is done atomically,
that is, no process
can access the ETS table in the middle of the operation.)</p>
<p>This function destructively update the object with key
<span class="code">Key</span> in table <span class="code">Tab</span> by adding
<span class="code">Incr</span> to the element at position
<span class="code">Pos</span>. The new counter value is
returned. If no position is specified, the element directly
following key (<span class="code"><keypos>+1</span>) is updated.</p>
<p>If a <span class="code">Threshold</span> is specified, the counter is
reset to value <span class="code">SetValue</span> if the following
conditions occur:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span class="code">Incr</span> is not negative (<span class="code">>= 0</span>) and
the result would be greater than (<span class="code">></span>)
<span class="code">Threshold</span>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="code">Incr</span> is negative
(<span class="code">< 0</span>) and the result would be less than
(<span class="code"><</span>) <span class="code">Threshold</span>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>A list of <span class="code">UpdateOp</span> can be supplied to do many
update operations within the object.
The operations are carried out in the
order specified in the list. If the same counter position occurs
more than once in the list, the corresponding counter is thus
updated many times, each time based on the previous result.
The return value is a list of the new counter values from each
update operation in the same order as in the operation list. If an
empty list is specified, nothing is updated and an empty list is
returned. If the function fails, no updates are done.</p>
<p>The specified <span class="code">Key</span> is used to identify the object
by either <strong>matching</strong> the key of an object in a <span class="code">set</span>
table, or <strong>compare equal</strong> to the key of an object in an
<span class="code">ordered_set</span> table (for details on the difference, see
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#lookup-2"><span class="code">lookup/2</span></a></span> and
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#new-2"><span class="code">new/2</span></a></span>).</p>
<p>If a default object <span class="code">Default</span> is specified,
it is used
as the object to be updated if the key is missing from the table. The
value in place of the key is ignored and replaced by the proper key
value. The return value is as if the default object had not been used,
that is, a single updated element or a list of them.</p>
<p>The function fails with reason <span class="code">badarg</span> in the following
situations:</p>
<ul>
<li>The table type is not <span class="code">set</span> or
<span class="code">ordered_set</span>.</li>
<li>No object with the correct key exists and no default object was
supplied.</li>
<li>The object has the wrong arity.</li>
<li>The default object arity is smaller than
<span class="code"><keypos></span>.</li>
<li>Any field from the default object that is updated is not an
integer.</li>
<li>The element to update is not an integer.</li>
<li>The element to update is also the key.</li>
<li>Any of <span class="code">Pos</span>, <span class="code">Incr</span>,
<span class="code">Threshold</span>, or <span class="code">SetValue</span>
is not an integer.</li>
</ul>
</p></div>
<p><a name="update_element-3"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_element-3-idm281471850465576').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_element-3-idm281471850465576').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-update_element-3-idm281471850465576" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L2008" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>update_element(Tab, Key, ElementSpec :: {Pos, Value}) -> boolean()</div><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_element-3-idm281471850465832').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-update_element-3-idm281471850465832').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-update_element-3-idm281471850465832" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L2008" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>update_element(Tab, Key, ElementSpec :: [{Pos, Value}]) -><br> boolean()</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Tab = <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tab">tab()</a></span></span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Key = term()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Value = term()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">Pos = integer() >= 1</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>This function provides an efficient way to update one or more
elements within an object, without the trouble of having to look up,
update, and write back the entire object.</p>
<p>This function destructively updates the object with key
<span class="code">Key</span> in table <span class="code">Tab</span>.
The element at position <span class="code">Pos</span> is given
the value <span class="code">Value</span>.</p>
<p>A list of <span class="code">{Pos,Value}</span> can be
supplied to update many
elements within the same object. If the same position occurs more
than once in the list, the last value in the list is written. If
the list is empty or the function fails, no updates are done.
The function is also atomic in the sense that other processes
can never see any intermediate results.</p>
<p>Returns <span class="code">true</span> if an object with key <span class="code">Key</span>
is found, otherwise <span class="code">false</span>.</p>
<p>The specified <span class="code">Key</span> is used to identify the object
by either <strong>matching</strong> the key of an object in a <span class="code">set</span>
table, or <strong>compare equal</strong> to the key of an object in an
<span class="code">ordered_set</span> table (for details on the difference, see
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#lookup-2"><span class="code">lookup/2</span></a></span> and
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#new-2"><span class="code">new/2</span></a></span>).</p>
<p>The function fails with reason <span class="code">badarg</span> in the following
situations:</p>
<ul>
<li>The table type is not <span class="code">set</span> or <span class="code">ordered_set</span>.</li>
<li>
<span class="code">Pos</span> < 1.</li>
<li>
<span class="code">Pos</span> > object arity.</li>
<li>The element to update is also the key.</li>
</ul>
</p></div>
<p><a name="whereis-1"></a><div class="bold_code func-head" onMouseOver="document.getElementById('ghlink-whereis-1-idm281471850436520').style.visibility = 'visible';" onMouseOut="document.getElementById('ghlink-whereis-1-idm281471850436520').style.visibility = 'hidden';">
<span id="ghlink-whereis-1-idm281471850436520" class="ghlink"><a href="https://github.com/erlang/otp/edit/maint/lib/stdlib/doc/src/ets.xml#L2051" title="Found an issue with the documentation? Fix it by clicking here!"><span class="pencil"></span></a></span>whereis(TableName) -> <span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tid">tid()</a></span> | undefined</div><div class="REFBODY fun-types">
<h3 class="func-types-title">Types</h3>
<div class="REFTYPES rt-1"><span class="bold_code bc-2">TableName = atom()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY rb-7"><p>
<p>This function returns the
<span class="bold_code bc-17"><a href="#type-tid"><span class="code">tid()</span></a></span> of the named table
identified by <span class="code">TableName</span>, or <span class="code">undefined</span> if
no such table exists. The <span class="code">tid()</span> can be used in place of the
table name in all operations, which is slightly faster since the name
does not have to be resolved on each call.</p>
<p>If the table is deleted, the <span class="code">tid()</span> will be invalid even if
another named table is created with the same name.</p>
</p></div>
</div>
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