<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="generator" content="rustdoc"><meta name="description" content="Source to the Rust file `src/libcore/ptr.rs`."><meta name="keywords" content="rust, rustlang, rust-lang"><title>ptr.rs.html -- source</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../normalize1.35.0.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../rustdoc1.35.0.css" id="mainThemeStyle"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../dark1.35.0.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../light1.35.0.css" id="themeStyle"><script src="../../storage1.35.0.js"></script><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../noscript1.35.0.css"></noscript><link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../favicon1.35.0.ico"><style type="text/css">#crate-search{background-image:url("../../down-arrow1.35.0.svg");}</style></head><body class="rustdoc source"><!--[if lte IE 8]><div class="warning">This old browser is unsupported and will most likely display funky things.</div><![endif]--><nav class="sidebar"><div class="sidebar-menu">☰</div><a href='../../core/index.html'><img src='../../rust-logo1.35.0.png' alt='logo' width='100'></a></nav><div class="theme-picker"><button id="theme-picker" aria-label="Pick another theme!"><img src="../../brush1.35.0.svg" width="18" alt="Pick another theme!"></button><div id="theme-choices"></div></div><script src="../../theme1.35.0.js"></script><nav class="sub"><form class="search-form js-only"><div class="search-container"><div><select id="crate-search"><option value="All crates">All crates</option></select><input class="search-input" name="search" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" placeholder="Click or press ‘S’ to search, ‘?’ for more options…" type="search"></div><a id="settings-menu" href="../../settings.html"><img src="../../wheel1.35.0.svg" width="18" alt="Change settings"></a></div></form></nav><section id="main" class="content"><pre class="line-numbers"><span id="1"> 1</span>
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</pre><div class="example-wrap"><pre class="rust ">
<span class="doccomment">//! Manually manage memory through raw pointers.</span>
<span class="doccomment">//!</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! *[See also the pointer primitive types](../../std/primitive.pointer.html).*</span>
<span class="doccomment">//!</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">//!</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! Many functions in this module take raw pointers as arguments and read from</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! or write to them. For this to be safe, these pointers must be *valid*.</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! Whether a pointer is valid depends on the operation it is used for</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! (read or write), and the extent of the memory that is accessed (i.e.,</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! how many bytes are read/written). Most functions use `*mut T` and `*const T`</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! to access only a single value, in which case the documentation omits the size</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! and implicitly assumes it to be `size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">//!</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! The precise rules for validity are not determined yet. The guarantees that are</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! provided at this point are very minimal:</span>
<span class="doccomment">//!</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! * A [null] pointer is *never* valid, not even for accesses of [size zero][zst].</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! * All pointers (except for the null pointer) are valid for all operations of</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [size zero][zst].</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! * All accesses performed by functions in this module are *non-atomic* in the sense</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! of [atomic operations] used to synchronize between threads. This means it is</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! undefined behavior to perform two concurrent accesses to the same location from different</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! threads unless both accesses only read from memory. Notice that this explicitly</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! includes [`read_volatile`] and [`write_volatile`]: Volatile accesses cannot</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! be used for inter-thread synchronization.</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! * The result of casting a reference to a pointer is valid for as long as the</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! underlying object is live and no reference (just raw pointers) is used to</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! access the same memory.</span>
<span class="doccomment">//!</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! These axioms, along with careful use of [`offset`] for pointer arithmetic,</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! are enough to correctly implement many useful things in unsafe code. Stronger guarantees</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! will be provided eventually, as the [aliasing] rules are being determined. For more</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! information, see the [book] as well as the section in the reference devoted</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! to [undefined behavior][ub].</span>
<span class="doccomment">//!</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! ## Alignment</span>
<span class="doccomment">//!</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! Valid raw pointers as defined above are not necessarily properly aligned (where</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! "proper" alignment is defined by the pointee type, i.e., `*const T` must be</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! aligned to `mem::align_of::<T>()`). However, most functions require their</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! arguments to be properly aligned, and will explicitly state</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! this requirement in their documentation. Notable exceptions to this are</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [`read_unaligned`] and [`write_unaligned`].</span>
<span class="doccomment">//!</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! When a function requires proper alignment, it does so even if the access</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! has size 0, i.e., even if memory is not actually touched. Consider using</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [`NonNull::dangling`] in such cases.</span>
<span class="doccomment">//!</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [aliasing]: ../../nomicon/aliasing.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [book]: ../../book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html#dereferencing-a-raw-pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [ub]: ../../reference/behavior-considered-undefined.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [null]: ./fn.null.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [zst]: ../../nomicon/exotic-sizes.html#zero-sized-types-zsts</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [atomic operations]: ../../std/sync/atomic/index.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [`copy`]: ../../std/ptr/fn.copy.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [`offset`]: ../../std/primitive.pointer.html#method.offset</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [`read_unaligned`]: ./fn.read_unaligned.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [`write_unaligned`]: ./fn.write_unaligned.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [`read_volatile`]: ./fn.read_volatile.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [`write_volatile`]: ./fn.write_volatile.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">//! [`NonNull::dangling`]: ./struct.NonNull.html#method.dangling</span>
<span class="attribute">#![<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">convert</span>::<span class="ident">From</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">intrinsics</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">ops</span>::{<span class="ident">CoerceUnsized</span>, <span class="ident">DispatchFromDyn</span>};
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">hash</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">marker</span>::{<span class="ident">PhantomData</span>, <span class="ident">Unsize</span>};
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::{<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">MaybeUninit</span>};
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">cmp</span>::<span class="ident">Ordering</span>::{<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">Less</span>, <span class="ident">Equal</span>, <span class="ident">Greater</span>};
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>;
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">copy</span>;
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">write_bytes</span>;
<span class="doccomment">/// Executes the destructor (if any) of the pointed-to value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is semantically equivalent to calling [`ptr::read`] and discarding</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// the result, but has the following advantages:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * It is *required* to use `drop_in_place` to drop unsized types like</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// trait objects, because they can't be read out onto the stack and</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dropped normally.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * It is friendlier to the optimizer to do this over [`ptr::read`] when</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dropping manually allocated memory (e.g., when writing Box/Rc/Vec),</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// as the compiler doesn't need to prove that it's sound to elide the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// copy.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::read`]: ../ptr/fn.read.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior is undefined if any of the following conditions are violated:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `to_drop` must be [valid] for reads.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `to_drop` must be properly aligned. See the example below for how to drop</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// an unaligned pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Additionally, if `T` is not [`Copy`], using the pointed-to value after</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// calling `drop_in_place` can cause undefined behavior. Note that `*to_drop =</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// foo` counts as a use because it will cause the value to be dropped</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// again. [`write`] can be used to overwrite data without causing it to be</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dropped.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that even if `T` has size `0`, the pointer must be non-NULL and properly aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [valid]: ../ptr/index.html#safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`Copy`]: ../marker/trait.Copy.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`write`]: ../ptr/fn.write.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Manually remove the last item from a vector:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::rc::Rc;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let last = Rc::new(1);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let weak = Rc::downgrade(&last);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut v = vec![Rc::new(0), last];</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Get a raw pointer to the last element in `v`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr = &mut v[1] as *mut _;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Shorten `v` to prevent the last item from being dropped. We do that first,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // to prevent issues if the `drop_in_place` below panics.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// v.set_len(1);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Without a call `drop_in_place`, the last item would never be dropped,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // and the memory it manages would be leaked.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::drop_in_place(ptr);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(v, &[0.into()]);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Ensure that the last item was dropped.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(weak.upgrade().is_none());</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unaligned values cannot be dropped in place, they must be copied to an aligned</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// location first:</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::mem;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe fn drop_after_copy<T>(to_drop: *mut T) {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut copy: T = mem::uninitialized();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::copy(to_drop, &mut copy, 1);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// drop(copy);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #[repr(packed, C)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// struct Packed {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// _padding: u8,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unaligned: Vec<i32>,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut p = Packed { _padding: 0, unaligned: vec![42] };</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// drop_after_copy(&mut p.unaligned as *mut _);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// mem::forget(p);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Notice that the compiler performs this copy automatically when dropping packed structs,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// i.e., you do not usually have to worry about such issues unless you call `drop_in_place`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// manually.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"drop_in_place"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.8.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>(<span class="ident">always</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">drop_in_place</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">to_drop</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) {
<span class="ident">real_drop_in_place</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">to_drop</span>)
}
<span class="comment">// The real `drop_in_place` -- the one that gets called implicitly when variables go</span>
<span class="comment">// out of scope -- should have a safe reference and not a raw pointer as argument</span>
<span class="comment">// type. When we drop a local variable, we access it with a pointer that behaves</span>
<span class="comment">// like a safe reference; transmuting that to a raw pointer does not mean we can</span>
<span class="comment">// actually access it with raw pointers.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">lang</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"drop_in_place"</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">allow</span>(<span class="ident">unconditional_recursion</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">real_drop_in_place</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">to_drop</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) {
<span class="comment">// Code here does not matter - this is replaced by the</span>
<span class="comment">// real drop glue by the compiler.</span>
<span class="ident">real_drop_in_place</span>(<span class="ident">to_drop</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a null raw pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let p: *const i32 = ptr::null();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(p.is_null());</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">rustc_promotable</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">null</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> { <span class="number">0</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> }
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a null mutable raw pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let p: *mut i32 = ptr::null_mut();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(p.is_null());</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">rustc_promotable</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">null_mut</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> { <span class="number">0</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> }
<span class="doccomment">/// Swaps the values at two mutable locations of the same type, without</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// deinitializing either.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// But for the following two exceptions, this function is semantically</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// equivalent to [`mem::swap`]:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * It operates on raw pointers instead of references. When references are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// available, [`mem::swap`] should be preferred.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The two pointed-to values may overlap. If the values do overlap, then the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// overlapping region of memory from `x` will be used. This is demonstrated</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// in the second example below.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`mem::swap`]: ../mem/fn.swap.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior is undefined if any of the following conditions are violated:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both `x` and `y` must be [valid] for reads and writes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both `x` and `y` must be properly aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that even if `T` has size `0`, the pointers must be non-NULL and properly aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [valid]: ../ptr/index.html#safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Swapping two non-overlapping regions:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut array = [0, 1, 2, 3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = array[0..].as_mut_ptr() as *mut [u32; 2]; // this is `array[0..2]`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = array[2..].as_mut_ptr() as *mut [u32; 2]; // this is `array[2..4]`</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::swap(x, y);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!([2, 3, 0, 1], array);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Swapping two overlapping regions:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut array = [0, 1, 2, 3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = array[0..].as_mut_ptr() as *mut [u32; 3]; // this is `array[0..3]`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = array[1..].as_mut_ptr() as *mut [u32; 3]; // this is `array[1..4]`</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::swap(x, y);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // The indices `1..3` of the slice overlap between `x` and `y`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Reasonable results would be for to them be `[2, 3]`, so that indices `0..3` are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // `[1, 2, 3]` (matching `y` before the `swap`); or for them to be `[0, 1]`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // so that indices `1..4` are `[0, 1, 2]` (matching `x` before the `swap`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // This implementation is defined to make the latter choice.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!([1, 0, 1, 2], array);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">swap</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">x</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) {
<span class="comment">// Give ourselves some scratch space to work with.</span>
<span class="comment">// We do not have to worry about drops: `MaybeUninit` does nothing when dropped.</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">tmp</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">MaybeUninit</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>::<span class="ident">uninit</span>();
<span class="comment">// Perform the swap</span>
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="ident">tmp</span>.<span class="ident">as_mut_ptr</span>(), <span class="number">1</span>);
<span class="ident">copy</span>(<span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="number">1</span>); <span class="comment">// `x` and `y` may overlap</span>
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">tmp</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="number">1</span>);
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Swaps `count * size_of::<T>()` bytes between the two regions of memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// beginning at `x` and `y`. The two regions must *not* overlap.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior is undefined if any of the following conditions are violated:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both `x` and `y` must be [valid] for reads and writes of `count *</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both `x` and `y` must be properly aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The region of memory beginning at `x` with a size of `count *</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// size_of::<T>()` bytes must *not* overlap with the region of memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// beginning at `y` with the same size.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that even if the effectively copied size (`count * size_of::<T>()`) is `0`,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// the pointers must be non-NULL and properly aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [valid]: ../ptr/index.html#safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut x = [1, 2, 3, 4];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut y = [7, 8, 9];</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::swap_nonoverlapping(x.as_mut_ptr(), y.as_mut_ptr(), 2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(x, [7, 8, 3, 4]);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(y, [1, 2, 9]);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"swap_nonoverlapping"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.27.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">swap_nonoverlapping</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">x</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">x</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">x</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>;
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">y</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">y</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>;
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">len</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">size_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>() <span class="op">*</span> <span class="ident">count</span>;
<span class="ident">swap_nonoverlapping_bytes</span>(<span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="ident">len</span>)
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span>(<span class="kw">crate</span>) <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">swap_nonoverlapping_one</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">x</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) {
<span class="comment">// For types smaller than the block optimization below,</span>
<span class="comment">// just swap directly to avoid pessimizing codegen.</span>
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">size_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>() <span class="op"><</span> <span class="number">32</span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">z</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">read</span>(<span class="ident">x</span>);
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="number">1</span>);
<span class="ident">write</span>(<span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="ident">z</span>);
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="ident">swap_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="number">1</span>);
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">swap_nonoverlapping_bytes</span>(<span class="ident">x</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>, <span class="ident">len</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) {
<span class="comment">// The approach here is to utilize simd to swap x & y efficiently. Testing reveals</span>
<span class="comment">// that swapping either 32 bytes or 64 bytes at a time is most efficient for Intel</span>
<span class="comment">// Haswell E processors. LLVM is more able to optimize if we give a struct a</span>
<span class="comment">// #[repr(simd)], even if we don't actually use this struct directly.</span>
<span class="comment">//</span>
<span class="comment">// FIXME repr(simd) broken on emscripten and redox</span>
<span class="comment">// It's also broken on big-endian powerpc64 and s390x. #42778</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg_attr</span>(<span class="ident">not</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"emscripten"</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"redox"</span>,
<span class="ident">target_endian</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"big"</span>)),
<span class="ident">repr</span>(<span class="ident">simd</span>))]</span>
<span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">Block</span>(<span class="ident">u64</span>, <span class="ident">u64</span>, <span class="ident">u64</span>, <span class="ident">u64</span>);
<span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">UnalignedBlock</span>(<span class="ident">u64</span>, <span class="ident">u64</span>, <span class="ident">u64</span>, <span class="ident">u64</span>);
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">block_size</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">size_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Block</span><span class="op">></span>();
<span class="comment">// Loop through x & y, copying them `Block` at a time</span>
<span class="comment">// The optimizer should unroll the loop fully for most types</span>
<span class="comment">// N.B. We can't use a for loop as the `range` impl calls `mem::swap` recursively</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">i</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="number">0</span>;
<span class="kw">while</span> <span class="ident">i</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="ident">block_size</span> <span class="op"><=</span> <span class="ident">len</span> {
<span class="comment">// Create some uninitialized memory as scratch space</span>
<span class="comment">// Declaring `t` here avoids aligning the stack when this loop is unused</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">t</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">MaybeUninit</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Block</span><span class="op">></span>::<span class="ident">uninit</span>();
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">t</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">t</span>.<span class="ident">as_mut_ptr</span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>;
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">x</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">x</span>.<span class="ident">add</span>(<span class="ident">i</span>);
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">y</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">y</span>.<span class="ident">add</span>(<span class="ident">i</span>);
<span class="comment">// Swap a block of bytes of x & y, using t as a temporary buffer</span>
<span class="comment">// This should be optimized into efficient SIMD operations where available</span>
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="ident">t</span>, <span class="ident">block_size</span>);
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="ident">block_size</span>);
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">t</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="ident">block_size</span>);
<span class="ident">i</span> <span class="op">+=</span> <span class="ident">block_size</span>;
}
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">i</span> <span class="op"><</span> <span class="ident">len</span> {
<span class="comment">// Swap any remaining bytes</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">t</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">MaybeUninit</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">UnalignedBlock</span><span class="op">></span>::<span class="ident">uninit</span>();
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">rem</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">len</span> <span class="op">-</span> <span class="ident">i</span>;
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">t</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">t</span>.<span class="ident">as_mut_ptr</span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>;
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">x</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">x</span>.<span class="ident">add</span>(<span class="ident">i</span>);
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">y</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">y</span>.<span class="ident">add</span>(<span class="ident">i</span>);
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="ident">t</span>, <span class="ident">rem</span>);
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="ident">x</span>, <span class="ident">rem</span>);
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">t</span>, <span class="ident">y</span>, <span class="ident">rem</span>);
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Moves `src` into the pointed `dst`, returning the previous `dst` value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Neither value is dropped.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This function is semantically equivalent to [`mem::replace`] except that it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// operates on raw pointers instead of references. When references are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// available, [`mem::replace`] should be preferred.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`mem::replace`]: ../mem/fn.replace.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior is undefined if any of the following conditions are violated:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `dst` must be [valid] for writes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `dst` must be properly aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that even if `T` has size `0`, the pointer must be non-NULL and properly aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [valid]: ../ptr/index.html#safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut rust = vec!['b', 'u', 's', 't'];</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // `mem::replace` would have the same effect without requiring the unsafe</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // block.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let b = unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::replace(&mut rust[0], 'r')</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// };</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(b, 'b');</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(rust, &['r', 'u', 's', 't']);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">replace</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">dst</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">swap</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">dst</span>, <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">src</span>); <span class="comment">// cannot overlap</span>
<span class="ident">src</span>
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Reads the value from `src` without moving it. This leaves the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory in `src` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior is undefined if any of the following conditions are violated:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `src` must be [valid] for reads.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `src` must be properly aligned. Use [`read_unaligned`] if this is not the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// case.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that even if `T` has size `0`, the pointer must be non-NULL and properly aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &x as *const i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(std::ptr::read(y), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Manually implement [`mem::swap`]:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// fn swap<T>(a: &mut T, b: &mut T) {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Create a bitwise copy of the value at `a` in `tmp`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let tmp = ptr::read(a);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Exiting at this point (either by explicitly returning or by</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // calling a function which panics) would cause the value in `tmp` to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // be dropped while the same value is still referenced by `a`. This</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // could trigger undefined behavior if `T` is not `Copy`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Create a bitwise copy of the value at `b` in `a`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // This is safe because mutable references cannot alias.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(b, a, 1);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // As above, exiting here could trigger undefined behavior because</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // the same value is referenced by `a` and `b`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Move `tmp` into `b`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::write(b, tmp);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // `tmp` has been moved (`write` takes ownership of its second argument),</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // so nothing is dropped implicitly here.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut foo = "foo".to_owned();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut bar = "bar".to_owned();</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// swap(&mut foo, &mut bar);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(foo, "bar");</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(bar, "foo");</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ## Ownership of the Returned Value</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `read` creates a bitwise copy of `T`, regardless of whether `T` is [`Copy`].</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If `T` is not [`Copy`], using both the returned value and the value at</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `*src` can violate memory safety. Note that assigning to `*src` counts as a</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use because it will attempt to drop the value at `*src`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`write`] can be used to overwrite data without causing it to be dropped.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut s = String::from("foo");</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // `s2` now points to the same underlying memory as `s`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut s2: String = ptr::read(&s);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(s2, "foo");</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Assigning to `s2` causes its original value to be dropped. Beyond</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // this point, `s` must no longer be used, as the underlying memory has</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // been freed.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// s2 = String::default();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(s2, "");</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Assigning to `s` would cause the old value to be dropped again,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // resulting in undefined behavior.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // s = String::from("bar"); // ERROR</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // `ptr::write` can be used to overwrite a value without dropping it.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::write(&mut s, String::from("bar"));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(s, "bar");</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`mem::swap`]: ../mem/fn.swap.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [valid]: ../ptr/index.html#safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`Copy`]: ../marker/trait.Copy.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`read_unaligned`]: ./fn.read_unaligned.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`write`]: ./fn.write.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">tmp</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">MaybeUninit</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>::<span class="ident">uninit</span>();
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>, <span class="ident">tmp</span>.<span class="ident">as_mut_ptr</span>(), <span class="number">1</span>);
<span class="ident">tmp</span>.<span class="ident">assume_init</span>()
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Reads the value from `src` without moving it. This leaves the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory in `src` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike [`read`], `read_unaligned` works with unaligned pointers.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior is undefined if any of the following conditions are violated:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `src` must be [valid] for reads.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Like [`read`], `read_unaligned` creates a bitwise copy of `T`, regardless of</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// whether `T` is [`Copy`]. If `T` is not [`Copy`], using both the returned</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// value and the value at `*src` can [violate memory safety][read-ownership].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that even if `T` has size `0`, the pointer must be non-NULL.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`Copy`]: ../marker/trait.Copy.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`read`]: ./fn.read.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`write_unaligned`]: ./fn.write_unaligned.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [read-ownership]: ./fn.read.html#ownership-of-the-returned-value</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [valid]: ../ptr/index.html#safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Access members of a packed struct by reference:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #[repr(packed, C)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// struct Packed {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// _padding: u8,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unaligned: u32,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = Packed {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// _padding: 0x00,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unaligned: 0x01020304,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// };</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let v = unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Take the address of a 32-bit integer which is not aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // This must be done as a raw pointer; unaligned references are invalid.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let unaligned = &x.unaligned as *const u32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Dereferencing normally will emit an aligned load instruction,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // causing undefined behavior.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // let v = *unaligned; // ERROR</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Instead, use `read_unaligned` to read improperly aligned values.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let v = ptr::read_unaligned(unaligned);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// v</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// };</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Accessing unaligned values directly is safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(x.unaligned == v);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_unaligned"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.17.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read_unaligned</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">tmp</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">MaybeUninit</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>::<span class="ident">uninit</span>();
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">src</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>,
<span class="ident">tmp</span>.<span class="ident">as_mut_ptr</span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>,
<span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">size_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>());
<span class="ident">tmp</span>.<span class="ident">assume_init</span>()
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Overwrites a memory location with the given value without reading or</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dropping the old value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `write` does not drop the contents of `dst`. This is safe, but it could leak</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allocations or resources, so care should be taken not to overwrite an object</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// that should be dropped.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Additionally, it does not drop `src`. Semantically, `src` is moved into the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// location pointed to by `dst`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is appropriate for initializing uninitialized memory, or overwriting</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory that has previously been [`read`] from.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`read`]: ./fn.read.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior is undefined if any of the following conditions are violated:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `dst` must be [valid] for writes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `dst` must be properly aligned. Use [`write_unaligned`] if this is not the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// case.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that even if `T` has size `0`, the pointer must be non-NULL and properly aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [valid]: ../ptr/index.html#safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`write_unaligned`]: ./fn.write_unaligned.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut x = 0;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &mut x as *mut i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let z = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// std::ptr::write(y, z);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(std::ptr::read(y), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Manually implement [`mem::swap`]:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// fn swap<T>(a: &mut T, b: &mut T) {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Create a bitwise copy of the value at `a` in `tmp`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let tmp = ptr::read(a);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Exiting at this point (either by explicitly returning or by</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // calling a function which panics) would cause the value in `tmp` to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // be dropped while the same value is still referenced by `a`. This</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // could trigger undefined behavior if `T` is not `Copy`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Create a bitwise copy of the value at `b` in `a`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // This is safe because mutable references cannot alias.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(b, a, 1);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // As above, exiting here could trigger undefined behavior because</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // the same value is referenced by `a` and `b`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Move `tmp` into `b`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::write(b, tmp);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // `tmp` has been moved (`write` takes ownership of its second argument),</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // so nothing is dropped implicitly here.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut foo = "foo".to_owned();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut bar = "bar".to_owned();</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// swap(&mut foo, &mut bar);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(foo, "bar");</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(bar, "foo");</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`mem::swap`]: ../mem/fn.swap.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">dst</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>) {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">move_val_init</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">dst</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Overwrites a memory location with the given value without reading or</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dropping the old value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike [`write`], the pointer may be unaligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `write_unaligned` does not drop the contents of `dst`. This is safe, but it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// could leak allocations or resources, so care should be taken not to overwrite</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// an object that should be dropped.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Additionally, it does not drop `src`. Semantically, `src` is moved into the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// location pointed to by `dst`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is appropriate for initializing uninitialized memory, or overwriting</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory that has previously been read with [`read_unaligned`].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`write`]: ./fn.write.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`read_unaligned`]: ./fn.read_unaligned.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior is undefined if any of the following conditions are violated:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `dst` must be [valid] for writes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that even if `T` has size `0`, the pointer must be non-NULL.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [valid]: ../ptr/index.html#safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Access fields in a packed struct:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::{mem, ptr};</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #[repr(packed, C)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #[derive(Default)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// struct Packed {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// _padding: u8,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unaligned: u32,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let v = 0x01020304;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut x: Packed = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Take a reference to a 32-bit integer which is not aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let unaligned = &mut x.unaligned as *mut u32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Dereferencing normally will emit an aligned store instruction,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // causing undefined behavior because the pointer is not aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // *unaligned = v; // ERROR</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Instead, use `write_unaligned` to write improperly aligned values.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::write_unaligned(unaligned, v);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Accessing unaligned values directly is safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(x.unaligned == v);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_unaligned"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.17.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write_unaligned</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">dst</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>) {
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">src</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>,
<span class="ident">dst</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>,
<span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">size_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>());
<span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">forget</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>);
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Performs a volatile read of the value from `src` without moving it. This</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// leaves the memory in `src` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// operations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Memory accessed with `read_volatile` or [`write_volatile`] should not be</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// accessed with non-volatile operations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`write_volatile`]: ./fn.write_volatile.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Notes</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Rust does not currently have a rigorously and formally defined memory model,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// so the precise semantics of what "volatile" means here is subject to change</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// over time. That being said, the semantics will almost always end up pretty</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// similar to [C11's definition of volatile][c11].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler shouldn't change the relative order or number of volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory operations. However, volatile memory operations on zero-sized types</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (e.g., if a zero-sized type is passed to `read_volatile`) are noops</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and may be ignored.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [c11]: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1570.pdf</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior is undefined if any of the following conditions are violated:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `src` must be [valid] for reads.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `src` must be properly aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Like [`read`], `read_unaligned` creates a bitwise copy of `T`, regardless of</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// whether `T` is [`Copy`]. If `T` is not [`Copy`], using both the returned</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// value and the value at `*src` can [violate memory safety][read-ownership].</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However, storing non-[`Copy`] types in volatile memory is almost certainly</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// incorrect.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that even if `T` has size `0`, the pointer must be non-NULL and properly aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [valid]: ../ptr/index.html#safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`Copy`]: ../marker/trait.Copy.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`read`]: ./fn.read.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [read-ownership]: ./fn.read.html#ownership-of-the-returned-value</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Just like in C, whether an operation is volatile has no bearing whatsoever</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// on questions involving concurrent access from multiple threads. Volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// accesses behave exactly like non-atomic accesses in that regard. In particular,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// a race between a `read_volatile` and any write operation to the same location</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// is undefined behavior.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &x as *const i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(std::ptr::read_volatile(y), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"volatile"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.9.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read_volatile</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">volatile_load</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Performs a volatile write of a memory location with the given value without</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// reading or dropping the old value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// operations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Memory accessed with [`read_volatile`] or `write_volatile` should not be</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// accessed with non-volatile operations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `write_volatile` does not drop the contents of `dst`. This is safe, but it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// could leak allocations or resources, so care should be taken not to overwrite</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// an object that should be dropped.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Additionally, it does not drop `src`. Semantically, `src` is moved into the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// location pointed to by `dst`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`read_volatile`]: ./fn.read_volatile.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Notes</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Rust does not currently have a rigorously and formally defined memory model,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// so the precise semantics of what "volatile" means here is subject to change</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// over time. That being said, the semantics will almost always end up pretty</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// similar to [C11's definition of volatile][c11].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler shouldn't change the relative order or number of volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory operations. However, volatile memory operations on zero-sized types</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (e.g., if a zero-sized type is passed to `write_volatile`) are noops</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and may be ignored.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [c11]: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1570.pdf</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior is undefined if any of the following conditions are violated:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `dst` must be [valid] for writes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `dst` must be properly aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that even if `T` has size `0`, the pointer must be non-NULL and properly aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [valid]: ../ptr/index.html#safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Just like in C, whether an operation is volatile has no bearing whatsoever</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// on questions involving concurrent access from multiple threads. Volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// accesses behave exactly like non-atomic accesses in that regard. In particular,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// a race between a `write_volatile` and any other operation (reading or writing)</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// on the same location is undefined behavior.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut x = 0;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let y = &mut x as *mut i32;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let z = 12;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// std::ptr::write_volatile(y, z);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(std::ptr::read_volatile(y), 12);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"volatile"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.9.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write_volatile</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">dst</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>) {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">volatile_store</span>(<span class="ident">dst</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>);
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">lang</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"const_ptr"</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="doccomment">/// Returns `true` if the pointer is null.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that unsized types have many possible null pointers, as only the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// raw data pointer is considered, not their length, vtable, etc.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Therefore, two pointers that are null may still not compare equal to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// each other.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let s: &str = "Follow the rabbit";</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(!ptr.is_null());</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">is_null</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> {
<span class="comment">// Compare via a cast to a thin pointer, so fat pointers are only</span>
<span class="comment">// considering their "data" part for null-ness.</span>
(<span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>) <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">null</span>()
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Returns `None` if the pointer is null, or else returns a reference to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// the value wrapped in `Some`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// While this method and its mutable counterpart are useful for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// null-safety, it is important to note that this is still an unsafe</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// operation because the returned value could be pointing to invalid</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Additionally, the lifetime `'a` returned is arbitrarily chosen and does</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// not necessarily reflect the actual lifetime of the data.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *const u8 = &10u8 as *const u8;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// if let Some(val_back) = ptr.as_ref() {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("We got back the value: {}!", val_back);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Null-unchecked version</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If you are sure the pointer can never be null and are looking for some kind of</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `as_ref_unchecked` that returns the `&T` instead of `Option<&T>`, know that you can</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dereference the pointer directly.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *const u8 = &10u8 as *const u8;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let val_back = &*ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("We got back the value: {}!", val_back);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_as_ref"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.9.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_ref</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">is_null</span>() {
<span class="prelude-val">None</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>)
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// byte past the end of the same allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum, **in bytes** must fit in a usize.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len())` is always safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for 2<sup>63</sup> bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Consider using `wrapping_offset` instead if these constraints are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let s: &str = "123";</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(1) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(2) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">isize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// In particular, the resulting pointer may *not* be used to access a</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// different allocated object than the one `self` points to. In other</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// words, `x.wrapping_offset(y.wrapping_offset_from(x))` is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// *not* the same as `y`, and dereferencing it is undefined behavior</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unless `x` and `y` point into the same allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Always use `.offset(count)` instead when possible, because `offset`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allows the compiler to optimize better. If you need to cross object</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// boundaries, cast the pointer to an integer and do the arithmetic there.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let step = 2;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_offset(6);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // This loop prints "1, 3, 5, "</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// while ptr != end_rounded_up {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// print!("{}, ", *ptr);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_offset(step);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_wrapping_offset"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.16.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">wrapping_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">isize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">arith_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the distance between two pointers. The returned value is in</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// units of T: the distance in bytes is divided by `mem::size_of::<T>()`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This function is the inverse of [`offset`].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`offset`]: #method.offset</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`wrapping_offset_from`]: #method.wrapping_offset_from</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both the starting and other pointer must be either in bounds or one</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// byte past the end of the same allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The distance between the pointers, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The distance between the pointers, in bytes, must be an exact multiple</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of the size of `T`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The distance being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler and standard library generally try to ensure allocations</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `ptr_into_vec.offset_from(vec.as_ptr())` is always safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for 2<sup>63</sup> bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Consider using [`wrapping_offset_from`] instead if these constraints are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Panics</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This function panics if `T` is a Zero-Sized Type ("ZST").</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(ptr_offset_from)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let a = [0; 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr1: *const i32 = &a[1];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr2: *const i32 = &a[3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr2.offset_from(ptr1), 2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr1.offset_from(ptr2), -2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr1.offset(2), ptr2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr2.offset(-2), ptr1);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_offset_from"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"41079"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">offset_from</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">origin</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">isize</span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">pointee_size</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">size_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>();
<span class="macro">assert</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="number">0</span> <span class="op"><</span> <span class="ident">pointee_size</span> <span class="op">&&</span> <span class="ident">pointee_size</span> <span class="op"><=</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>::<span class="ident">max_value</span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>);
<span class="comment">// This is the same sequence that Clang emits for pointer subtraction.</span>
<span class="comment">// It can be neither `nsw` nor `nuw` because the input is treated as</span>
<span class="comment">// unsigned but then the output is treated as signed, so neither works.</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">d</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>::<span class="ident">wrapping_sub</span>(<span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw">_</span>, <span class="ident">origin</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw">_</span>);
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">exact_div</span>(<span class="ident">d</span>, <span class="ident">pointee_size</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw">_</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the distance between two pointers. The returned value is in</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// units of T: the distance in bytes is divided by `mem::size_of::<T>()`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If the address different between the two pointers is not a multiple of</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `mem::size_of::<T>()` then the result of the division is rounded towards</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// zero.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Though this method is safe for any two pointers, note that its result</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// will be mostly useless if the two pointers aren't into the same allocated</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// object, for example if they point to two different local variables.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Panics</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This function panics if `T` is a zero-sized type.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(ptr_wrapping_offset_from)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let a = [0; 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr1: *const i32 = &a[1];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr2: *const i32 = &a[3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset_from(ptr1), 2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr1.wrapping_offset_from(ptr2), -2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr1.wrapping_offset(2), ptr2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset(-2), ptr1);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr1: *const i32 = 3 as _;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr2: *const i32 = 13 as _;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset_from(ptr1), 2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_wrapping_offset_from"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"41079"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">wrapping_offset_from</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">origin</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">isize</span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">pointee_size</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">size_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>();
<span class="macro">assert</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="number">0</span> <span class="op"><</span> <span class="ident">pointee_size</span> <span class="op">&&</span> <span class="ident">pointee_size</span> <span class="op"><=</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>::<span class="ident">max_value</span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>);
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">d</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>::<span class="ident">wrapping_sub</span>(<span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw">_</span>, <span class="ident">origin</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw">_</span>);
<span class="ident">d</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_div</span>(<span class="ident">pointee_size</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw">_</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for `.offset(count as isize)`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// byte past the end of the same allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a `usize`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len())` is always safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for 2<sup>63</sup> bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Consider using `wrapping_offset` instead if these constraints are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let s: &str = "123";</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.add(1) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.add(2) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">add</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `.offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg())`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// byte past the end of the same allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The computed offset cannot exceed `isize::MAX` **bytes**.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a usize.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len()).sub(vec.len())` is always safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for 2<sup>63</sup> bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Consider using `wrapping_offset` instead if these constraints are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let s: &str = "123";</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let end: *const u8 = s.as_ptr().add(3);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *end.sub(1) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *end.sub(2) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">sub</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">offset</span>((<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>).<span class="ident">wrapping_neg</span>())
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset(count as isize)`)</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Always use `.add(count)` instead when possible, because `add`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allows the compiler to optimize better.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let step = 2;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_add(6);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // This loop prints "1, 3, 5, "</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// while ptr != end_rounded_up {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// print!("{}, ", *ptr);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(step);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">wrapping_add</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_offset</span>(<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset((count as isize).wrapping_sub())`)</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Always use `.sub(count)` instead when possible, because `sub`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allows the compiler to optimize better.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements (backwards)</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let start_rounded_down = ptr.wrapping_sub(2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(4);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let step = 2;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // This loop prints "5, 3, 1, "</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// while ptr != start_rounded_down {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// print!("{}, ", *ptr);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_sub(step);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">wrapping_sub</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_offset</span>((<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>).<span class="ident">wrapping_neg</span>())
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory in `self` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::read`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::read`]: ./ptr/fn.read.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">read</span>(<span class="self">self</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Performs a volatile read of the value from `self` without moving it. This</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// leaves the memory in `self` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// operations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::read_volatile`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::read_volatile`]: ./ptr/fn.read_volatile.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read_volatile</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">read_volatile</span>(<span class="self">self</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory in `self` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `read`, the pointer may be unaligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::read_unaligned`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::read_unaligned`]: ./ptr/fn.read_unaligned.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read_unaligned</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">read_unaligned</span>(<span class="self">self</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Copies `count * size_of<T>` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and destination may overlap.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as [`ptr::copy`].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::copy`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::copy`]: ./ptr/fn.copy.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy_to</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">copy</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Copies `count * size_of<T>` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and destination may *not* overlap.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`]: ./ptr/fn.copy_nonoverlapping.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy_to_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Computes the offset that needs to be applied to the pointer in order to make it aligned to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `align`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If it is not possible to align the pointer, the implementation returns</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `usize::max_value()`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The offset is expressed in number of `T` elements, and not bytes. The value returned can be</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// used with the `offset` or `offset_to` methods.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// There are no guarantees whatsover that offsetting the pointer will not overflow or go</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// beyond the allocation that the pointer points into. It is up to the caller to ensure that</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// the returned offset is correct in all terms other than alignment.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Panics</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The function panics if `align` is not a power-of-two.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Accessing adjacent `u8` as `u16`</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # #![feature(align_offset)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # fn foo(n: usize) {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # use std::mem::align_of;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = [5u8, 6u8, 7u8, 8u8, 9u8];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr = &x[n] as *const u8;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let offset = ptr.align_offset(align_of::<u16>());</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// if offset < x.len() - n - 1 {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let u16_ptr = ptr.add(offset) as *const u16;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_ne!(*u16_ptr, 500);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// } else {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // while the pointer can be aligned via `offset`, it would point</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // outside the allocation</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # } }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"align_offset"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"44488"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">align_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">align</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">usize</span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="op">!</span><span class="ident">align</span>.<span class="ident">is_power_of_two</span>() {
<span class="macro">panic</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="string">"align_offset: align is not a power-of-two"</span>);
}
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
<span class="ident">align_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">align</span>)
}
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">lang</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"mut_ptr"</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="doccomment">/// Returns `true` if the pointer is null.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that unsized types have many possible null pointers, as only the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// raw data pointer is considered, not their length, vtable, etc.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Therefore, two pointers that are null may still not compare equal to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// each other.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut s = [1, 2, 3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *mut u32 = s.as_mut_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(!ptr.is_null());</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">is_null</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> {
<span class="comment">// Compare via a cast to a thin pointer, so fat pointers are only</span>
<span class="comment">// considering their "data" part for null-ness.</span>
(<span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>) <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">null_mut</span>()
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Returns `None` if the pointer is null, or else returns a reference to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// the value wrapped in `Some`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// While this method and its mutable counterpart are useful for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// null-safety, it is important to note that this is still an unsafe</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// operation because the returned value could be pointing to invalid</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Additionally, the lifetime `'a` returned is arbitrarily chosen and does</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// not necessarily reflect the actual lifetime of the data.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *mut u8 = &mut 10u8 as *mut u8;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// if let Some(val_back) = ptr.as_ref() {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("We got back the value: {}!", val_back);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Null-unchecked version</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If you are sure the pointer can never be null and are looking for some kind of</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `as_ref_unchecked` that returns the `&T` instead of `Option<&T>`, know that you can</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dereference the pointer directly.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *mut u8 = &mut 10u8 as *mut u8;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let val_back = &*ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("We got back the value: {}!", val_back);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_as_ref"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.9.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_ref</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">is_null</span>() {
<span class="prelude-val">None</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>)
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// byte past the end of the same allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum, **in bytes** must fit in a usize.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len())` is always safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for 2<sup>63</sup> bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Consider using `wrapping_offset` instead if these constraints are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut s = [1, 2, 3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *mut u32 = s.as_mut_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(1));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(2));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">isize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>) <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// In particular, the resulting pointer may *not* be used to access a</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// different allocated object than the one `self` points to. In other</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// words, `x.wrapping_offset(y.wrapping_offset_from(x))` is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// *not* the same as `y`, and dereferencing it is undefined behavior</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unless `x` and `y` point into the same allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Always use `.offset(count)` instead when possible, because `offset`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allows the compiler to optimize better. If you need to cross object</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// boundaries, cast the pointer to an integer and do the arithmetic there.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut ptr: *mut u8 = data.as_mut_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let step = 2;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_offset(6);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// while ptr != end_rounded_up {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// *ptr = 0;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_offset(step);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(&data, &[0, 2, 0, 4, 0]);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_wrapping_offset"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.16.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">wrapping_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">isize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">arith_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>) <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Returns `None` if the pointer is null, or else returns a mutable</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// reference to the value wrapped in `Some`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// As with `as_ref`, this is unsafe because it cannot verify the validity</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of the returned pointer, nor can it ensure that the lifetime `'a`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// returned is indeed a valid lifetime for the contained data.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut s = [1, 2, 3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *mut u32 = s.as_mut_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let first_value = unsafe { ptr.as_mut().unwrap() };</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// *first_value = 4;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{:?}", s); // It'll print: "[4, 2, 3]".</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_as_ref"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.9.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_mut</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">is_null</span>() {
<span class="prelude-val">None</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>)
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the distance between two pointers. The returned value is in</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// units of T: the distance in bytes is divided by `mem::size_of::<T>()`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This function is the inverse of [`offset`].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`offset`]: #method.offset-1</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`wrapping_offset_from`]: #method.wrapping_offset_from-1</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both the starting and other pointer must be either in bounds or one</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// byte past the end of the same allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The distance between the pointers, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The distance between the pointers, in bytes, must be an exact multiple</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of the size of `T`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The distance being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler and standard library generally try to ensure allocations</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `ptr_into_vec.offset_from(vec.as_ptr())` is always safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for 2<sup>63</sup> bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Consider using [`wrapping_offset_from`] instead if these constraints are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Panics</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This function panics if `T` is a Zero-Sized Type ("ZST").</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(ptr_offset_from)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut a = [0; 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr1: *mut i32 = &mut a[1];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr2: *mut i32 = &mut a[3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr2.offset_from(ptr1), 2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr1.offset_from(ptr2), -2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr1.offset(2), ptr2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr2.offset(-2), ptr1);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_offset_from"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"41079"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">offset_from</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">origin</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">isize</span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
(<span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>).<span class="ident">offset_from</span>(<span class="ident">origin</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the distance between two pointers. The returned value is in</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// units of T: the distance in bytes is divided by `mem::size_of::<T>()`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If the address different between the two pointers is not a multiple of</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `mem::size_of::<T>()` then the result of the division is rounded towards</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// zero.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Though this method is safe for any two pointers, note that its result</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// will be mostly useless if the two pointers aren't into the same allocated</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// object, for example if they point to two different local variables.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Panics</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This function panics if `T` is a zero-sized type.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #![feature(ptr_wrapping_offset_from)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut a = [0; 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr1: *mut i32 = &mut a[1];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr2: *mut i32 = &mut a[3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset_from(ptr1), 2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr1.wrapping_offset_from(ptr2), -2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr1.wrapping_offset(2), ptr2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset(-2), ptr1);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr1: *mut i32 = 3 as _;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr2: *mut i32 = 13 as _;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset_from(ptr1), 2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_wrapping_offset_from"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"41079"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">wrapping_offset_from</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">origin</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">isize</span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
(<span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>).<span class="ident">wrapping_offset_from</span>(<span class="ident">origin</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for `.offset(count as isize)`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// byte past the end of the same allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a `usize`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len())` is always safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for 2<sup>63</sup> bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Consider using `wrapping_offset` instead if these constraints are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let s: &str = "123";</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.add(1) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *ptr.add(2) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">add</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">offset</span>(<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `.offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg())`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Behavior:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// byte past the end of the same allocated object.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The computed offset cannot exceed `isize::MAX` **bytes**.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a usize.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len()).sub(vec.len())` is always safe.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for 2<sup>63</sup> bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Consider using `wrapping_offset` instead if these constraints are</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let s: &str = "123";</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let end: *const u8 = s.as_ptr().add(3);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *end.sub(1) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// println!("{}", *end.sub(2) as char);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">sub</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">offset</span>((<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>).<span class="ident">wrapping_neg</span>())
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset(count as isize)`)</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Always use `.add(count)` instead when possible, because `add`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allows the compiler to optimize better.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let step = 2;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_add(6);</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // This loop prints "1, 3, 5, "</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// while ptr != end_rounded_up {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// print!("{}, ", *ptr);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(step);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">wrapping_add</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_offset</span>(<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset((count as isize).wrapping_sub())`)</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// offset of `3 * size_of::<T>()` bytes.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Always use `.sub(count)` instead when possible, because `sub`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// allows the compiler to optimize better.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Basic usage:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements (backwards)</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let start_rounded_down = ptr.wrapping_sub(2);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(4);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let step = 2;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // This loop prints "5, 3, 1, "</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// while ptr != start_rounded_down {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// print!("{}, ", *ptr);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr = ptr.wrapping_sub(step);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">wrapping_sub</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_offset</span>((<span class="ident">count</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">isize</span>).<span class="ident">wrapping_neg</span>())
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory in `self` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::read`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::read`]: ./ptr/fn.read.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">read</span>(<span class="self">self</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Performs a volatile read of the value from `self` without moving it. This</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// leaves the memory in `self` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// operations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::read_volatile`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::read_volatile`]: ./ptr/fn.read_volatile.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read_volatile</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">read_volatile</span>(<span class="self">self</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// memory in `self` unchanged.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `read`, the pointer may be unaligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::read_unaligned`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::read_unaligned`]: ./ptr/fn.read_unaligned.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read_unaligned</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">read_unaligned</span>(<span class="self">self</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Copies `count * size_of<T>` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and destination may overlap.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as [`ptr::copy`].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::copy`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::copy`]: ./ptr/fn.copy.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy_to</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">copy</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Copies `count * size_of<T>` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and destination may *not* overlap.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`]: ./ptr/fn.copy_nonoverlapping.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy_to_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">dest</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Copies `count * size_of<T>` bytes from `src` to `self`. The source</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and destination may overlap.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// NOTE: this has the *opposite* argument order of [`ptr::copy`].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::copy`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::copy`]: ./ptr/fn.copy.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy_from</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">copy</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>, <span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Copies `count * size_of<T>` bytes from `src` to `self`. The source</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// and destination may *not* overlap.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// NOTE: this has the *opposite* argument order of [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`].</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`]: ./ptr/fn.copy_nonoverlapping.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy_from_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">copy_nonoverlapping</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>, <span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Executes the destructor (if any) of the pointed-to value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::drop_in_place`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::drop_in_place`]: ./ptr/fn.drop_in_place.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">drop_in_place</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) {
<span class="ident">drop_in_place</span>(<span class="self">self</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Overwrites a memory location with the given value without reading or</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dropping the old value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::write`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::write`]: ./ptr/fn.write.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">write</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Invokes memset on the specified pointer, setting `count * size_of::<T>()`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// bytes of memory starting at `self` to `val`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::write_bytes`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::write_bytes`]: ./ptr/fn.write_bytes.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write_bytes</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>: <span class="ident">u8</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">write_bytes</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>, <span class="ident">count</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Performs a volatile write of a memory location with the given value without</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// reading or dropping the old value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// operations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::write_volatile`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::write_volatile`]: ./ptr/fn.write_volatile.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write_volatile</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">write_volatile</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Overwrites a memory location with the given value without reading or</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// dropping the old value.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `write`, the pointer may be unaligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::write_unaligned`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::write_unaligned`]: ./ptr/fn.write_unaligned.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write_unaligned</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">write_unaligned</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">val</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Replaces the value at `self` with `src`, returning the old</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// value, without dropping either.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::replace`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::replace`]: ./ptr/fn.replace.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">replace</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">T</span>
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">replace</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">src</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Swaps the values at two mutable locations of the same type, without</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// deinitializing either. They may overlap, unlike `mem::swap` which is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// otherwise equivalent.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// See [`ptr::swap`] for safety concerns and examples.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`ptr::swap`]: ./ptr/fn.swap.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"pointer_methods"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.26.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">swap</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">with</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>)
<span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="ident">swap</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">with</span>)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Computes the offset that needs to be applied to the pointer in order to make it aligned to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `align`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If it is not possible to align the pointer, the implementation returns</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `usize::max_value()`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The offset is expressed in number of `T` elements, and not bytes. The value returned can be</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// used with the `offset` or `offset_to` methods.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// There are no guarantees whatsover that offsetting the pointer will not overflow or go</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// beyond the allocation that the pointer points into. It is up to the caller to ensure that</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// the returned offset is correct in all terms other than alignment.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Panics</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The function panics if `align` is not a power-of-two.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Accessing adjacent `u8` as `u16`</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # #![feature(align_offset)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # fn foo(n: usize) {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # use std::mem::align_of;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # unsafe {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let x = [5u8, 6u8, 7u8, 8u8, 9u8];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let ptr = &x[n] as *const u8;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let offset = ptr.align_offset(align_of::<u16>());</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// if offset < x.len() - n - 1 {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let u16_ptr = ptr.add(offset) as *const u16;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_ne!(*u16_ptr, 500);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// } else {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // while the pointer can be aligned via `offset`, it would point</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // outside the allocation</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # } }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"align_offset"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"44488"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">align_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">align</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">usize</span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span> {
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="op">!</span><span class="ident">align</span>.<span class="ident">is_power_of_two</span>() {
<span class="macro">panic</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="string">"align_offset: align is not a power-of-two"</span>);
}
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
<span class="ident">align_offset</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">align</span>)
}
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Align pointer `p`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculate offset (in terms of elements of `stride` stride) that has to be applied</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// to pointer `p` so that pointer `p` would get aligned to `a`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note: This implementation has been carefully tailored to not panic. It is UB for this to panic.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The only real change that can be made here is change of `INV_TABLE_MOD_16` and associated</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// constants.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If we ever decide to make it possible to call the intrinsic with `a` that is not a</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// power-of-two, it will probably be more prudent to just change to a naive implementation rather</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// than trying to adapt this to accommodate that change.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Any questions go to @nagisa.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">lang</span><span class="op">=</span><span class="string">"align_offset"</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span>(<span class="kw">crate</span>) <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">align_offset</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">p</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">a</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">usize</span> {
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculate multiplicative modular inverse of `x` modulo `m`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This implementation is tailored for align_offset and has following preconditions:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `m` is a power-of-two;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// * `x < m`; (if `x ≥ m`, pass in `x % m` instead)</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Implementation of this function shall not panic. Ever.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">mod_inv</span>(<span class="ident">x</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>, <span class="ident">m</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">usize</span> {
<span class="doccomment">/// Multiplicative modular inverse table modulo 2⁴ = 16.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note, that this table does not contain values where inverse does not exist (i.e., for</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `0⁻¹ mod 16`, `2⁻¹ mod 16`, etc.)</span>
<span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">INV_TABLE_MOD_16</span>: [<span class="ident">u8</span>; <span class="number">8</span>] <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">11</span>, <span class="number">13</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">9</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">15</span>];
<span class="doccomment">/// Modulo for which the `INV_TABLE_MOD_16` is intended.</span>
<span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">INV_TABLE_MOD</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="number">16</span>;
<span class="doccomment">/// INV_TABLE_MOD²</span>
<span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">INV_TABLE_MOD_SQUARED</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">INV_TABLE_MOD</span> <span class="op">*</span> <span class="ident">INV_TABLE_MOD</span>;
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">table_inverse</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">INV_TABLE_MOD_16</span>[(<span class="ident">x</span> <span class="op">&</span> (<span class="ident">INV_TABLE_MOD</span> <span class="op">-</span> <span class="number">1</span>)) <span class="op">>></span> <span class="number">1</span>] <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>;
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">m</span> <span class="op"><=</span> <span class="ident">INV_TABLE_MOD</span> {
<span class="ident">table_inverse</span> <span class="op">&</span> (<span class="ident">m</span> <span class="op">-</span> <span class="number">1</span>)
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="comment">// We iterate "up" using the following formula:</span>
<span class="comment">//</span>
<span class="comment">// $$ xy ≡ 1 (mod 2ⁿ) → xy (2 - xy) ≡ 1 (mod 2²ⁿ) $$</span>
<span class="comment">//</span>
<span class="comment">// until 2²ⁿ ≥ m. Then we can reduce to our desired `m` by taking the result `mod m`.</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">inverse</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">table_inverse</span>;
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">going_mod</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">INV_TABLE_MOD_SQUARED</span>;
<span class="kw">loop</span> {
<span class="comment">// y = y * (2 - xy) mod n</span>
<span class="comment">//</span>
<span class="comment">// Note, that we use wrapping operations here intentionally – the original formula</span>
<span class="comment">// uses e.g., subtraction `mod n`. It is entirely fine to do them `mod</span>
<span class="comment">// usize::max_value()` instead, because we take the result `mod n` at the end</span>
<span class="comment">// anyway.</span>
<span class="ident">inverse</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">inverse</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_mul</span>(
<span class="number">2usize</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_sub</span>(<span class="ident">x</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_mul</span>(<span class="ident">inverse</span>))
) <span class="op">&</span> (<span class="ident">going_mod</span> <span class="op">-</span> <span class="number">1</span>);
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">going_mod</span> <span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">m</span> {
<span class="kw">return</span> <span class="ident">inverse</span> <span class="op">&</span> (<span class="ident">m</span> <span class="op">-</span> <span class="number">1</span>);
}
<span class="ident">going_mod</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">going_mod</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_mul</span>(<span class="ident">going_mod</span>);
}
}
}
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">stride</span> <span class="op">=</span> ::<span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">size_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>();
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">a_minus_one</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">a</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_sub</span>(<span class="number">1</span>);
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">pmoda</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">p</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span> <span class="op">&</span> <span class="ident">a_minus_one</span>;
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">pmoda</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="number">0</span> {
<span class="comment">// Already aligned. Yay!</span>
<span class="kw">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;
}
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">stride</span> <span class="op"><=</span> <span class="number">1</span> {
<span class="kw">return</span> <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">stride</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="number">0</span> {
<span class="comment">// If the pointer is not aligned, and the element is zero-sized, then no amount of</span>
<span class="comment">// elements will ever align the pointer.</span>
<span class="op">!</span><span class="number">0</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="ident">a</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_sub</span>(<span class="ident">pmoda</span>)
};
}
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">smoda</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">stride</span> <span class="op">&</span> <span class="ident">a_minus_one</span>;
<span class="comment">// a is power-of-two so cannot be 0. stride = 0 is handled above.</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">gcdpow</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">cttz_nonzero</span>(<span class="ident">stride</span>).<span class="ident">min</span>(<span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">cttz_nonzero</span>(<span class="ident">a</span>));
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">gcd</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="number">1usize</span> <span class="op"><<</span> <span class="ident">gcdpow</span>;
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">p</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span> <span class="op">&</span> (<span class="ident">gcd</span> <span class="op">-</span> <span class="number">1</span>) <span class="op">==</span> <span class="number">0</span> {
<span class="comment">// This branch solves for the following linear congruence equation:</span>
<span class="comment">//</span>
<span class="comment">// $$ p + so ≡ 0 mod a $$</span>
<span class="comment">//</span>
<span class="comment">// $p$ here is the pointer value, $s$ – stride of `T`, $o$ offset in `T`s, and $a$ – the</span>
<span class="comment">// requested alignment.</span>
<span class="comment">//</span>
<span class="comment">// g = gcd(a, s)</span>
<span class="comment">// o = (a - (p mod a))/g * ((s/g)⁻¹ mod a)</span>
<span class="comment">//</span>
<span class="comment">// The first term is “the relative alignment of p to a”, the second term is “how does</span>
<span class="comment">// incrementing p by s bytes change the relative alignment of p”. Division by `g` is</span>
<span class="comment">// necessary to make this equation well formed if $a$ and $s$ are not co-prime.</span>
<span class="comment">//</span>
<span class="comment">// Furthermore, the result produced by this solution is not “minimal”, so it is necessary</span>
<span class="comment">// to take the result $o mod lcm(s, a)$. We can replace $lcm(s, a)$ with just a $a / g$.</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">j</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">a</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_sub</span>(<span class="ident">pmoda</span>) <span class="op">>></span> <span class="ident">gcdpow</span>;
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">k</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">smoda</span> <span class="op">>></span> <span class="ident">gcdpow</span>;
<span class="kw">return</span> <span class="ident">intrinsics</span>::<span class="ident">unchecked_rem</span>(<span class="ident">j</span>.<span class="ident">wrapping_mul</span>(<span class="ident">mod_inv</span>(<span class="ident">k</span>, <span class="ident">a</span>)), <span class="ident">a</span> <span class="op">>></span> <span class="ident">gcdpow</span>);
}
<span class="comment">// Cannot be aligned at all.</span>
<span class="ident">usize</span>::<span class="ident">max_value</span>()
}
<span class="comment">// Equality for pointers</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialEq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">eq</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Eq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialEq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">eq</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Eq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {}
<span class="doccomment">/// Compares raw pointers for equality.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is the same as using the `==` operator, but less generic:</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// the arguments have to be `*const T` raw pointers,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// not anything that implements `PartialEq`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This can be used to compare `&T` references (which coerce to `*const T` implicitly)</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// by their address rather than comparing the values they point to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (which is what the `PartialEq for &T` implementation does).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let five = 5;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let other_five = 5;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let five_ref = &five;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let same_five_ref = &five;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let other_five_ref = &other_five;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(five_ref == same_five_ref);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(ptr::eq(five_ref, same_five_ref));</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(five_ref == other_five_ref);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(!ptr::eq(five_ref, other_five_ref));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Slices are also compared by their length (fat pointers):</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let a = [1, 2, 3];</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(std::ptr::eq(&a[..3], &a[..3]));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(!std::ptr::eq(&a[..2], &a[..3]));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(!std::ptr::eq(&a[0..2], &a[1..3]));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Traits are also compared by their implementation:</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// #[repr(transparent)]</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// struct Wrapper { member: i32 }</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// trait Trait {}</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// impl Trait for Wrapper {}</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// impl Trait for i32 {}</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// fn main() {</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let wrapper = Wrapper { member: 10 };</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Pointers have equal addresses.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(std::ptr::eq(</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// &wrapper as *const Wrapper as *const u8,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// &wrapper.member as *const i32 as *const u8</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ));</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Objects have equal addresses, but `Trait` has different implementations.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(!std::ptr::eq(</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// &wrapper as &dyn Trait,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// &wrapper.member as &dyn Trait,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(!std::ptr::eq(</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// &wrapper as &dyn Trait as *const dyn Trait,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// &wrapper.member as &dyn Trait as *const dyn Trait,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ));</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// // Converting the reference to a `*const u8` compares by address.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert!(std::ptr::eq(</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// &wrapper as &dyn Trait as *const dyn Trait as *const u8,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// &wrapper.member as &dyn Trait as *const dyn Trait as *const u8,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ));</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// }</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_eq"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.17.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">eq</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">a</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">b</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> {
<span class="ident">a</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">b</span>
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Hash a raw pointer.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This can be used to hash a `&T` reference (which coerces to `*const T` implicitly)</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// by its address rather than the value it points to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (which is what the `Hash for &T` implementation does).</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Examples</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// use std::ptr;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let five = 5;</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let five_ref = &five;</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ptr::hash(five_ref, &mut hasher);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let actual = hasher.finish();</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (five_ref as *const i32).hash(&mut hasher);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// let expected = hasher.finish();</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// assert_eq!(actual, expected);</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// ```</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_hash"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.35.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">hash</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span>, <span class="ident">S</span>: <span class="ident">hash</span>::<span class="ident">Hasher</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">hashee</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">into</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">S</span>) {
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">hash</span>::<span class="ident">Hash</span>;
<span class="ident">hashee</span>.<span class="ident">hash</span>(<span class="ident">into</span>);
}
<span class="comment">// Impls for function pointers</span>
<span class="macro">macro_rules</span><span class="macro">!</span> <span class="ident">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span> {
(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span>: <span class="ident">ty</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>: <span class="ident">ident</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span>) <span class="op">=></span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"fnptr_impls"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.4.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialEq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">eq</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">Self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> {
<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"fnptr_impls"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.4.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Eq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span> {}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"fnptr_impls"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.4.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialOrd</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">partial_cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">Self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ordering</span><span class="op">></span> {
(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>).<span class="ident">partial_cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span>(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>))
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"fnptr_impls"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.4.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Ord</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">Self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ordering</span> {
(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>).<span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span>(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>))
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"fnptr_impls"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.4.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">hash</span>::<span class="ident">Hash</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">hash</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">HH</span>: <span class="ident">hash</span>::<span class="ident">Hasher</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">state</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">HH</span>) {
<span class="ident">state</span>.<span class="ident">write_usize</span>(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>)
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"fnptr_impls"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.4.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">f</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Formatter</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span> {
<span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span>::<span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span>(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> ()), <span class="ident">f</span>)
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"fnptr_impls"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.4.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Debug</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">FnTy</span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">f</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Formatter</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span> {
<span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span>::<span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span>(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> ()), <span class="ident">f</span>)
}
}
}
}
<span class="macro">macro_rules</span><span class="macro">!</span> <span class="ident">fnptr_impls_args</span> {
($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>: <span class="ident">ident</span>),<span class="op">+</span>) <span class="op">=></span> {
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"Rust"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"C"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"C"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> , ...) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"Rust"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"C"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="kw-2">*</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"C"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> , ...) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$</span><span class="macro-nonterminal">Arg</span>),<span class="op">*</span> }
};
() <span class="op">=></span> {
<span class="comment">// No variadic functions with 0 parameters</span>
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"Rust"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"C"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"Rust"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_safety_abi</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">"C"</span> <span class="kw">fn</span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ret</span>, }
};
}
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span>, <span class="ident">F</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span>, <span class="ident">F</span>, <span class="ident">G</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span>, <span class="ident">F</span>, <span class="ident">G</span>, <span class="ident">H</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span>, <span class="ident">F</span>, <span class="ident">G</span>, <span class="ident">H</span>, <span class="ident">I</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span>, <span class="ident">F</span>, <span class="ident">G</span>, <span class="ident">H</span>, <span class="ident">I</span>, <span class="ident">J</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span>, <span class="ident">F</span>, <span class="ident">G</span>, <span class="ident">H</span>, <span class="ident">I</span>, <span class="ident">J</span>, <span class="ident">K</span> }
<span class="macro">fnptr_impls_args</span><span class="macro">!</span> { <span class="ident">A</span>, <span class="ident">B</span>, <span class="ident">C</span>, <span class="ident">D</span>, <span class="ident">E</span>, <span class="ident">F</span>, <span class="ident">G</span>, <span class="ident">H</span>, <span class="ident">I</span>, <span class="ident">J</span>, <span class="ident">K</span>, <span class="ident">L</span> }
<span class="comment">// Comparison for pointers</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Ord</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ordering</span> {
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span> <span class="op"><</span> <span class="ident">other</span> {
<span class="ident">Less</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">other</span> {
<span class="ident">Equal</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="ident">Greater</span>
}
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialOrd</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">partial_cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ordering</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="ident">other</span>))
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">lt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op"><</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">le</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op"><=</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">gt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">ge</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">>=</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Ord</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ordering</span> {
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span> <span class="op"><</span> <span class="ident">other</span> {
<span class="ident">Less</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">other</span> {
<span class="ident">Equal</span>
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="ident">Greater</span>
}
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"rust1"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.0.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialOrd</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">partial_cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ordering</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="ident">other</span>))
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">lt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op"><</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">le</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op"><=</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">gt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">ge</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span> <span class="op">>=</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">other</span> }
}
<span class="doccomment">/// A wrapper around a raw non-null `*mut T` that indicates that the possessor</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// of this wrapper owns the referent. Useful for building abstractions like</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `Box<T>`, `Vec<T>`, `String`, and `HashMap<K, V>`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `*mut T`, `Unique<T>` behaves "as if" it were an instance of `T`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// It implements `Send`/`Sync` if `T` is `Send`/`Sync`. It also implies</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// the kind of strong aliasing guarantees an instance of `T` can expect:</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// the referent of the pointer should not be modified without a unique path to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// its owning Unique.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If you're uncertain of whether it's correct to use `Unique` for your purposes,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// consider using `NonNull`, which has weaker semantics.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `*mut T`, the pointer must always be non-null, even if the pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// is never dereferenced. This is so that enums may use this forbidden value</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// as a discriminant -- `Option<Unique<T>>` has the same size as `Unique<T>`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However the pointer may still dangle if it isn't dereferenced.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `*mut T`, `Unique<T>` is covariant over `T`. This should always be correct</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for any type which upholds Unique's aliasing requirements.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>,
<span class="ident">reason</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"use NonNull instead and consider PhantomData<T> \
(if you also use #[may_dangle]), Send, and/or Sync"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">doc</span>(<span class="ident">hidden</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">repr</span>(<span class="ident">transparent</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">rustc_layout_scalar_valid_range_start</span>(<span class="number">1</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>,
<span class="comment">// NOTE: this marker has no consequences for variance, but is necessary</span>
<span class="comment">// for dropck to understand that we logically own a `T`.</span>
<span class="comment">//</span>
<span class="comment">// For details, see:</span>
<span class="comment">// https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0769-sound-generic-drop.md#phantom-data</span>
<span class="ident">_marker</span>: <span class="ident">PhantomData</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>,
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Debug</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">f</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Formatter</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span> {
<span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span>::<span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="ident">f</span>)
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// `Unique` pointers are `Send` if `T` is `Send` because the data they</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// reference is unaliased. Note that this aliasing invariant is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unenforced by the type system; the abstraction using the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `Unique` must enforce it.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Send</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Send</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="doccomment">/// `Unique` pointers are `Sync` if `T` is `Sync` because the data they</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// reference is unaliased. Note that this aliasing invariant is</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// unenforced by the type system; the abstraction using the</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `Unique` must enforce it.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sync</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Sync</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new `Unique` that is dangling, but well-aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is useful for initializing types which lazily allocate, like</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `Vec::new` does.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that the pointer value may potentially represent a valid pointer to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// a `T`, which means this must not be used as a "not yet initialized"</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// sentinel value. Types that lazily allocate must track initialization by</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// some other means.</span>
<span class="comment">// FIXME: rename to dangling() to match NonNull?</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">empty</span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
<span class="ident">Unique</span>::<span class="ident">new_unchecked</span>(<span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">align_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>)
}
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new `Unique`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `ptr` must be non-null.</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">new_unchecked</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="ident">Unique</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">ptr</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw">_</span>, <span class="ident">_marker</span>: <span class="ident">PhantomData</span> }
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new `Unique` if `ptr` is non-null.</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="self">Self</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="op">!</span><span class="ident">ptr</span>.<span class="ident">is_null</span>() {
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">Unique</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">ptr</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw">_</span>, <span class="ident">_marker</span>: <span class="ident">PhantomData</span> } })
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="prelude-val">None</span>
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Acquires the underlying `*mut` pointer.</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">pointer</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Dereferences the content.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting lifetime is bound to self so this behaves "as if"</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// it were actually an instance of T that is getting borrowed. If a longer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (unbound) lifetime is needed, use `&*my_ptr.as_ptr()`.</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_ref</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Mutably dereferences the content.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting lifetime is bound to self so this behaves "as if"</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// it were actually an instance of T that is getting borrowed. If a longer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (unbound) lifetime is needed, use `&mut *my_ptr.as_ptr()`.</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_mut</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Clone</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">clone</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Copy</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span>, <span class="ident">U</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">CoerceUnsized</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">>></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Unsize</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span>, <span class="ident">U</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">DispatchFromDyn</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">>></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Unsize</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">f</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Formatter</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span> {
<span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span>::<span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="ident">f</span>)
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">From</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">reference</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">Unique</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">reference</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">_marker</span>: <span class="ident">PhantomData</span> } }
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">From</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">reference</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">Unique</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">reference</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">_marker</span>: <span class="ident">PhantomData</span> } }
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span>, <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">From</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">>></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>: <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">Unique</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">p</span>.<span class="ident">pointer</span>, <span class="ident">_marker</span>: <span class="ident">PhantomData</span> } }
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// `*mut T` but non-zero and covariant.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is often the correct thing to use when building data structures using</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// raw pointers, but is ultimately more dangerous to use because of its additional</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// properties. If you're not sure if you should use `NonNull<T>`, just use `*mut T`!</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `*mut T`, the pointer must always be non-null, even if the pointer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// is never dereferenced. This is so that enums may use this forbidden value</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// as a discriminant -- `Option<NonNull<T>>` has the same size as `*mut T`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// However the pointer may still dangle if it isn't dereferenced.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Unlike `*mut T`, `NonNull<T>` is covariant over `T`. If this is incorrect</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// for your use case, you should include some [`PhantomData`] in your type to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// provide invariance, such as `PhantomData<Cell<T>>` or `PhantomData<&'a mut T>`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Usually this won't be necessary; covariance is correct for most safe abstractions,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// such as `Box`, `Rc`, `Arc`, `Vec`, and `LinkedList`. This is the case because they</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// provide a public API that follows the normal shared XOR mutable rules of Rust.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Notice that `NonNull<T>` has a `From` instance for `&T`. However, this does</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// not change the fact that mutating through a (pointer derived from a) shared</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// reference is undefined behavior unless the mutation happens inside an</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`UnsafeCell<T>`]. The same goes for creating a mutable reference from a shared</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// reference. When using this `From` instance without an `UnsafeCell<T>`,</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// it is your responsibility to ensure that `as_mut` is never called, and `as_ptr`</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// is never used for mutation.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`PhantomData`]: ../marker/struct.PhantomData.html</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// [`UnsafeCell<T>`]: ../cell/struct.UnsafeCell.html</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">repr</span>(<span class="ident">transparent</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">rustc_layout_scalar_valid_range_start</span>(<span class="number">1</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span>,
}
<span class="doccomment">/// `NonNull` pointers are not `Send` because the data they reference may be aliased.</span>
<span class="comment">// N.B., this impl is unnecessary, but should provide better error messages.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="op">!</span><span class="ident">Send</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="doccomment">/// `NonNull` pointers are not `Sync` because the data they reference may be aliased.</span>
<span class="comment">// N.B., this impl is unnecessary, but should provide better error messages.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="op">!</span><span class="ident">Sync</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new `NonNull` that is dangling, but well-aligned.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// This is useful for initializing types which lazily allocate, like</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `Vec::new` does.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Note that the pointer value may potentially represent a valid pointer to</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// a `T`, which means this must not be used as a "not yet initialized"</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// sentinel value. Types that lazily allocate must track initialization by</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// some other means.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">rustc_const_unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"const_ptr_nonnull"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">dangling</span>() <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">ptr</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">align_of</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>;
<span class="ident">NonNull</span>::<span class="ident">new_unchecked</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span>)
}
}
}
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new `NonNull`.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// # Safety</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// `ptr` must be non-null.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">new_unchecked</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="ident">NonNull</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">ptr</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw">_</span> }
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new `NonNull` if `ptr` is non-null.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="self">Self</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="op">!</span><span class="ident">ptr</span>.<span class="ident">is_null</span>() {
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="self">Self</span>::<span class="ident">new_unchecked</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span>) })
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="prelude-val">None</span>
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Acquires the underlying `*mut` pointer.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">pointer</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Dereferences the content.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting lifetime is bound to self so this behaves "as if"</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// it were actually an instance of T that is getting borrowed. If a longer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (unbound) lifetime is needed, use `&*my_ptr.as_ptr()`.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_ref</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Mutably dereferences the content.</span>
<span class="doccomment">///</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// The resulting lifetime is bound to self so this behaves "as if"</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// it were actually an instance of T that is getting borrowed. If a longer</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// (unbound) lifetime is needed, use `&mut *my_ptr.as_ptr()`.</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_mut</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> {
<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Cast to a pointer of another type</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull_cast"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.27.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">rustc_const_unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"const_ptr_nonnull"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">cast</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
<span class="ident">NonNull</span>::<span class="ident">new_unchecked</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">U</span>)
}
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Clone</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">clone</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Copy</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"coerce_unsized"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"27732"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span>, <span class="ident">U</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">CoerceUnsized</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">>></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Unsize</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"dispatch_from_dyn"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span>, <span class="ident">U</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">DispatchFromDyn</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">>></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">Unsize</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">U</span><span class="op">></span> { }
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Debug</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">f</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Formatter</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span> {
<span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span>::<span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="ident">f</span>)
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">f</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Formatter</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span> {
<span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Pointer</span>::<span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="ident">f</span>)
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Eq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialEq</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">eq</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">Self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">bool</span> {
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>() <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">other</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Ord</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">Self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">Ordering</span> {
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>().<span class="ident">cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">other</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>())
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">PartialOrd</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">partial_cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">other</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">Self</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Ordering</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>().<span class="ident">partial_cmp</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">other</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>())
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">hash</span>::<span class="ident">Hash</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">hash</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">H</span>: <span class="ident">hash</span>::<span class="ident">Hasher</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">state</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">H</span>) {
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>().<span class="ident">hash</span>(<span class="ident">state</span>)
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">unstable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"ptr_internals"</span>, <span class="ident">issue</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">From</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">>></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">unique</span>: <span class="ident">Unique</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">NonNull</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">unique</span>.<span class="ident">pointer</span> } }
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">From</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">reference</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">NonNull</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">reference</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">T</span> } }
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">stable</span>(<span class="ident">feature</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"nonnull"</span>, <span class="ident">since</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">"1.25.0"</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="question-mark">?</span><span class="ident">Sized</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">From</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">NonNull</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">inline</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">reference</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">T</span>) <span class="op">-></span> <span class="self">Self</span> {
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">NonNull</span> { <span class="ident">pointer</span>: <span class="ident">reference</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">T</span> } }
}
}
</pre></div>
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