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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="generator" content="rustdoc"><meta name="description" content="Source to the Rust file `src/libstd/sys/unix/fs.rs`."><meta name="keywords" content="rust, rustlang, rust-lang"><title>fs.rs.html -- source</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../normalize1.35.0.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../rustdoc1.35.0.css" id="mainThemeStyle"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../dark1.35.0.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../light1.35.0.css" id="themeStyle"><script src="../../../../storage1.35.0.js"></script><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../noscript1.35.0.css"></noscript><link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../../../favicon1.35.0.ico"><style type="text/css">#crate-search{background-image:url("../../../../down-arrow1.35.0.svg");}</style></head><body class="rustdoc source"><!--[if lte IE 8]><div class="warning">This old browser is unsupported and will most likely display funky things.</div><![endif]--><nav class="sidebar"><div class="sidebar-menu">&#9776;</div><a href='../../../../std/index.html'><img src='../../../../rust-logo1.35.0.png' alt='logo' width='100'></a></nav><div class="theme-picker"><button id="theme-picker" aria-label="Pick another theme!"><img src="../../../../brush1.35.0.svg" width="18" alt="Pick another theme!"></button><div id="theme-choices"></div></div><script src="../../../../theme1.35.0.js"></script><nav class="sub"><form class="search-form js-only"><div class="search-container"><div><select id="crate-search"><option value="All crates">All crates</option></select><input class="search-input" name="search" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" placeholder="Click or press ‘S’ to search, ‘?’ for more options…" type="search"></div><a id="settings-menu" href="../../../../settings.html"><img src="../../../../wheel1.35.0.svg" width="18" alt="Change settings"></a></div></form></nav><section id="main" class="content"><pre class="line-numbers"><span id="1">   1</span>
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<span id="999"> 999</span>
<span id="1000">1000</span>
<span id="1001">1001</span>
<span id="1002">1002</span>
<span id="1003">1003</span>
<span id="1004">1004</span>
<span id="1005">1005</span>
<span id="1006">1006</span>
<span id="1007">1007</span>
<span id="1008">1008</span>
<span id="1009">1009</span>
<span id="1010">1010</span>
<span id="1011">1011</span>
<span id="1012">1012</span>
<span id="1013">1013</span>
<span id="1014">1014</span>
<span id="1015">1015</span>
<span id="1016">1016</span>
<span id="1017">1017</span>
<span id="1018">1018</span>
<span id="1019">1019</span>
<span id="1020">1020</span>
<span id="1021">1021</span>
<span id="1022">1022</span>
<span id="1023">1023</span>
<span id="1024">1024</span>
</pre><div class="example-wrap"><pre class="rust ">
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">os</span>::<span class="ident">unix</span>::<span class="ident">prelude</span>::<span class="kw-2">*</span>;

<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">ffi</span>::{<span class="ident">CString</span>, <span class="ident">CStr</span>, <span class="ident">OsString</span>, <span class="ident">OsStr</span>};
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">fmt</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">io</span>::{<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">Error</span>, <span class="ident">ErrorKind</span>, <span class="ident">SeekFrom</span>};
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">mem</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">path</span>::{<span class="ident">Path</span>, <span class="ident">PathBuf</span>};
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">ptr</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">sync</span>::<span class="ident">Arc</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">sys</span>::<span class="ident">fd</span>::<span class="ident">FileDesc</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">sys</span>::<span class="ident">time</span>::<span class="ident">SystemTime</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">sys</span>::{<span class="ident">cvt</span>, <span class="ident">cvt_r</span>};
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">sys_common</span>::{<span class="ident">AsInner</span>, <span class="ident">FromInner</span>};

<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::{<span class="ident">c_int</span>, <span class="ident">mode_t</span>};

<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;emscripten&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;l4re&quot;</span>))]</span>
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::{<span class="ident">stat64</span>, <span class="ident">fstat64</span>, <span class="ident">lstat64</span>, <span class="ident">off64_t</span>, <span class="ident">ftruncate64</span>, <span class="ident">lseek64</span>, <span class="ident">dirent64</span>, <span class="ident">readdir64_r</span>, <span class="ident">open64</span>};
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;emscripten&quot;</span>))]</span>
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">fstatat64</span>;
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;emscripten&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;android&quot;</span>))]</span>
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">dirfd</span>;
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;android&quot;</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::{<span class="ident">stat</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">stat64</span>, <span class="ident">fstat</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">fstat64</span>, <span class="ident">fstatat</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">fstatat64</span>, <span class="ident">lstat</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">lstat64</span>, <span class="ident">lseek64</span>,
           <span class="ident">dirent</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">dirent64</span>, <span class="ident">open</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">open64</span>};
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">not</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;emscripten&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;l4re&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;android&quot;</span>)))]</span>
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::{<span class="ident">stat</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">stat64</span>, <span class="ident">fstat</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">fstat64</span>, <span class="ident">lstat</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">lstat64</span>, <span class="ident">off_t</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">off64_t</span>,
           <span class="ident">ftruncate</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">ftruncate64</span>, <span class="ident">lseek</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">lseek64</span>, <span class="ident">dirent</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">dirent64</span>, <span class="ident">open</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">open64</span>};
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">not</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;emscripten&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;solaris&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;l4re&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;fuchsia&quot;</span>)))]</span>
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::{<span class="ident">readdir_r</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">readdir64_r</span>};

<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">sys_common</span>::<span class="ident">fs</span>::<span class="ident">remove_dir_all</span>;

<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">File</span>(<span class="ident">FileDesc</span>);

<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">derive</span>(<span class="ident">Clone</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">FileAttr</span> {
    <span class="ident">stat</span>: <span class="ident">stat64</span>,
}

<span class="comment">// all DirEntry&#39;s will have a reference to this struct</span>
<span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">InnerReadDir</span> {
    <span class="ident">dirp</span>: <span class="ident">Dir</span>,
    <span class="ident">root</span>: <span class="ident">PathBuf</span>,
}

<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">derive</span>(<span class="ident">Clone</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">ReadDir</span> {
    <span class="ident">inner</span>: <span class="ident">Arc</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">InnerReadDir</span><span class="op">&gt;</span>,
    <span class="ident">end_of_stream</span>: <span class="ident">bool</span>,
}

<span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">Dir</span>(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">DIR</span>);

<span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">Send</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Dir</span> {}
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">Sync</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Dir</span> {}

<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">DirEntry</span> {
    <span class="ident">entry</span>: <span class="ident">dirent64</span>,
    <span class="ident">dir</span>: <span class="ident">ReadDir</span>,
    <span class="comment">// We need to store an owned copy of the entry name</span>
    <span class="comment">// on Solaris and Fuchsia because a) it uses a zero-length</span>
    <span class="comment">// array to store the name, b) its lifetime between readdir</span>
    <span class="comment">// calls is not guaranteed.</span>
    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;solaris&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;fuchsia&quot;</span>))]</span>
    <span class="ident">name</span>: <span class="ident">Box</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>[<span class="ident">u8</span>]<span class="op">&gt;</span>
}

<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">derive</span>(<span class="ident">Clone</span>, <span class="ident">Debug</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">OpenOptions</span> {
    <span class="comment">// generic</span>
    <span class="ident">read</span>: <span class="ident">bool</span>,
    <span class="ident">write</span>: <span class="ident">bool</span>,
    <span class="ident">append</span>: <span class="ident">bool</span>,
    <span class="ident">truncate</span>: <span class="ident">bool</span>,
    <span class="ident">create</span>: <span class="ident">bool</span>,
    <span class="ident">create_new</span>: <span class="ident">bool</span>,
    <span class="comment">// system-specific</span>
    <span class="ident">custom_flags</span>: <span class="ident">i32</span>,
    <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">mode_t</span>,
}

<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">derive</span>(<span class="ident">Clone</span>, <span class="ident">PartialEq</span>, <span class="ident">Eq</span>, <span class="ident">Debug</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">FilePermissions</span> { <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">mode_t</span> }

<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">derive</span>(<span class="ident">Copy</span>, <span class="ident">Clone</span>, <span class="ident">PartialEq</span>, <span class="ident">Eq</span>, <span class="ident">Hash</span>, <span class="ident">Debug</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">FileType</span> { <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">mode_t</span> }

<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">derive</span>(<span class="ident">Debug</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">DirBuilder</span> { <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">mode_t</span> }

<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">FileAttr</span> {
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">size</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">u64</span> { <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span>.<span class="ident">st_size</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">u64</span> }
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">perm</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">FilePermissions</span> {
        <span class="ident">FilePermissions</span> { <span class="ident">mode</span>: (<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span>.<span class="ident">st_mode</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">mode_t</span>) }
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">file_type</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">FileType</span> {
        <span class="ident">FileType</span> { <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span>.<span class="ident">st_mode</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">mode_t</span> }
    }
}

<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;netbsd&quot;</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">FileAttr</span> {
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">modified</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">SystemTime</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">SystemTime</span>::<span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">timespec</span> {
            <span class="ident">tv_sec</span>: <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span>.<span class="ident">st_mtime</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">time_t</span>,
            <span class="ident">tv_nsec</span>: <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span>.<span class="ident">st_mtimensec</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_long</span>,
        }))
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">accessed</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">SystemTime</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">SystemTime</span>::<span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">timespec</span> {
            <span class="ident">tv_sec</span>: <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span>.<span class="ident">st_atime</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">time_t</span>,
            <span class="ident">tv_nsec</span>: <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span>.<span class="ident">st_atimensec</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_long</span>,
        }))
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">created</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">SystemTime</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">SystemTime</span>::<span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">timespec</span> {
            <span class="ident">tv_sec</span>: <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span>.<span class="ident">st_birthtime</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">time_t</span>,
            <span class="ident">tv_nsec</span>: <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span>.<span class="ident">st_birthtimensec</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_long</span>,
        }))
    }
}

<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">not</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;netbsd&quot;</span>))]</span>
<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">FileAttr</span> {
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">modified</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">SystemTime</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">SystemTime</span>::<span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">timespec</span> {
            <span class="ident">tv_sec</span>: <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span>.<span class="ident">st_mtime</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">time_t</span>,
            <span class="ident">tv_nsec</span>: <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span>.<span class="ident">st_mtime_nsec</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw">_</span>,
        }))
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">accessed</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">SystemTime</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">SystemTime</span>::<span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">timespec</span> {
            <span class="ident">tv_sec</span>: <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span>.<span class="ident">st_atime</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">time_t</span>,
            <span class="ident">tv_nsec</span>: <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span>.<span class="ident">st_atime_nsec</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw">_</span>,
        }))
    }

    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;bitrig&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;freebsd&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;openbsd&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;macos&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;ios&quot;</span>))]</span>
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">created</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">SystemTime</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">SystemTime</span>::<span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">timespec</span> {
            <span class="ident">tv_sec</span>: <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span>.<span class="ident">st_birthtime</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">time_t</span>,
            <span class="ident">tv_nsec</span>: <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span>.<span class="ident">st_birthtime_nsec</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_long</span>,
        }))
    }

    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">not</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;bitrig&quot;</span>,
                  <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;freebsd&quot;</span>,
                  <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;openbsd&quot;</span>,
                  <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;macos&quot;</span>,
                  <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;ios&quot;</span>)))]</span>
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">created</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">SystemTime</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="ident">Error</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="ident">ErrorKind</span>::<span class="ident">Other</span>,
                           <span class="string">&quot;creation time is not available on this platform \
                            currently&quot;</span>))
    }
}

<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">AsInner</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">stat64</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">FileAttr</span> {
    <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">as_inner</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">stat64</span> { <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">stat</span> }
}

<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">FilePermissions</span> {
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">readonly</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">bool</span> {
        <span class="comment">// check if any class (owner, group, others) has write permission</span>
        <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">mode</span> <span class="op">&amp;</span> <span class="number">0o222</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="number">0</span>
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">set_readonly</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">readonly</span>: <span class="ident">bool</span>) {
        <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">readonly</span> {
            <span class="comment">// remove write permission for all classes; equivalent to `chmod a-w &lt;file&gt;`</span>
            <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">mode</span> <span class="op">&amp;=</span> <span class="op">!</span><span class="number">0o222</span>;
        } <span class="kw">else</span> {
            <span class="comment">// add write permission for all classes; equivalent to `chmod a+w &lt;file&gt;`</span>
            <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">mode</span> <span class="op">|=</span> <span class="number">0o222</span>;
        }
    }
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">mode</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">u32</span> { <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">mode</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">u32</span> }
}

<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">FileType</span> {
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">is_dir</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">is</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">S_IFDIR</span>) }
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">is_file</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">is</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">S_IFREG</span>) }
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">is_symlink</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">is</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">S_IFLNK</span>) }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">is</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">mode_t</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">bool</span> { <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">mode</span> <span class="op">&amp;</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">S_IFMT</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">mode</span> }
}

<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">FromInner</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">u32</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">FilePermissions</span> {
    <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">from_inner</span>(<span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">u32</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">FilePermissions</span> {
        <span class="ident">FilePermissions</span> { <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">mode</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">mode_t</span> }
    }
}

<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Debug</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">ReadDir</span> {
    <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">f</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Formatter</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span><span class="op">&gt;</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span> {
        <span class="comment">// This will only be called from std::fs::ReadDir, which will add a &quot;ReadDir()&quot; frame.</span>
        <span class="comment">// Thus the result will be e g &#39;ReadDir(&quot;/home&quot;)&#39;</span>
        <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Debug</span>::<span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">inner</span>.<span class="ident">root</span>, <span class="ident">f</span>)
    }
}

<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">Iterator</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">ReadDir</span> {
    <span class="kw">type</span> <span class="ident">Item</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">DirEntry</span><span class="op">&gt;</span>;

    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;solaris&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;fuchsia&quot;</span>))]</span>
    <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">next</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">DirEntry</span><span class="op">&gt;&gt;</span> {
        <span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">slice</span>;

        <span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
            <span class="kw">loop</span> {
                <span class="comment">// Although readdir_r(3) would be a correct function to use here because</span>
                <span class="comment">// of the thread safety, on Illumos and Fuchsia the readdir(3C) function</span>
                <span class="comment">// is safe to use in threaded applications and it is generally preferred</span>
                <span class="comment">// over the readdir_r(3C) function.</span>
                <span class="kw">super</span>::<span class="ident">os</span>::<span class="ident">set_errno</span>(<span class="number">0</span>);
                <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">entry_ptr</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">readdir</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">inner</span>.<span class="ident">dirp</span>.<span class="number">0</span>);
                <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">entry_ptr</span>.<span class="ident">is_null</span>() {
                    <span class="comment">// NULL can mean either the end is reached or an error occurred.</span>
                    <span class="comment">// So we had to clear errno beforehand to check for an error now.</span>
                    <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="kw">match</span> <span class="kw">super</span>::<span class="ident">os</span>::<span class="ident">errno</span>() {
                        <span class="number">0</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">None</span>,
                        <span class="ident">e</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="ident">Error</span>::<span class="ident">from_raw_os_error</span>(<span class="ident">e</span>))),
                    }
                }

                <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">name</span> <span class="op">=</span> (<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">entry_ptr</span>).<span class="ident">d_name</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>();
                <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">namelen</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">strlen</span>(<span class="ident">name</span>) <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>;

                <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">ret</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">DirEntry</span> {
                    <span class="ident">entry</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">entry_ptr</span>,
                    <span class="ident">name</span>: <span class="ident">slice</span>::<span class="ident">from_raw_parts</span>(<span class="ident">name</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>,
                                                <span class="ident">namelen</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>).<span class="ident">to_owned</span>().<span class="ident">into_boxed_slice</span>(),
                    <span class="ident">dir</span>: <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">clone</span>()
                };
                <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">ret</span>.<span class="ident">name_bytes</span>() <span class="op">!=</span> <span class="string">b&quot;.&quot;</span> <span class="op">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="ident">ret</span>.<span class="ident">name_bytes</span>() <span class="op">!=</span> <span class="string">b&quot;..&quot;</span> {
                    <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">ret</span>))
                }
            }
        }
    }

    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">not</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;solaris&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;fuchsia&quot;</span>)))]</span>
    <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">next</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">DirEntry</span><span class="op">&gt;&gt;</span> {
        <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">end_of_stream</span> {
            <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">None</span>;
        }

        <span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
            <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">ret</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">DirEntry</span> {
                <span class="ident">entry</span>: <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">zeroed</span>(),
                <span class="ident">dir</span>: <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">clone</span>(),
            };
            <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">entry_ptr</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">ptr</span>::<span class="ident">null_mut</span>();
            <span class="kw">loop</span> {
                <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">readdir64_r</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">inner</span>.<span class="ident">dirp</span>.<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">ret</span>.<span class="ident">entry</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">entry_ptr</span>) <span class="op">!=</span> <span class="number">0</span> {
                    <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">entry_ptr</span>.<span class="ident">is_null</span>() {
                        <span class="comment">// We encountered an error (which will be returned in this iteration), but</span>
                        <span class="comment">// we also reached the end of the directory stream. The `end_of_stream`</span>
                        <span class="comment">// flag is enabled to make sure that we return `None` in the next iteration</span>
                        <span class="comment">// (instead of looping forever)</span>
                        <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">end_of_stream</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bool-val">true</span>;
                    }
                    <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="ident">Error</span>::<span class="ident">last_os_error</span>()))
                }
                <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">entry_ptr</span>.<span class="ident">is_null</span>() {
                    <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">None</span>
                }
                <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">ret</span>.<span class="ident">name_bytes</span>() <span class="op">!=</span> <span class="string">b&quot;.&quot;</span> <span class="op">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="ident">ret</span>.<span class="ident">name_bytes</span>() <span class="op">!=</span> <span class="string">b&quot;..&quot;</span> {
                    <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">ret</span>))
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">Drop</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Dir</span> {
    <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">drop</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>) {
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">r</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">closedir</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>) };
        <span class="macro">debug_assert_eq</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="ident">r</span>, <span class="number">0</span>);
    }
}

<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">DirEntry</span> {
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">path</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">PathBuf</span> {
        <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">dir</span>.<span class="ident">inner</span>.<span class="ident">root</span>.<span class="ident">join</span>(<span class="ident">OsStr</span>::<span class="ident">from_bytes</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">name_bytes</span>()))
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">file_name</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">OsString</span> {
        <span class="ident">OsStr</span>::<span class="ident">from_bytes</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">name_bytes</span>()).<span class="ident">to_os_string</span>()
    }

    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;emscripten&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;android&quot;</span>))]</span>
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">metadata</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">FileAttr</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">fd</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {<span class="ident">dirfd</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">dir</span>.<span class="ident">inner</span>.<span class="ident">dirp</span>.<span class="number">0</span>)})<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">stat</span>: <span class="ident">stat64</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">zeroed</span>() };
        <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
            <span class="ident">fstatat64</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>, <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">entry</span>.<span class="ident">d_name</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">stat</span>, <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW</span>)
        })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
        <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">FileAttr</span> { <span class="ident">stat</span> })
    }

    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">not</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;emscripten&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;android&quot;</span>)))]</span>
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">metadata</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">FileAttr</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="ident">lstat</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">path</span>())
    }

    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;solaris&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;haiku&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;hermit&quot;</span>))]</span>
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">file_type</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">FileType</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="ident">lstat</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">path</span>()).<span class="ident">map</span>(<span class="op">|</span><span class="ident">m</span><span class="op">|</span> <span class="ident">m</span>.<span class="ident">file_type</span>())
    }

    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">not</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;solaris&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;haiku&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;hermit&quot;</span>)))]</span>
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">file_type</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">FileType</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="kw">match</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">entry</span>.<span class="ident">d_type</span> {
            <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">DT_CHR</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">FileType</span> { <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">S_IFCHR</span> }),
            <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">DT_FIFO</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">FileType</span> { <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">S_IFIFO</span> }),
            <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">DT_LNK</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">FileType</span> { <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">S_IFLNK</span> }),
            <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">DT_REG</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">FileType</span> { <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">S_IFREG</span> }),
            <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">DT_SOCK</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">FileType</span> { <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">S_IFSOCK</span> }),
            <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">DT_DIR</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">FileType</span> { <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">S_IFDIR</span> }),
            <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">DT_BLK</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">FileType</span> { <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">S_IFBLK</span> }),
            <span class="kw">_</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="ident">lstat</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">path</span>()).<span class="ident">map</span>(<span class="op">|</span><span class="ident">m</span><span class="op">|</span> <span class="ident">m</span>.<span class="ident">file_type</span>()),
        }
    }

    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;macos&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;ios&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;emscripten&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;android&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;solaris&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;haiku&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;l4re&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;fuchsia&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;hermit&quot;</span>))]</span>
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">ino</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">u64</span> {
        <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">entry</span>.<span class="ident">d_ino</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">u64</span>
    }

    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;freebsd&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;openbsd&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;bitrig&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;netbsd&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;dragonfly&quot;</span>))]</span>
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">ino</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">u64</span> {
        <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">entry</span>.<span class="ident">d_fileno</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">u64</span>
    }

    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;macos&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;ios&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;netbsd&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;openbsd&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;freebsd&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;dragonfly&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;bitrig&quot;</span>))]</span>
    <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">name_bytes</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="ident">u8</span>] {
        <span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">slice</span>;
        <span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
            <span class="ident">slice</span>::<span class="ident">from_raw_parts</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">entry</span>.<span class="ident">d_name</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">u8</span>,
                                  <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">entry</span>.<span class="ident">d_namlen</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>)
        }
    }
    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;android&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;emscripten&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;l4re&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;haiku&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;hermit&quot;</span>))]</span>
    <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">name_bytes</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="ident">u8</span>] {
        <span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
            <span class="ident">CStr</span>::<span class="ident">from_ptr</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">entry</span>.<span class="ident">d_name</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()).<span class="ident">to_bytes</span>()
        }
    }
    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;solaris&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;fuchsia&quot;</span>))]</span>
    <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">name_bytes</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="ident">u8</span>] {
        <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">name</span>
    }
}

<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">OpenOptions</span> {
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">new</span>() <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">OpenOptions</span> {
        <span class="ident">OpenOptions</span> {
            <span class="comment">// generic</span>
            <span class="ident">read</span>: <span class="bool-val">false</span>,
            <span class="ident">write</span>: <span class="bool-val">false</span>,
            <span class="ident">append</span>: <span class="bool-val">false</span>,
            <span class="ident">truncate</span>: <span class="bool-val">false</span>,
            <span class="ident">create</span>: <span class="bool-val">false</span>,
            <span class="ident">create_new</span>: <span class="bool-val">false</span>,
            <span class="comment">// system-specific</span>
            <span class="ident">custom_flags</span>: <span class="number">0</span>,
            <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="number">0o666</span>,
        }
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">read</span>: <span class="ident">bool</span>) { <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">read</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">read</span>; }
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">write</span>: <span class="ident">bool</span>) { <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">write</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">write</span>; }
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">append</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">append</span>: <span class="ident">bool</span>) { <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">append</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">append</span>; }
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">truncate</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">truncate</span>: <span class="ident">bool</span>) { <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">truncate</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">truncate</span>; }
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">create</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">create</span>: <span class="ident">bool</span>) { <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">create</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">create</span>; }
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">create_new</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">create_new</span>: <span class="ident">bool</span>) { <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">create_new</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">create_new</span>; }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">custom_flags</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">flags</span>: <span class="ident">i32</span>) { <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">custom_flags</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">flags</span>; }
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">mode</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">u32</span>) { <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">mode</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mode</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">mode_t</span>; }

    <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">get_access_mode</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">c_int</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="kw">match</span> (<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">read</span>, <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">write</span>, <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">append</span>) {
            (<span class="bool-val">true</span>,  <span class="bool-val">false</span>, <span class="bool-val">false</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_RDONLY</span>),
            (<span class="bool-val">false</span>, <span class="bool-val">true</span>,  <span class="bool-val">false</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_WRONLY</span>),
            (<span class="bool-val">true</span>,  <span class="bool-val">true</span>,  <span class="bool-val">false</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_RDWR</span>),
            (<span class="bool-val">false</span>, <span class="kw">_</span>,     <span class="bool-val">true</span>)  <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_WRONLY</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_APPEND</span>),
            (<span class="bool-val">true</span>,  <span class="kw">_</span>,     <span class="bool-val">true</span>)  <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_RDWR</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_APPEND</span>),
            (<span class="bool-val">false</span>, <span class="bool-val">false</span>, <span class="bool-val">false</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="ident">Error</span>::<span class="ident">from_raw_os_error</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">EINVAL</span>)),
        }
    }

    <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">get_creation_mode</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">c_int</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="kw">match</span> (<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">write</span>, <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">append</span>) {
            (<span class="bool-val">true</span>, <span class="bool-val">false</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span> {}
            (<span class="bool-val">false</span>, <span class="bool-val">false</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span>
                <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">truncate</span> <span class="op">||</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">create</span> <span class="op">||</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">create_new</span> {
                    <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="ident">Error</span>::<span class="ident">from_raw_os_error</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">EINVAL</span>));
                },
            (<span class="kw">_</span>, <span class="bool-val">true</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span>
                <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">truncate</span> <span class="op">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="op">!</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">create_new</span> {
                    <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="ident">Error</span>::<span class="ident">from_raw_os_error</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">EINVAL</span>));
                },
        }

        <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="kw">match</span> (<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">create</span>, <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">truncate</span>, <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">create_new</span>) {
                (<span class="bool-val">false</span>, <span class="bool-val">false</span>, <span class="bool-val">false</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="number">0</span>,
                (<span class="bool-val">true</span>,  <span class="bool-val">false</span>, <span class="bool-val">false</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_CREAT</span>,
                (<span class="bool-val">false</span>, <span class="bool-val">true</span>,  <span class="bool-val">false</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_TRUNC</span>,
                (<span class="bool-val">true</span>,  <span class="bool-val">true</span>,  <span class="bool-val">false</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_CREAT</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_TRUNC</span>,
                (<span class="kw">_</span>,      <span class="kw">_</span>,    <span class="bool-val">true</span>)  <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_CREAT</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_EXCL</span>,
           })
    }
}

<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">File</span> {
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">open</span>(<span class="ident">path</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>, <span class="ident">opts</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">OpenOptions</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">File</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">path</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">path</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
        <span class="ident">File</span>::<span class="ident">open_c</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">path</span>, <span class="ident">opts</span>)
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">open_c</span>(<span class="ident">path</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">CStr</span>, <span class="ident">opts</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">OpenOptions</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">File</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">flags</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_CLOEXEC</span> <span class="op">|</span>
                    <span class="ident">opts</span>.<span class="ident">get_access_mode</span>()<span class="question-mark">?</span> <span class="op">|</span>
                    <span class="ident">opts</span>.<span class="ident">get_creation_mode</span>()<span class="question-mark">?</span> <span class="op">|</span>
                    (<span class="ident">opts</span>.<span class="ident">custom_flags</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">c_int</span> <span class="op">&amp;</span> <span class="op">!</span><span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_ACCMODE</span>);
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">fd</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cvt_r</span>(<span class="op">||</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
            <span class="ident">open64</span>(<span class="ident">path</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="ident">flags</span>, <span class="ident">opts</span>.<span class="ident">mode</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">c_int</span>)
        })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">fd</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">FileDesc</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>);

        <span class="comment">// Currently the standard library supports Linux 2.6.18 which did not</span>
        <span class="comment">// have the O_CLOEXEC flag (passed above). If we&#39;re running on an older</span>
        <span class="comment">// Linux kernel then the flag is just ignored by the OS. After we open</span>
        <span class="comment">// the first file, we check whether it has CLOEXEC set. If it doesn&#39;t,</span>
        <span class="comment">// we will explicitly ask for a CLOEXEC fd for every further file we</span>
        <span class="comment">// open, if it does, we will skip that step.</span>
        <span class="comment">//</span>
        <span class="comment">// The CLOEXEC flag, however, is supported on versions of macOS/BSD/etc</span>
        <span class="comment">// that we support, so we only do this on Linux currently.</span>
        <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>)]</span>
        <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">ensure_cloexec</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">FileDesc</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>()<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
            <span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">sync</span>::<span class="ident">atomic</span>::{<span class="ident">AtomicUsize</span>, <span class="ident">Ordering</span>};

            <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">OPEN_CLOEXEC_UNKNOWN</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="number">0</span>;
            <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">OPEN_CLOEXEC_SUPPORTED</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="number">1</span>;
            <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">OPEN_CLOEXEC_NOTSUPPORTED</span>: <span class="ident">usize</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="number">2</span>;
            <span class="kw">static</span> <span class="ident">OPEN_CLOEXEC</span>: <span class="ident">AtomicUsize</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">AtomicUsize</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">OPEN_CLOEXEC_UNKNOWN</span>);

            <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">need_to_set</span>;
            <span class="kw">match</span> <span class="ident">OPEN_CLOEXEC</span>.<span class="ident">load</span>(<span class="ident">Ordering</span>::<span class="ident">Relaxed</span>) {
                <span class="ident">OPEN_CLOEXEC_UNKNOWN</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> {
                    <span class="ident">need_to_set</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">!</span><span class="ident">fd</span>.<span class="ident">get_cloexec</span>()<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
                    <span class="ident">OPEN_CLOEXEC</span>.<span class="ident">store</span>(<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">need_to_set</span> {
                        <span class="ident">OPEN_CLOEXEC_NOTSUPPORTED</span>
                    } <span class="kw">else</span> {
                        <span class="ident">OPEN_CLOEXEC_SUPPORTED</span>
                    }, <span class="ident">Ordering</span>::<span class="ident">Relaxed</span>);
                },
                <span class="ident">OPEN_CLOEXEC_SUPPORTED</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="ident">need_to_set</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bool-val">false</span>,
                <span class="ident">OPEN_CLOEXEC_NOTSUPPORTED</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="ident">need_to_set</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bool-val">true</span>,
                <span class="kw">_</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="macro">unreachable</span><span class="macro">!</span>(),
            }
            <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">need_to_set</span> {
                <span class="ident">fd</span>.<span class="ident">set_cloexec</span>()<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
            }
            <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
        }

        <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">not</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>))]</span>
        <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">ensure_cloexec</span>(<span class="kw">_</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">FileDesc</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>()<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
            <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
        }

        <span class="ident">ensure_cloexec</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">fd</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
        <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">File</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>))
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">file_attr</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">FileAttr</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">stat</span>: <span class="ident">stat64</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">zeroed</span>() };
        <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
            <span class="ident">fstat64</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>.<span class="ident">raw</span>(), <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">stat</span>)
        })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
        <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">FileAttr</span> { <span class="ident">stat</span> })
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fsync</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>()<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="ident">cvt_r</span>(<span class="op">||</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">fsync</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>.<span class="ident">raw</span>()) })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
        <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">datasync</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>()<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="ident">cvt_r</span>(<span class="op">||</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">os_datasync</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>.<span class="ident">raw</span>()) })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
        <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(());

        <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;macos&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;ios&quot;</span>))]</span>
        <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">os_datasync</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>: <span class="ident">c_int</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">c_int</span> {
            <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">fcntl</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>, <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">F_FULLFSYNC</span>)
        }
        <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>)]</span>
        <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">os_datasync</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>: <span class="ident">c_int</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">c_int</span> { <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">fdatasync</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>) }
        <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">not</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;macos&quot;</span>,
                      <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;ios&quot;</span>,
                      <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>)))]</span>
        <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">os_datasync</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>: <span class="ident">c_int</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">c_int</span> { <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">fsync</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>) }
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">truncate</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">size</span>: <span class="ident">u64</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>()<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;android&quot;</span>)]</span>
        <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">sys</span>::<span class="ident">android</span>::<span class="ident">ftruncate64</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>.<span class="ident">raw</span>(), <span class="ident">size</span>);

        <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">not</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;android&quot;</span>))]</span>
        <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="ident">cvt_r</span>(<span class="op">||</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
            <span class="ident">ftruncate64</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>.<span class="ident">raw</span>(), <span class="ident">size</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">off64_t</span>)
        }).<span class="ident">map</span>(<span class="op">|</span><span class="kw">_</span><span class="op">|</span> ());
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">buf</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> [<span class="ident">u8</span>]) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">usize</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>.<span class="ident">read</span>(<span class="ident">buf</span>)
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">read_at</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">buf</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> [<span class="ident">u8</span>], <span class="ident">offset</span>: <span class="ident">u64</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">usize</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>.<span class="ident">read_at</span>(<span class="ident">buf</span>, <span class="ident">offset</span>)
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">buf</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="ident">u8</span>]) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">usize</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>.<span class="ident">write</span>(<span class="ident">buf</span>)
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write_at</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">buf</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="ident">u8</span>], <span class="ident">offset</span>: <span class="ident">u64</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">usize</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>.<span class="ident">write_at</span>(<span class="ident">buf</span>, <span class="ident">offset</span>)
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">flush</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>()<span class="op">&gt;</span> { <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(()) }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">seek</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">pos</span>: <span class="ident">SeekFrom</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">u64</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="kw">let</span> (<span class="ident">whence</span>, <span class="ident">pos</span>) <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">match</span> <span class="ident">pos</span> {
            <span class="comment">// Casting to `i64` is fine, too large values will end up as</span>
            <span class="comment">// negative which will cause an error in `lseek64`.</span>
            <span class="ident">SeekFrom</span>::<span class="ident">Start</span>(<span class="ident">off</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span> (<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">SEEK_SET</span>, <span class="ident">off</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">i64</span>),
            <span class="ident">SeekFrom</span>::<span class="ident">End</span>(<span class="ident">off</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span> (<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">SEEK_END</span>, <span class="ident">off</span>),
            <span class="ident">SeekFrom</span>::<span class="ident">Current</span>(<span class="ident">off</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span> (<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">SEEK_CUR</span>, <span class="ident">off</span>),
        };
        <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;emscripten&quot;</span>)]</span>
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">pos</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">pos</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">i32</span>;
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">n</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">lseek64</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>.<span class="ident">raw</span>(), <span class="ident">pos</span>, <span class="ident">whence</span>) })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
        <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">n</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">u64</span>)
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">duplicate</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">File</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>.<span class="ident">duplicate</span>().<span class="ident">map</span>(<span class="ident">File</span>)
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fd</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">FileDesc</span> { <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span> }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">into_fd</span>(<span class="self">self</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">FileDesc</span> { <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span> }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">set_permissions</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">perm</span>: <span class="ident">FilePermissions</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>()<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="ident">cvt_r</span>(<span class="op">||</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">fchmod</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>.<span class="ident">raw</span>(), <span class="ident">perm</span>.<span class="ident">mode</span>) })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
        <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
    }
}

<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">DirBuilder</span> {
    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">new</span>() <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">DirBuilder</span> {
        <span class="ident">DirBuilder</span> { <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="number">0o777</span> }
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">mkdir</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">p</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>()<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">p</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
        <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">mkdir</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">mode</span>) })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
        <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
    }

    <span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">set_mode</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">mode</span>: <span class="ident">u32</span>) {
        <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">mode</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">mode</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">mode_t</span>;
    }
}

<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">path</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">CString</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">CString</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">path</span>.<span class="ident">as_os_str</span>().<span class="ident">as_bytes</span>())<span class="question-mark">?</span>)
}

<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">FromInner</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">c_int</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">File</span> {
    <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">from_inner</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>: <span class="ident">c_int</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">File</span> {
        <span class="ident">File</span>(<span class="ident">FileDesc</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>))
    }
}

<span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Debug</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">File</span> {
    <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">f</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="ident">Formatter</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span><span class="op">&gt;</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">fmt</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span> {
        <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>)]</span>
        <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">get_path</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>: <span class="ident">c_int</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">PathBuf</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
            <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">p</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">PathBuf</span>::<span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="string">&quot;/proc/self/fd&quot;</span>);
            <span class="ident">p</span>.<span class="ident">push</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">fd</span>.<span class="ident">to_string</span>());
            <span class="ident">readlink</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">p</span>).<span class="ident">ok</span>()
        }

        <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;macos&quot;</span>)]</span>
        <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">get_path</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>: <span class="ident">c_int</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">PathBuf</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
            <span class="comment">// FIXME: The use of PATH_MAX is generally not encouraged, but it</span>
            <span class="comment">// is inevitable in this case because macOS defines `fcntl` with</span>
            <span class="comment">// `F_GETPATH` in terms of `MAXPATHLEN`, and there are no</span>
            <span class="comment">// alternatives. If a better method is invented, it should be used</span>
            <span class="comment">// instead.</span>
            <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">buf</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="macro">vec</span><span class="macro">!</span>[<span class="number">0</span>;<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">PATH_MAX</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>];
            <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">n</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">fcntl</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>, <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">F_GETPATH</span>, <span class="ident">buf</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()) };
            <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">n</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="op">-</span><span class="number">1</span> {
                <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">None</span>;
            }
            <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">l</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">buf</span>.<span class="ident">iter</span>().<span class="ident">position</span>(<span class="op">|</span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">c</span><span class="op">|</span> <span class="ident">c</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="number">0</span>).<span class="ident">unwrap</span>();
            <span class="ident">buf</span>.<span class="ident">truncate</span>(<span class="ident">l</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>);
            <span class="ident">buf</span>.<span class="ident">shrink_to_fit</span>();
            <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="ident">PathBuf</span>::<span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">OsString</span>::<span class="ident">from_vec</span>(<span class="ident">buf</span>)))
        }

        <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">not</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;macos&quot;</span>)))]</span>
        <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">get_path</span>(<span class="ident">_fd</span>: <span class="ident">c_int</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">PathBuf</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
            <span class="comment">// FIXME(#24570): implement this for other Unix platforms</span>
            <span class="prelude-val">None</span>
        }

        <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;macos&quot;</span>))]</span>
        <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">get_mode</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>: <span class="ident">c_int</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>(<span class="ident">bool</span>, <span class="ident">bool</span>)<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
            <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">mode</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">fcntl</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>, <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">F_GETFL</span>) };
            <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">mode</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="op">-</span><span class="number">1</span> {
                <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">None</span>;
            }
            <span class="kw">match</span> <span class="ident">mode</span> <span class="op">&amp;</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_ACCMODE</span> {
                <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_RDONLY</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>((<span class="bool-val">true</span>, <span class="bool-val">false</span>)),
                <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_RDWR</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>((<span class="bool-val">true</span>, <span class="bool-val">true</span>)),
                <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">O_WRONLY</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>((<span class="bool-val">false</span>, <span class="bool-val">true</span>)),
                <span class="kw">_</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-val">None</span>
            }
        }

        <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">not</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;macos&quot;</span>)))]</span>
        <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">get_mode</span>(<span class="ident">_fd</span>: <span class="ident">c_int</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>(<span class="ident">bool</span>, <span class="ident">bool</span>)<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
            <span class="comment">// FIXME(#24570): implement this for other Unix platforms</span>
            <span class="prelude-val">None</span>
        }

        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">fd</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>.<span class="ident">raw</span>();
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">b</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">f</span>.<span class="ident">debug_struct</span>(<span class="string">&quot;File&quot;</span>);
        <span class="ident">b</span>.<span class="ident">field</span>(<span class="string">&quot;fd&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">fd</span>);
        <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="ident">path</span>) <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">get_path</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>) {
            <span class="ident">b</span>.<span class="ident">field</span>(<span class="string">&quot;path&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">path</span>);
        }
        <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>((<span class="ident">read</span>, <span class="ident">write</span>)) <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">get_mode</span>(<span class="ident">fd</span>) {
            <span class="ident">b</span>.<span class="ident">field</span>(<span class="string">&quot;read&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">read</span>).<span class="ident">field</span>(<span class="string">&quot;write&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">write</span>);
        }
        <span class="ident">b</span>.<span class="ident">finish</span>()
    }
}

<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">readdir</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">ReadDir</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">root</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">p</span>.<span class="ident">to_path_buf</span>();
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">p</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">ptr</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">opendir</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>());
        <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">ptr</span>.<span class="ident">is_null</span>() {
            <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="ident">Error</span>::<span class="ident">last_os_error</span>())
        } <span class="kw">else</span> {
            <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">inner</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">InnerReadDir</span> { <span class="ident">dirp</span>: <span class="ident">Dir</span>(<span class="ident">ptr</span>), <span class="ident">root</span> };
            <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">ReadDir</span>{
                <span class="ident">inner</span>: <span class="ident">Arc</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">inner</span>),
                <span class="ident">end_of_stream</span>: <span class="bool-val">false</span>,
            })
        }
    }
}

<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">unlink</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>()<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">p</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">unlink</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()) })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
}

<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">rename</span>(<span class="ident">old</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>, <span class="ident">new</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>()<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">old</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">old</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">new</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">new</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">rename</span>(<span class="ident">old</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="ident">new</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()) })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
}

<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">set_perm</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>, <span class="ident">perm</span>: <span class="ident">FilePermissions</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>()<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">p</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="ident">cvt_r</span>(<span class="op">||</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">chmod</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="ident">perm</span>.<span class="ident">mode</span>) })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
}

<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">rmdir</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>()<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">p</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">rmdir</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()) })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
}

<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">readlink</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">PathBuf</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">c_path</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">p</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">c_path</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>();

    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">buf</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">Vec</span>::<span class="ident">with_capacity</span>(<span class="number">256</span>);

    <span class="kw">loop</span> {
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">buf_read</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
            <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">readlink</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>, <span class="ident">buf</span>.<span class="ident">as_mut_ptr</span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="kw">_</span>, <span class="ident">buf</span>.<span class="ident">capacity</span>())
        })<span class="question-mark">?</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>;

        <span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">buf</span>.<span class="ident">set_len</span>(<span class="ident">buf_read</span>); }

        <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">buf_read</span> <span class="op">!=</span> <span class="ident">buf</span>.<span class="ident">capacity</span>() {
            <span class="ident">buf</span>.<span class="ident">shrink_to_fit</span>();

            <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">PathBuf</span>::<span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">OsString</span>::<span class="ident">from_vec</span>(<span class="ident">buf</span>)));
        }

        <span class="comment">// Trigger the internal buffer resizing logic of `Vec` by requiring</span>
        <span class="comment">// more space than the current capacity. The length is guaranteed to be</span>
        <span class="comment">// the same as the capacity due to the if statement above.</span>
        <span class="ident">buf</span>.<span class="ident">reserve</span>(<span class="number">1</span>);
    }
}

<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">symlink</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>, <span class="ident">dst</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>()<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">src</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">dst</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">dst</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">symlink</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="ident">dst</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()) })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
}

<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">link</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>, <span class="ident">dst</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>()<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">src</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">dst</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">dst</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">link</span>(<span class="ident">src</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="ident">dst</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>()) })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
}

<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">stat</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">FileAttr</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">p</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">stat</span>: <span class="ident">stat64</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">zeroed</span>() };
    <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
        <span class="ident">stat64</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">stat</span>)
    })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">FileAttr</span> { <span class="ident">stat</span> })
}

<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">lstat</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">FileAttr</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">p</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cstr</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">stat</span>: <span class="ident">stat64</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> { <span class="ident">mem</span>::<span class="ident">zeroed</span>() };
    <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
        <span class="ident">lstat64</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">stat</span>)
    })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">FileAttr</span> { <span class="ident">stat</span> })
}

<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">canonicalize</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">PathBuf</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">path</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">CString</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">p</span>.<span class="ident">as_os_str</span>().<span class="ident">as_bytes</span>())<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">buf</span>;
    <span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">r</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">realpath</span>(<span class="ident">path</span>.<span class="ident">as_ptr</span>(), <span class="ident">ptr</span>::<span class="ident">null_mut</span>());
        <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">r</span>.<span class="ident">is_null</span>() {
            <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="ident">Error</span>::<span class="ident">last_os_error</span>())
        }
        <span class="ident">buf</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">CStr</span>::<span class="ident">from_ptr</span>(<span class="ident">r</span>).<span class="ident">to_bytes</span>().<span class="ident">to_vec</span>();
        <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">free</span>(<span class="ident">r</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="kw">_</span>);
    }
    <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">PathBuf</span>::<span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="ident">OsString</span>::<span class="ident">from_vec</span>(<span class="ident">buf</span>)))
}

<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">open_and_set_permissions</span>(
    <span class="ident">from</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>,
    <span class="ident">to</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>,
) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>(<span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">fs</span>::<span class="ident">File</span>, <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">fs</span>::<span class="ident">File</span>, <span class="ident">u64</span>, <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">fs</span>::<span class="ident">Metadata</span>)<span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">fs</span>::{<span class="ident">File</span>, <span class="ident">OpenOptions</span>};
    <span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">os</span>::<span class="ident">unix</span>::<span class="ident">fs</span>::{<span class="ident">OpenOptionsExt</span>, <span class="ident">PermissionsExt</span>};

    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">reader</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">File</span>::<span class="ident">open</span>(<span class="ident">from</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="kw">let</span> (<span class="ident">perm</span>, <span class="ident">len</span>) <span class="op">=</span> {
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">metadata</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">reader</span>.<span class="ident">metadata</span>()<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
        <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="op">!</span><span class="ident">metadata</span>.<span class="ident">is_file</span>() {
            <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="ident">Error</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>(
                <span class="ident">ErrorKind</span>::<span class="ident">InvalidInput</span>,
                <span class="string">&quot;the source path is not an existing regular file&quot;</span>,
            ));
        }
        (<span class="ident">metadata</span>.<span class="ident">permissions</span>(), <span class="ident">metadata</span>.<span class="ident">len</span>())
    };
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">writer</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">OpenOptions</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>()
        <span class="comment">// create the file with the correct mode right away</span>
        .<span class="ident">mode</span>(<span class="ident">perm</span>.<span class="ident">mode</span>())
        .<span class="ident">write</span>(<span class="bool-val">true</span>)
        .<span class="ident">create</span>(<span class="bool-val">true</span>)
        .<span class="ident">truncate</span>(<span class="bool-val">true</span>)
        .<span class="ident">open</span>(<span class="ident">to</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">writer_metadata</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">writer</span>.<span class="ident">metadata</span>()<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">writer_metadata</span>.<span class="ident">is_file</span>() {
        <span class="comment">// Set the correct file permissions, in case the file already existed.</span>
        <span class="comment">// Don&#39;t set the permissions on already existing non-files like</span>
        <span class="comment">// pipes/FIFOs or device nodes.</span>
        <span class="ident">writer</span>.<span class="ident">set_permissions</span>(<span class="ident">perm</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    }
    <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>((<span class="ident">reader</span>, <span class="ident">writer</span>, <span class="ident">len</span>, <span class="ident">writer_metadata</span>))
}

<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">not</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;android&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;macos&quot;</span>,
              <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;ios&quot;</span>)))]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy</span>(<span class="ident">from</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>, <span class="ident">to</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">u64</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="kw">let</span> (<span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">reader</span>, <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">writer</span>, <span class="kw">_</span>, <span class="kw">_</span>) <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">open_and_set_permissions</span>(<span class="ident">from</span>, <span class="ident">to</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;

    <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="ident">copy</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">reader</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">writer</span>)
}

<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;linux&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;android&quot;</span>))]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy</span>(<span class="ident">from</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>, <span class="ident">to</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">u64</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">cmp</span>;
    <span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">sync</span>::<span class="ident">atomic</span>::{<span class="ident">AtomicBool</span>, <span class="ident">Ordering</span>};

    <span class="comment">// Kernel prior to 4.5 don&#39;t have copy_file_range</span>
    <span class="comment">// We store the availability in a global to avoid unnecessary syscalls</span>
    <span class="kw">static</span> <span class="ident">HAS_COPY_FILE_RANGE</span>: <span class="ident">AtomicBool</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">AtomicBool</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="bool-val">true</span>);

    <span class="kw">unsafe</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy_file_range</span>(
        <span class="ident">fd_in</span>: <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_int</span>,
        <span class="ident">off_in</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">loff_t</span>,
        <span class="ident">fd_out</span>: <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_int</span>,
        <span class="ident">off_out</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">loff_t</span>,
        <span class="ident">len</span>: <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">size_t</span>,
        <span class="ident">flags</span>: <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_uint</span>,
    ) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_long</span> {
        <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">syscall</span>(
            <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">SYS_copy_file_range</span>,
            <span class="ident">fd_in</span>,
            <span class="ident">off_in</span>,
            <span class="ident">fd_out</span>,
            <span class="ident">off_out</span>,
            <span class="ident">len</span>,
            <span class="ident">flags</span>,
        )
    }

    <span class="kw">let</span> (<span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">reader</span>, <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">writer</span>, <span class="ident">len</span>, <span class="kw">_</span>) <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">open_and_set_permissions</span>(<span class="ident">from</span>, <span class="ident">to</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;

    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">has_copy_file_range</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">HAS_COPY_FILE_RANGE</span>.<span class="ident">load</span>(<span class="ident">Ordering</span>::<span class="ident">Relaxed</span>);
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">written</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="number">0u64</span>;
    <span class="kw">while</span> <span class="ident">written</span> <span class="op">&lt;</span> <span class="ident">len</span> {
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">copy_result</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">has_copy_file_range</span> {
            <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">bytes_to_copy</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">cmp</span>::<span class="ident">min</span>(<span class="ident">len</span> <span class="op">-</span> <span class="ident">written</span>, <span class="ident">usize</span>::<span class="ident">max_value</span>() <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">u64</span>) <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>;
            <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">copy_result</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
                <span class="comment">// We actually don&#39;t have to adjust the offsets,</span>
                <span class="comment">// because copy_file_range adjusts the file offset automatically</span>
                <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="ident">copy_file_range</span>(
                    <span class="ident">reader</span>.<span class="ident">as_raw_fd</span>(),
                    <span class="ident">ptr</span>::<span class="ident">null_mut</span>(),
                    <span class="ident">writer</span>.<span class="ident">as_raw_fd</span>(),
                    <span class="ident">ptr</span>::<span class="ident">null_mut</span>(),
                    <span class="ident">bytes_to_copy</span>,
                    <span class="number">0</span>,
                ))
            };
            <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="kw-2">ref</span> <span class="ident">copy_err</span>) <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">copy_result</span> {
                <span class="kw">match</span> <span class="ident">copy_err</span>.<span class="ident">raw_os_error</span>() {
                    <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">ENOSYS</span>) <span class="op">|</span> <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">EPERM</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span> {
                        <span class="ident">HAS_COPY_FILE_RANGE</span>.<span class="ident">store</span>(<span class="bool-val">false</span>, <span class="ident">Ordering</span>::<span class="ident">Relaxed</span>);
                    }
                    <span class="kw">_</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> {}
                }
            }
            <span class="ident">copy_result</span>
        } <span class="kw">else</span> {
            <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="ident">Error</span>::<span class="ident">from_raw_os_error</span>(<span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">ENOSYS</span>))
        };
        <span class="kw">match</span> <span class="ident">copy_result</span> {
            <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">ret</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="ident">written</span> <span class="op">+=</span> <span class="ident">ret</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">u64</span>,
            <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="ident">err</span>) <span class="op">=&gt;</span> {
                <span class="kw">match</span> <span class="ident">err</span>.<span class="ident">raw_os_error</span>() {
                    <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="ident">os_err</span>)
                    <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">os_err</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">ENOSYS</span>
                        <span class="op">||</span> <span class="ident">os_err</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">EXDEV</span>
                        <span class="op">||</span> <span class="ident">os_err</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">EINVAL</span>
                        <span class="op">||</span> <span class="ident">os_err</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">EPERM</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span>
                        {
                            <span class="comment">// Try fallback io::copy if either:</span>
                            <span class="comment">// - Kernel version is &lt; 4.5 (ENOSYS)</span>
                            <span class="comment">// - Files are mounted on different fs (EXDEV)</span>
                            <span class="comment">// - copy_file_range is disallowed, for example by seccomp (EPERM)</span>
                            <span class="comment">// - copy_file_range cannot be used with pipes or device nodes (EINVAL)</span>
                            <span class="macro">assert_eq</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="ident">written</span>, <span class="number">0</span>);
                            <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="ident">copy</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">reader</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">writer</span>);
                        }
                    <span class="kw">_</span> <span class="op">=&gt;</span> <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="ident">err</span>),
                }
            }
        }
    }
    <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">written</span>)
}

<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">cfg</span>(<span class="ident">any</span>(<span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;macos&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">target_os</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;ios&quot;</span>))]</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copy</span>(<span class="ident">from</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>, <span class="ident">to</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">Path</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">u64</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
    <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">COPYFILE_ACL</span>: <span class="ident">u32</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="op">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="number">0</span>;
    <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">COPYFILE_STAT</span>: <span class="ident">u32</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="op">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="number">1</span>;
    <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">COPYFILE_XATTR</span>: <span class="ident">u32</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="op">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="number">2</span>;
    <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">COPYFILE_DATA</span>: <span class="ident">u32</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="op">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="number">3</span>;

    <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">COPYFILE_SECURITY</span>: <span class="ident">u32</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">COPYFILE_STAT</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="ident">COPYFILE_ACL</span>;
    <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">COPYFILE_METADATA</span>: <span class="ident">u32</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">COPYFILE_SECURITY</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="ident">COPYFILE_XATTR</span>;
    <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">COPYFILE_ALL</span>: <span class="ident">u32</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">COPYFILE_METADATA</span> <span class="op">|</span> <span class="ident">COPYFILE_DATA</span>;

    <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="ident">COPYFILE_STATE_COPIED</span>: <span class="ident">u32</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="number">8</span>;

    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">allow</span>(<span class="ident">non_camel_case_types</span>)]</span>
    <span class="kw">type</span> <span class="ident">copyfile_state_t</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_void</span>;
    <span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">allow</span>(<span class="ident">non_camel_case_types</span>)]</span>
    <span class="kw">type</span> <span class="ident">copyfile_flags_t</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">u32</span>;

    <span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="string">&quot;C&quot;</span> {
        <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">fcopyfile</span>(
            <span class="ident">from</span>: <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_int</span>,
            <span class="ident">to</span>: <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_int</span>,
            <span class="ident">state</span>: <span class="ident">copyfile_state_t</span>,
            <span class="ident">flags</span>: <span class="ident">copyfile_flags_t</span>,
        ) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_int</span>;
        <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copyfile_state_alloc</span>() <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">copyfile_state_t</span>;
        <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copyfile_state_free</span>(<span class="ident">state</span>: <span class="ident">copyfile_state_t</span>) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_int</span>;
        <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">copyfile_state_get</span>(
            <span class="ident">state</span>: <span class="ident">copyfile_state_t</span>,
            <span class="ident">flag</span>: <span class="ident">u32</span>,
            <span class="ident">dst</span>: <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_void</span>,
        ) <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_int</span>;
    }

    <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">FreeOnDrop</span>(<span class="ident">copyfile_state_t</span>);
    <span class="kw">impl</span> <span class="ident">Drop</span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">FreeOnDrop</span> {
        <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">drop</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>) {
            <span class="comment">// The code below ensures that `FreeOnDrop` is never a null pointer</span>
            <span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
                <span class="comment">// `copyfile_state_free` returns -1 if the `to` or `from` files</span>
                <span class="comment">// cannot be closed. However, this is not considerd this an</span>
                <span class="comment">// error.</span>
                <span class="ident">copyfile_state_free</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>);
            }
        }
    }

    <span class="kw">let</span> (<span class="ident">reader</span>, <span class="ident">writer</span>, <span class="kw">_</span>, <span class="ident">writer_metadata</span>) <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">open_and_set_permissions</span>(<span class="ident">from</span>, <span class="ident">to</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;

    <span class="comment">// We ensure that `FreeOnDrop` never contains a null pointer so it is</span>
    <span class="comment">// always safe to call `copyfile_state_free`</span>
    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">state</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
        <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">state</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">copyfile_state_alloc</span>();
        <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">state</span>.<span class="ident">is_null</span>() {
            <span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="kw">crate</span>::<span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="ident">Error</span>::<span class="ident">last_os_error</span>());
        }
        <span class="ident">FreeOnDrop</span>(<span class="ident">state</span>)
    };

    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">flags</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">writer_metadata</span>.<span class="ident">is_file</span>() {
        <span class="ident">COPYFILE_ALL</span>
    } <span class="kw">else</span> {
        <span class="ident">COPYFILE_DATA</span>
    };

    <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
        <span class="ident">fcopyfile</span>(
            <span class="ident">reader</span>.<span class="ident">as_raw_fd</span>(),
            <span class="ident">writer</span>.<span class="ident">as_raw_fd</span>(),
            <span class="ident">state</span>.<span class="number">0</span>,
            <span class="ident">flags</span>,
        )
    })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;

    <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">bytes_copied</span>: <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">off_t</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="number">0</span>;
    <span class="ident">cvt</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
        <span class="ident">copyfile_state_get</span>(
            <span class="ident">state</span>.<span class="number">0</span>,
            <span class="ident">COPYFILE_STATE_COPIED</span>,
            <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">bytes_copied</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">off_t</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">libc</span>::<span class="ident">c_void</span>,
        )
    })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
    <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">bytes_copied</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">u64</span>)
}
</pre></div>
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