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<ol class="chapter"><li class="affix"><a href="introduction.html">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="notation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Notation</a></li><li><a href="lexical-structure.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Lexical structure</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="input-format.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> Input format</a></li><li><a href="keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Keywords</a></li><li><a href="identifiers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Identifiers</a></li><li><a href="comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Comments</a></li><li><a href="whitespace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Whitespace</a></li><li><a href="tokens.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> Tokens</a></li><li><a href="paths.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> Paths</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="macros.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Macros</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="macros-by-example.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Macros By Example</a></li><li><a href="procedural-macros.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Procedural Macros</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="crates-and-source-files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Crates and source files</a></li><li><a href="conditional-compilation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Conditional compilation</a></li><li><a href="items.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Items</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="items/modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> Modules</a></li><li><a href="items/extern-crates.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> Extern crates</a></li><li><a href="items/use-declarations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> Use declarations</a></li><li><a href="items/functions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> Functions</a></li><li><a href="items/type-aliases.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> Type aliases</a></li><li><a href="items/structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> Structs</a></li><li><a href="items/enumerations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.7.</strong> Enumerations</a></li><li><a href="items/unions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.8.</strong> Unions</a></li><li><a href="items/constant-items.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.9.</strong> Constant items</a></li><li><a href="items/static-items.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.10.</strong> Static items</a></li><li><a href="items/traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.11.</strong> Traits</a></li><li><a href="items/implementations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.12.</strong> Implementations</a></li><li><a href="items/external-blocks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.13.</strong> External blocks</a></li><li><a href="items/generics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.14.</strong> Type and lifetime parameters</a></li><li><a href="items/associated-items.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.15.</strong> Associated Items</a></li><li><a href="visibility-and-privacy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.16.</strong> Visibility and Privacy</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="attributes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Attributes</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="attributes/testing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> Testing</a></li><li><a href="attributes/derive.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> Derive</a></li><li><a href="attributes/diagnostics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> Diagnostics</a></li><li><a href="attributes/codegen.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> Code generation</a></li><li><a href="attributes/limits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> Limits</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="statements-and-expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Statements and expressions</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="statements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Statements</a></li><li><a href="expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> Expressions</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="expressions/literal-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.1.</strong> Literal expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/path-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.2.</strong> Path expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/block-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.3.</strong> Block expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/operator-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.4.</strong> Operator expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/grouped-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.5.</strong> Grouped expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/array-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.6.</strong> Array and index expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/tuple-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.7.</strong> Tuple and index expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/struct-expr.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.8.</strong> Struct expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/enum-variant-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.9.</strong> Enum variant expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/call-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.10.</strong> Call expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/method-call-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.11.</strong> Method call expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/field-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.12.</strong> Field access expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/closure-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.13.</strong> Closure expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/loop-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.14.</strong> Loop expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/range-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.15.</strong> Range expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/if-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.16.</strong> If and if let expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/match-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.17.</strong> Match expressions</a></li><li><a href="expressions/return-expr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.18.</strong> Return expressions</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li><a href="patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Patterns</a></li><li><a href="type-system.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> Type system</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> Types</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="types/boolean.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.1.</strong> Boolean type</a></li><li><a href="types/numeric.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.2.</strong> Numeric types</a></li><li><a href="types/textual.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.3.</strong> Textual types</a></li><li><a href="types/never.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.4.</strong> Never type</a></li><li><a href="types/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.5.</strong> Tuple types</a></li><li><a href="types/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.6.</strong> Array types</a></li><li><a href="types/slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.7.</strong> Slice types</a></li><li><a href="types/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.8.</strong> Struct types</a></li><li><a href="types/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.9.</strong> Enumerated types</a></li><li><a href="types/union.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.10.</strong> Union types</a></li><li><a href="types/function-item.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.11.</strong> Function item types</a></li><li><a href="types/closure.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.12.</strong> Closure types</a></li><li><a href="types/pointer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.13.</strong> Pointer types</a></li><li><a href="types/function-pointer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.14.</strong> Function pointer types</a></li><li><a href="types/trait-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.15.</strong> Trait object types</a></li><li><a href="types/impl-trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.16.</strong> Impl trait type</a></li><li><a href="types/parameters.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.17.</strong> Type parameters</a></li><li><a href="types/inferred.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.18.</strong> Inferred type</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="dynamically-sized-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> Dynamically Sized Types</a></li><li><a href="type-layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> Type layout</a></li><li><a href="interior-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.</strong> Interior mutability</a></li><li><a href="subtyping.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.</strong> Subtyping and Variance</a></li><li><a href="trait-bounds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.6.</strong> Trait and lifetime bounds</a></li><li><a href="type-coercions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.7.</strong> Type coercions</a></li><li><a href="destructors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.</strong> Destructors</a></li><li><a href="lifetime-elision.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.9.</strong> Lifetime elision</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="special-types-and-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> Special types and traits</a></li><li><a href="memory-model.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Memory model</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="memory-allocation-and-lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> Memory allocation and lifetime</a></li><li><a href="memory-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> Memory ownership</a></li><li><a href="variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> Variables</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="linkage.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> Linkage</a></li><li><a href="unsafety.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> Unsafety</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="unsafe-functions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> Unsafe functions</a></li><li><a href="unsafe-blocks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> Unsafe blocks</a></li><li><a href="behavior-considered-undefined.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> Behavior considered undefined</a></li><li><a href="behavior-not-considered-unsafe.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> Behavior not considered unsafe</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="const_eval.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> Constant Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="abi.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> Application Binary Interface</a></li><li><a href="runtime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> The Rust runtime</a></li><li><a href="appendices.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> Appendices</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="macro-ambiguity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.1.</strong> Macro Follow-Set Ambiguity Formal Specification</a></li><li><a href="influences.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.2.</strong> Influences</a></li><li><a href="glossary.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.3.</strong> Glossary</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<a class="header" href="expressions/struct-expr.html#struct-expressions" id="struct-expressions"><h1>Struct expressions</h1></a>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><sup>Syntax</sup></strong><br />
<em>StructExpression</em> :<br />
<em>StructExprStruct</em><br />
| <em>StructExprTuple</em><br />
| <em>StructExprUnit</em></p>
<p><em>StructExprStruct</em> :<br />
<a href="paths.html#paths-in-expressions"><em>PathInExpression</em></a> <code>{</code> <a href="attributes.html"><em>InnerAttribute</em></a><sup>*</sup> (<em>StructExprFields</em> | <em>StructBase</em>)<sup>?</sup> <code>}</code></p>
<p><em>StructExprFields</em> :<br />
<em>StructExprField</em> (<code>,</code> <em>StructExprField</em>)<sup>*</sup> (<code>,</code> <em>StructBase</em> | <code>,</code><sup>?</sup>)</p>
<p><em>StructExprField</em> :<br />
<a href="identifiers.html">IDENTIFIER</a><br />
| (<a href="identifiers.html">IDENTIFIER</a> | <a href="tokens.html#integer-literals">TUPLE_INDEX</a>) <code>:</code> <a href="expressions.html"><em>Expression</em></a></p>
<p><em>StructBase</em> :<br />
<code>..</code> <a href="expressions.html"><em>Expression</em></a></p>
<p><em>StructExprTuple</em> :<br />
<a href="paths.html#paths-in-expressions"><em>PathInExpression</em></a> <code>(</code><br />
<a href="attributes.html"><em>InnerAttribute</em></a><sup>*</sup><br />
( <a href="expressions.html"><em>Expression</em></a> (<code>,</code> <a href="expressions.html"><em>Expression</em></a>)<sup>*</sup> <code>,</code><sup>?</sup> )<sup>?</sup><br />
<code>)</code></p>
<p><em>StructExprUnit</em> : <a href="paths.html#paths-in-expressions"><em>PathInExpression</em></a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>A <em>struct expression</em> creates a struct or union value. It consists of a path to a <a href="items/structs.html">struct</a>
or <a href="items/unions.html">union</a> item followed by the values for the fields of the item. There are three forms
of struct expressions: struct, tuple, and unit.</p>
<p>The following are examples of struct expressions:</p>
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
# struct Point { x: f64, y: f64 }
# struct NothingInMe { }
# struct TuplePoint(f64, f64);
# mod game { pub struct User<'a> { pub name: &'a str, pub age: u32, pub score: usize } }
# struct Cookie; fn some_fn<T>(t: T) {}
Point {x: 10.0, y: 20.0};
NothingInMe {};
TuplePoint(10.0, 20.0);
TuplePoint { 0: 10.0, 1: 20.0 }; // Results in the same value as the above line
let u = game::User {name: "Joe", age: 35, score: 100_000};
some_fn::<Cookie>(Cookie);
#}</code></pre></pre>
<a class="header" href="expressions/struct-expr.html#field-struct-expression" id="field-struct-expression"><h2>Field struct expression</h2></a>
<p>A struct expression with fields enclosed in curly braces allows you to specify the value
for each individual field in any order. The field name is separated from its value with a
colon.</p>
<p>A value of a <a href="items/unions.html">union</a> type can also be created using this syntax, except that it must
specify exactly one field.</p>
<a class="header" href="expressions/struct-expr.html#functional-update-syntax" id="functional-update-syntax"><h2>Functional update syntax</h2></a>
<p>A struct expression can terminate with the syntax <code>..</code> followed by an
expression to denote a functional update. The expression following <code>..</code> (the
base) must have the same struct type as the new struct type being formed.</p>
<p>The entire expression uses the given values for the fields that were specified
and moves or copies the remaining fields from the base expression. As with all
struct expressions, all of the fields of the struct must be <a href="visibility-and-privacy.html">visible</a>, even
those not explicitly named.</p>
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
# struct Point3d { x: i32, y: i32, z: i32 }
let mut base = Point3d {x: 1, y: 2, z: 3};
let y_ref = &mut base.y;
Point3d {y: 0, z: 10, .. base}; // OK, only base.x is accessed
drop(y_ref);
#}</code></pre></pre>
<p>Struct expressions with curly braces can't be used directly in a <a href="expressions/loop-expr.html">loop</a> or <a href="expressions/if-expr.html#if-expressions">if</a>
expression's head, or in the <a href="glossary.html#scrutinee">scrutinee</a> of an <a href="expressions/if-expr.html#if-let-expressions">if let</a> or <a href="expressions/match-expr.html">match</a> expression.
However, struct expressions can be in used in these situations if they are
within another expression, for example inside <a href="http://localhost:3000/expressions/grouped-expr.html">parentheses</a>.</p>
<p>The field names can be decimal integer values to specify indices for constructing tuple
structs. This can be used with base structs to fill out the remaining indices not
specified:</p>
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
struct Color(u8, u8, u8);
let c1 = Color(0, 0, 0); // Typical way of creating a tuple struct.
let c2 = Color{0: 255, 1: 127, 2: 0}; // Specifying fields by index.
let c3 = Color{1: 0, ..c2}; // Fill out all other fields using a base struct.
#}</code></pre></pre>
<a class="header" href="expressions/struct-expr.html#struct-field-init-shorthand" id="struct-field-init-shorthand"><h3>Struct field init shorthand</h3></a>
<p>When initializing a data structure (struct, enum, union) with named (but not
numbered) fields, it is allowed to write <code>fieldname</code> as a shorthand for
<code>fieldname: fieldname</code>. This allows a compact syntax with less duplication.
For example:</p>
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
# struct Point3d { x: i32, y: i32, z: i32 }
# let x = 0;
# let y_value = 0;
# let z = 0;
Point3d { x: x, y: y_value, z: z };
Point3d { x, y: y_value, z };
#}</code></pre></pre>
<a class="header" href="expressions/struct-expr.html#tuple-struct-expression" id="tuple-struct-expression"><h2>Tuple struct expression</h2></a>
<p>A struct expression with fields enclosed in parentheses constructs a tuple struct. Though
it is listed here as a specific expression for completeness, it is equivalent to a <a href="expressions/call-expr.html">call
expression</a> to the tuple struct's constructor. For example:</p>
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
struct Position(i32, i32, i32);
Position(0, 0, 0); // Typical way of creating a tuple struct.
let c = Position; // `c` is a function that takes 3 arguments.
let pos = c(8, 6, 7); // Creates a `Position` value.
#}</code></pre></pre>
<a class="header" href="expressions/struct-expr.html#unit-struct-expression" id="unit-struct-expression"><h2>Unit struct expression</h2></a>
<p>A unit struct expression is just the path to a unit struct item. This refers to the unit
struct's implicit constant of its value. The unit struct value can also be constructed
with a fieldless struct expression. For example:</p>
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
struct Gamma;
let a = Gamma; // Gamma unit value.
let b = Gamma{}; // Exact same value as `a`.
#}</code></pre></pre>
<a class="header" href="expressions/struct-expr.html#struct-expression-attributes" id="struct-expression-attributes"><h2>Struct expression attributes</h2></a>
<p><a href="attributes.html">Inner attributes</a> are allowed directly after the opening brace or parenthesis
of a struct expression in the same expression contexts as <a href="expressions/block-expr.html#attributes-on-block-expressions">attributes on block
expressions</a>.</p>
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