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<a name="Java-Interface-Functions"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="Set-up-the-JVM.html#Set-up-the-JVM" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Set up the JVM</a>, Up: <a href="Java-Interface.html#Java-Interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Java Interface</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<hr>
<a name="Java-Interface-Functions-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">A.4.4 Java Interface Functions</h4>
<p>The following functions are the core of the Java Interface. They provide a way
to create a Java object, get and set its data fields, and call Java methods
which return results to Octave.
</p>
<a name="index-object_002c-creating-a-Java-object"></a>
<a name="index-instance_002c-creating-a-Java-instance"></a>
<a name="XREFjavaObject"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-javaObject"></a><em><var>jobj</var> =</em> <strong>javaObject</strong> <em>(<var>classname</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-javaObject-1"></a><em><var>jobj</var> =</em> <strong>javaObject</strong> <em>(<var>classname</var>, <var>arg1</var>, …)</em></dt>
<dd><p>Create a Java object of class <var>classsname</var>, by calling the class
constructor with the arguments <var>arg1</var>, …
</p>
<p>The first example below creates an uninitialized object, while the second
example supplies an initial argument to the constructor.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">x = javaObject ("java.lang.StringBuffer")
x = javaObject ("java.lang.StringBuffer", "Initial string")
</pre></div>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFjavaMethod">javaMethod</a>, <a href="#XREFjavaArray">javaArray</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<a name="index-array_002c-creating-a-Java-array"></a>
<a name="XREFjavaArray"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-javaArray"></a><em><var>jary</var> =</em> <strong>javaArray</strong> <em>(<var>classname</var>, <var>sz</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-javaArray-1"></a><em><var>jary</var> =</em> <strong>javaArray</strong> <em>(<var>classname</var>, <var>m</var>, <var>n</var>, …)</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Create a Java array of size <var>sz</var> with elements of class <var>classname</var>.
</p>
<p><var>classname</var> may be a Java object representing a class or a string
containing the fully qualified class name. The size of the object may
also be specified with individual integer arguments <var>m</var>, <var>n</var>, etc.
</p>
<p>The generated array is uninitialized. All elements are set to null if
<var>classname</var> is a reference type, or to a default value (usually 0) if
<var>classname</var> is a primitive type.
</p>
<p>Sample code:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">jary = javaArray ("java.lang.String", 2, 2);
jary(1,1) = "Hello";
</pre></div>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFjavaObject">javaObject</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<p>There are many different variable types in Octave, but only ones created
through <code>javaObject</code> can use Java functions. Before using Java with an
unknown object the type can be checked with <code>isjava</code>.
</p>
<a name="XREFisjava"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-isjava"></a><em></em> <strong>isjava</strong> <em>(<var>x</var>)</em></dt>
<dd><p>Return true if <var>x</var> is a Java object.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="Built_002din-Data-Types.html#XREFclass">class</a>, <a href="Data-Types.html#XREFtypeinfo">typeinfo</a>, <a href="Built_002din-Data-Types.html#XREFisa">isa</a>, <a href="#XREFjavaObject">javaObject</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<p>Once an object has been created it is natural to find out what fields the
object has, and to read (get) and write (set) them.
</p>
<a name="index-fields_002c-displaying-available-fields-of-a-Java-object"></a>
<p>In Octave the <code>fieldnames</code> function for structures has been overloaded
to return the fields of a Java object. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">dobj = javaObject ("java.lang.Double", pi);
fieldnames (dobj)
⇒
{
[1,1] = public static final double java.lang.Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY
[1,2] = public static final double java.lang.Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY
[1,3] = public static final double java.lang.Double.NaN
[1,4] = public static final double java.lang.Double.MAX_VALUE
[1,5] = public static final double java.lang.Double.MIN_NORMAL
[1,6] = public static final double java.lang.Double.MIN_VALUE
[1,7] = public static final int java.lang.Double.MAX_EXPONENT
[1,8] = public static final int java.lang.Double.MIN_EXPONENT
[1,9] = public static final int java.lang.Double.SIZE
[1,10] = public static final java.lang.Class java.lang.Double.TYPE
}
</pre></div>
<a name="index-field_002c-returning-value-of-Java-object-field"></a>
<p>The analogy of objects with structures is carried over into reading and writing
object fields. To read a field the object is indexed with the ‘<samp>.</samp>’
operator from structures. This is the preferred method for reading fields, but
Octave also provides a function interface to read fields with <code>java_get</code>.
An example of both styles is shown below.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">dobj = javaObject ("java.lang.Double", pi);
dobj.MAX_VALUE
⇒ 1.7977e+308
java_get ("java.lang.Float", "MAX_VALUE")
⇒ 3.4028e+38
</pre></div>
<a name="XREFjava_005fget"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-java_005fget"></a><em><var>val</var> =</em> <strong>java_get</strong> <em>(<var>obj</var>, <var>name</var>)</em></dt>
<dd><p>Get the value of the field <var>name</var> of the Java object <var>obj</var>.
</p>
<p>For static fields, <var>obj</var> can be a string representing the fully
qualified name of the corresponding class.
</p>
<p>When <var>obj</var> is a regular Java object, structure-like indexing can be
used as a shortcut syntax. For instance, the following two statements are
equivalent
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"> java_get (x, "field1")
x.field1
</pre></div>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFjava_005fset">java_set</a>, <a href="#XREFjavaMethod">javaMethod</a>, <a href="#XREFjavaObject">javaObject</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<a name="index-field_002c-setting-value-of-Java-object-field"></a>
<a name="XREFjava_005fset"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-java_005fset"></a><em><var>obj</var> =</em> <strong>java_set</strong> <em>(<var>obj</var>, <var>name</var>, <var>val</var>)</em></dt>
<dd><p>Set the value of the field <var>name</var> of the Java object <var>obj</var> to
<var>val</var>.
</p>
<p>For static fields, <var>obj</var> can be a string representing the fully
qualified named of the corresponding Java class.
</p>
<p>When <var>obj</var> is a regular Java object, structure-like indexing can be
used as a shortcut syntax. For instance, the following two statements are
equivalent
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"> java_set (x, "field1", val)
x.field1 = val
</pre></div>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFjava_005fget">java_get</a>, <a href="#XREFjavaMethod">javaMethod</a>, <a href="#XREFjavaObject">javaObject</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<a name="index-methods_002c-displaying-available-methods-of-a-Java-object"></a>
<p>To see what functions can be called with an object use <code>methods</code>. For
example, using the previously created <var>dobj</var>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">methods (dobj)
⇒
Methods for class java.lang.Double:
boolean equals(java.lang.Object)
java.lang.String toString(double)
java.lang.String toString()
…
</pre></div>
<p>To call a method of an object the same structure indexing operator ‘<samp>.</samp>’ is
used. Octave also provides a functional interface to calling the methods of an
object through <code>javaMethod</code>. An example showing both styles is shown
below.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">dobj = javaObject ("java.lang.Double", pi);
dobj.equals (3)
⇒ 0
javaMethod ("equals", dobj, pi)
⇒ 1
</pre></div>
<a name="index-method_002c-invoking-a-method-of-a-Java-object"></a>
<a name="XREFjavaMethod"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-javaMethod"></a><em><var>ret</var> =</em> <strong>javaMethod</strong> <em>(<var>methodname</var>, <var>obj</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-javaMethod-1"></a><em><var>ret</var> =</em> <strong>javaMethod</strong> <em>(<var>methodname</var>, <var>obj</var>, <var>arg1</var>, …)</em></dt>
<dd><p>Invoke the method <var>methodname</var> on the Java object <var>obj</var> with the
arguments <var>arg1</var>, ….
</p>
<p>For static methods, <var>obj</var> can be a string representing the fully
qualified name of the corresponding class.
</p>
<p>When <var>obj</var> is a regular Java object, structure-like indexing can be
used as a shortcut syntax. For instance, the two following statements are
equivalent
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"> ret = javaMethod ("method1", x, 1.0, "a string")
ret = x.method1 (1.0, "a string")
</pre></div>
<p><code>javaMethod</code> returns the result of the method invocation.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="Creating-a-Class.html#XREFmethods">methods</a>, <a href="#XREFjavaObject">javaObject</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<p>The following three functions are used to display and modify the class path
used by the Java Virtual Machine. This is entirely separate from Octave’s
<code>PATH</code> variable and is used by the JVM to find the correct code to execute.
</p>
<a name="index-classpath_002c-displaying"></a>
<a name="index-classpath_002c-dynamic"></a>
<a name="index-dynamic-classpath-1"></a>
<a name="index-classpath_002c-static"></a>
<a name="index-static-classpath-1"></a>
<a name="XREFjavaclasspath"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-javaclasspath"></a><em></em> <strong>javaclasspath</strong> <em>()</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-javaclasspath-1"></a><em><var>dpath</var> =</em> <strong>javaclasspath</strong> <em>()</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-javaclasspath-2"></a><em>[<var>dpath</var>, <var>spath</var>] =</em> <strong>javaclasspath</strong> <em>()</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-javaclasspath-3"></a><em><var>clspath</var> =</em> <strong>javaclasspath</strong> <em>(<var>what</var>)</em></dt>
<dd><p>Return the class path of the Java virtual machine in the form of a cell
array of strings.
</p>
<p>If called with no inputs:
</p>
<ul>
<li> If no output is requested, the dynamic and static classpaths are
printed to the standard output.
</li><li> If one output value <var>dpath</var> is requested, the result is the
dynamic classpath.
</li><li> If two output values<var>dpath</var> and <var>spath</var> are requested, the
first variable will contain the dynamic classpath and the second will
contain the static classpath.
</li></ul>
<p>If called with a single input parameter <var>what</var>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>"-dynamic"</code></dt>
<dd><p>Return the dynamic classpath.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>"-static"</code></dt>
<dd><p>Return the static classpath.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>"-all"</code></dt>
<dd><p>Return both the static and dynamic classpath in a single cellstr.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFjavaaddpath">javaaddpath</a>, <a href="#XREFjavarmpath">javarmpath</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<a name="index-javaaddpath"></a>
<a name="index-classpath_002c-adding-new-path"></a>
<a name="index-path_002c-adding-to-classpath"></a>
<a name="index-classpath_002c-dynamic-1"></a>
<a name="index-dynamic-classpath_002c-adding-new-path"></a>
<a name="XREFjavaaddpath"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-javaaddpath-1"></a><em></em> <strong>javaaddpath</strong> <em>(<var>clspath</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-javaaddpath-2"></a><em></em> <strong>javaaddpath</strong> <em>(<var>clspath1</var>, …)</em></dt>
<dd><p>Add <var>clspath</var> to the dynamic class path of the Java virtual machine.
</p>
<p><var>clspath</var> may either be a directory where <samp>.class</samp> files are
found, or a <samp>.jar</samp> file containing Java classes. Multiple paths may
be added at once by specifying additional arguments.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFjavarmpath">javarmpath</a>, <a href="#XREFjavaclasspath">javaclasspath</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<a name="index-classpath_002c-removing-path"></a>
<a name="index-path_002c-removing-from-classpath"></a>
<a name="XREFjavarmpath"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-javarmpath"></a><em></em> <strong>javarmpath</strong> <em>(<var>clspath</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-javarmpath-1"></a><em></em> <strong>javarmpath</strong> <em>(<var>clspath1</var>, …)</em></dt>
<dd><p>Remove <var>clspath</var> from the dynamic class path of the Java virtual
machine.
</p>
<p><var>clspath</var> may either be a directory where <samp>.class</samp> files are found,
or a <samp>.jar</samp> file containing Java classes. Multiple paths may be
removed at once by specifying additional arguments.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFjavaaddpath">javaaddpath</a>, <a href="#XREFjavaclasspath">javaclasspath</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<p>The following functions provide information and control over the interface
between Octave and the Java Virtual Machine.
</p>
<a name="XREFjavachk"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-javachk"></a><em></em> <strong>javachk</strong> <em>(<var>feature</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-javachk-1"></a><em></em> <strong>javachk</strong> <em>(<var>feature</var>, <var>caller</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-javachk-2"></a><em><var>msg</var> =</em> <strong>javachk</strong> <em>(…)</em></dt>
<dd><p>Check for the presence of the Java <var>feature</var> in the current session.
Return an error structure if <var>feature</var> is not available, not enabled,
or not recognized.
</p>
<p>Possible recognized features are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>"awt"</code></dt>
<dd><p>Abstract Window Toolkit for GUIs.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>"desktop"</code></dt>
<dd><p>Interactive desktop is running.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>"jvm"</code></dt>
<dd><p>Java Virtual Machine.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>"swing"</code></dt>
<dd><p>Swing components for lightweight GUIs.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>If <var>feature</var> is not supported, a scalar struct with field
<code>"message"</code> and <code>"identifier"</code> is returned. The field
<code>"message"</code> contains an error message mentioning <var>feature</var> as
well as the optional user-specified <var>caller</var>. This structure is
suitable for passing in to the <code>error</code> function.
</p>
<p>If <var>feature</var> is supported and available, an empty struct array is
returned with fields <code>"message"</code> and <code>"identifier"</code>.
</p>
<p><code>javachk</code> determines if specific Java features are available in an
Octave session. This function is provided for scripts which may alter
their behavior based on the availability of Java or specific Java runtime
features.
</p>
<p>Compatibility Note: The feature <code>"desktop"</code> is never available since
Octave has no Java-based desktop.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFusejava">usejava</a>, <a href="Raising-Errors.html#XREFerror">error</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<a name="XREFusejava"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-usejava"></a><em></em> <strong>usejava</strong> <em>(<var>feature</var>)</em></dt>
<dd><p>Return true if the Java element <var>feature</var> is available.
</p>
<p>Possible features are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>"awt"</code></dt>
<dd><p>Abstract Window Toolkit for GUIs.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>"desktop"</code></dt>
<dd><p>Interactive desktop is running.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>"jvm"</code></dt>
<dd><p>Java Virtual Machine.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>"swing"</code></dt>
<dd><p>Swing components for lightweight GUIs.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p><code>usejava</code> determines if specific Java features are available in an
Octave session. This function is provided for scripts which may alter
their behavior based on the availability of Java. The feature
<code>"desktop"</code> always returns <code>false</code> as Octave has no Java-based
desktop. Other features may be available if Octave was compiled with the
Java Interface and Java is installed.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFjavachk">javachk</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<a name="index-memory_002c-displaying-Java-memory-status"></a>
<a name="XREFjavamem"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-javamem"></a><em></em> <strong>javamem</strong> <em>()</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-javamem-1"></a><em><var>jmem</var> =</em> <strong>javamem</strong> <em>()</em></dt>
<dd><p>Show the current memory usage of the Java virtual machine (JVM) and run the
garbage collector.
</p>
<p>When no return argument is given the info is printed to the screen.
Otherwise, the output cell array <var>jmem</var> contains Maximum, Total, and
Free memory (in bytes).
</p>
<p>All Java-based routines are run in the JVM’s shared memory pool, a
dedicated and separate part of memory claimed by the JVM from your
computer’s total memory (which comprises physical RAM and virtual memory /
swap space on hard disk).
</p>
<p>The maximum allowable memory usage can be configured using the file
<samp>java.opts</samp>. The directory where this file resides is determined by
the environment variable <code><span class="nolinebreak">OCTAVE_JAVA_DIR</span></code><!-- /@w -->. If unset, the directory
where <samp>javaaddpath.m</samp> resides is used instead (typically
<samp><code><span class="nolinebreak">OCTAVE_HOME</span></code><!-- /@w -->/share/octave/<code><span class="nolinebreak">OCTAVE_VERSION</span></code><!-- /@w -->/m/java/</samp>).
</p>
<p><samp>java.opts</samp> is a plain text file with one option per line. The default
initial memory size and default maximum memory size (which are both system
dependent) can be overridden like so:
</p>
<p>-Xms64m
</p>
<p>-Xmx512m
</p>
<p>(in megabytes in this example).
You can adapt these values to your own requirements if your system has
limited available physical memory or if you get Java memory errors.
</p>
<p><code>"Total memory"</code> is what the operating system has currently assigned
to the JVM and depends on actual and active memory usage.
<code>"Free memory"</code> is self-explanatory. During operation of Java-based
Octave functions the amount of Total and Free memory will vary, due to
Java’s own cleaning up and your operating system’s memory management.
</p></dd></dl>
<a name="XREFjava_005fmatrix_005fautoconversion"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-java_005fmatrix_005fautoconversion"></a><em><var>val</var> =</em> <strong>java_matrix_autoconversion</strong> <em>()</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-java_005fmatrix_005fautoconversion-1"></a><em><var>old_val</var> =</em> <strong>java_matrix_autoconversion</strong> <em>(<var>new_val</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-java_005fmatrix_005fautoconversion-2"></a><em></em> <strong>java_matrix_autoconversion</strong> <em>(<var>new_val</var>, "local")</em></dt>
<dd><p>Query or set the internal variable that controls whether Java arrays are
automatically converted to Octave matrices.
</p>
<p>The default value is false.
</p>
<p>When called from inside a function with the <code>"local"</code> option, the
variable is changed locally for the function and any subroutines it calls.
The original variable value is restored when exiting the function.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFjava_005funsigned_005fautoconversion">java_unsigned_autoconversion</a>, <a href="#XREFdebug_005fjava">debug_java</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<a name="XREFjava_005funsigned_005fautoconversion"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-java_005funsigned_005fautoconversion"></a><em><var>val</var> =</em> <strong>java_unsigned_autoconversion</strong> <em>()</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-java_005funsigned_005fautoconversion-1"></a><em><var>old_val</var> =</em> <strong>java_unsigned_autoconversion</strong> <em>(<var>new_val</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-java_005funsigned_005fautoconversion-2"></a><em></em> <strong>java_unsigned_autoconversion</strong> <em>(<var>new_val</var>, "local")</em></dt>
<dd><p>Query or set the internal variable that controls how integer classes are
converted when <code>java_matrix_autoconversion</code> is enabled.
</p>
<p>When enabled, Java arrays of class Byte or Integer are converted to matrices
of class uint8 or uint32 respectively. The default value is true.
</p>
<p>When called from inside a function with the <code>"local"</code> option, the
variable is changed locally for the function and any subroutines it calls.
The original variable value is restored when exiting the function.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFjava_005fmatrix_005fautoconversion">java_matrix_autoconversion</a>, <a href="#XREFdebug_005fjava">debug_java</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<a name="XREFdebug_005fjava"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-debug_005fjava"></a><em><var>val</var> =</em> <strong>debug_java</strong> <em>()</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-debug_005fjava-1"></a><em><var>old_val</var> =</em> <strong>debug_java</strong> <em>(<var>new_val</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-debug_005fjava-2"></a><em></em> <strong>debug_java</strong> <em>(<var>new_val</var>, "local")</em></dt>
<dd><p>Query or set the internal variable that determines whether extra debugging
information regarding the initialization of the JVM and any Java exceptions
is printed.
</p>
<p>When called from inside a function with the <code>"local"</code> option, the
variable is changed locally for the function and any subroutines it calls.
The original variable value is restored when exiting the function.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFjava_005fmatrix_005fautoconversion">java_matrix_autoconversion</a>, <a href="#XREFjava_005funsigned_005fautoconversion">java_unsigned_autoconversion</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
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