<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="generator" content="rustdoc"><meta name="description" content="API documentation for the Rust `std` crate."><meta name="keywords" content="rust, rustlang, rust-lang, std"><title>std - Rust</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../normalize1.35.0.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../rustdoc1.35.0.css" id="mainThemeStyle"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../dark1.35.0.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../light1.35.0.css" id="themeStyle"><script src="../storage1.35.0.js"></script><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="../noscript1.35.0.css"></noscript><link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon1.35.0.ico"><style type="text/css">#crate-search{background-image:url("../down-arrow1.35.0.svg");}</style></head><body class="rustdoc mod"><!--[if lte IE 8]><div class="warning">This old browser is unsupported and will most likely display funky things.</div><![endif]--><nav class="sidebar"><div class="sidebar-menu">☰</div><a href='../std/index.html'><img src='../rust-logo1.35.0.png' alt='logo' width='100'></a><p class='location'>Crate std</p><div class='block version'><p>Version 1.35.0</p></div><div class="sidebar-elems"><a id='all-types' href='all.html'><p>See all std's items</p></a><div class="block items"><ul><li><a href="#reexports">Re-exports</a></li><li><a href="#primitives">Primitive Types</a></li><li><a href="#modules">Modules</a></li><li><a href="#macros">Macros</a></li></ul></div><p class='location'></p><script>window.sidebarCurrent = {name: 'std', ty: 'mod', relpath: '../'};</script></div></nav><div class="theme-picker"><button id="theme-picker" aria-label="Pick another theme!"><img src="../brush1.35.0.svg" width="18" alt="Pick another theme!"></button><div id="theme-choices"></div></div><script src="../theme1.35.0.js"></script><nav class="sub"><form class="search-form js-only"><div class="search-container"><div><select id="crate-search"><option value="All crates">All crates</option></select><input class="search-input" name="search" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" placeholder="Click or press ‘S’ to search, ‘?’ for more options…" type="search"></div><a id="settings-menu" href="../settings.html"><img src="../wheel1.35.0.svg" width="18" alt="Change settings"></a></div></form></nav><section id="main" class="content"><h1 class='fqn'><span class='out-of-band'><span class='since' title='Stable since Rust version 1.0.0'>1.0.0</span><span id='render-detail'><a id="toggle-all-docs" href="javascript:void(0)" title="collapse all docs">[<span class='inner'>−</span>]</a></span><a class='srclink' href='../src/std/lib.rs.html#1-516' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span><span class='in-band'>Crate <a class="mod" href=''>std</a></span></h1><div class='docblock'><h1 id="the-rust-standard-library" class="section-header"><a href="#the-rust-standard-library">The Rust Standard Library</a></h1>
<p>The Rust Standard Library is the foundation of portable Rust software, a
set of minimal and battle-tested shared abstractions for the <a href="https://crates.io">broader Rust
ecosystem</a>. It offers core types, like <a href="vec/index.html"><code>Vec<T></code></a> and
<a href="option/enum.Option.html"><code>Option<T></code></a>, library-defined <a href="#primitives">operations on language
primitives</a>, <a href="#macros">standard macros</a>, <a href="io/index.html">I/O</a> and
<a href="thread/index.html">multithreading</a>, among <a href="#what-is-in-the-standard-library-documentation">many other things</a>.</p>
<p><code>std</code> is available to all Rust crates by default. Therefore, the
standard library can be accessed in <a href="../book/ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.html"><code>use</code></a> statements through the path
<code>std</code>, as in <a href="env/index.html"><code>use std::env</code></a>.</p>
<h1 id="how-to-read-this-documentation" class="section-header"><a href="#how-to-read-this-documentation">How to read this documentation</a></h1>
<p>If you already know the name of what you are looking for, the fastest way to
find it is to use the <a href="#" onclick="focusSearchBar();">search
bar</a> at the top of the page.</p>
<p>Otherwise, you may want to jump to one of these useful sections:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#modules"><code>std::*</code> modules</a></li>
<li><a href="#primitives">Primitive types</a></li>
<li><a href="#macros">Standard macros</a></li>
<li><a href="prelude/index.html">The Rust Prelude</a></li>
</ul>
<p>If this is your first time, the documentation for the standard library is
written to be casually perused. Clicking on interesting things should
generally lead you to interesting places. Still, there are important bits
you don't want to miss, so read on for a tour of the standard library and
its documentation!</p>
<p>Once you are familiar with the contents of the standard library you may
begin to find the verbosity of the prose distracting. At this stage in your
development you may want to press the <code>[-]</code> button near the top of the
page to collapse it into a more skimmable view.</p>
<p>While you are looking at that <code>[-]</code> button also notice the <code>[src]</code>
button. Rust's API documentation comes with the source code and you are
encouraged to read it. The standard library source is generally high
quality and a peek behind the curtains is often enlightening.</p>
<h1 id="what-is-in-the-standard-library-documentation" class="section-header"><a href="#what-is-in-the-standard-library-documentation">What is in the standard library documentation?</a></h1>
<p>First of all, The Rust Standard Library is divided into a number of focused
modules, <a href="#modules">all listed further down this page</a>. These modules are
the bedrock upon which all of Rust is forged, and they have mighty names
like <a href="slice/index.html"><code>std::slice</code></a> and <a href="cmp/index.html"><code>std::cmp</code></a>. Modules' documentation typically
includes an overview of the module along with examples, and are a smart
place to start familiarizing yourself with the library.</p>
<p>Second, implicit methods on <a href="../book/ch03-02-data-types.html">primitive types</a> are documented here. This can
be a source of confusion for two reasons:</p>
<ol>
<li>While primitives are implemented by the compiler, the standard library
implements methods directly on the primitive types (and it is the only
library that does so), which are <a href="#primitives">documented in the section on
primitives</a>.</li>
<li>The standard library exports many modules <em>with the same name as
primitive types</em>. These define additional items related to the primitive
type, but not the all-important methods.</li>
</ol>
<p>So for example there is a <a href="primitive.i32.html">page for the primitive type
<code>i32</code></a> that lists all the methods that can be called on
32-bit integers (very useful), and there is a <a href="i32/index.html">page for the module
<code>std::i32</code></a> that documents the constant values <a href="i32/constant.MIN.html"><code>MIN</code></a> and
<a href="i32/constant.MAX.html"><code>MAX</code></a> (rarely useful).</p>
<p>Note the documentation for the primitives <a href="primitive.str.html"><code>str</code></a> and <a href="primitive.slice.html"><code>[T]</code></a> (also
called 'slice'). Many method calls on <a href="string/struct.String.html"><code>String</code></a> and <a href="vec/index.html"><code>Vec<T></code></a> are actually
calls to methods on <a href="primitive.str.html"><code>str</code></a> and <a href="primitive.slice.html"><code>[T]</code></a> respectively, via <a href="../book/ch15-02-deref.html#implicit-deref-coercions-with-functions-and-methods">deref
coercions</a>.</p>
<p>Third, the standard library defines <a href="prelude/index.html">The Rust Prelude</a>, a small collection
of items - mostly traits - that are imported into every module of every
crate. The traits in the prelude are pervasive, making the prelude
documentation a good entry point to learning about the library.</p>
<p>And finally, the standard library exports a number of standard macros, and
<a href="#macros">lists them on this page</a> (technically, not all of the standard
macros are defined by the standard library - some are defined by the
compiler - but they are documented here the same). Like the prelude, the
standard macros are imported by default into all crates.</p>
<h1 id="contributing-changes-to-the-documentation" class="section-header"><a href="#contributing-changes-to-the-documentation">Contributing changes to the documentation</a></h1>
<p>Check out the rust contribution guidelines <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md">here</a>.
The source for this documentation can be found on <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang">Github</a>.
To contribute changes, make sure you read the guidelines first, then submit
pull-requests for your suggested changes.</p>
<p>Contributions are appreciated! If you see a part of the docs that can be
improved, submit a PR, or chat with us first on irc.mozilla.org #rust-docs.</p>
<h1 id="a-tour-of-the-rust-standard-library" class="section-header"><a href="#a-tour-of-the-rust-standard-library">A Tour of The Rust Standard Library</a></h1>
<p>The rest of this crate documentation is dedicated to pointing out notable
features of The Rust Standard Library.</p>
<h2 id="containers-and-collections" class="section-header"><a href="#containers-and-collections">Containers and collections</a></h2>
<p>The <a href="option/index.html"><code>option</code></a> and <a href="result/index.html"><code>result</code></a> modules define optional and error-handling
types, <a href="option/enum.Option.html"><code>Option<T></code></a> and <a href="result/enum.Result.html"><code>Result<T, E></code></a>. The <a href="iter/index.html"><code>iter</code></a> module defines
Rust's iterator trait, <a href="iter/trait.Iterator.html"><code>Iterator</code></a>, which works with the <a href="../book/ch03-05-control-flow.html#looping-through-a-collection-with-for"><code>for</code></a> loop to
access collections.</p>
<p>The standard library exposes three common ways to deal with contiguous
regions of memory:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="vec/index.html"><code>Vec<T></code></a> - A heap-allocated <em>vector</em> that is resizable at runtime.</li>
<li><a href="primitive.array.html"><code>[T; n]</code></a> - An inline <em>array</em> with a fixed size at compile time.</li>
<li><a href="primitive.slice.html"><code>[T]</code></a> - A dynamically sized <em>slice</em> into any other kind of contiguous
storage, whether heap-allocated or not.</li>
</ul>
<p>Slices can only be handled through some kind of <em>pointer</em>, and as such come
in many flavors such as:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>&[T]</code> - <em>shared slice</em></li>
<li><code>&mut [T]</code> - <em>mutable slice</em></li>
<li><a href="boxed/index.html"><code>Box<[T]></code></a> - <em>owned slice</em></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="primitive.str.html"><code>str</code></a>, a UTF-8 string slice, is a primitive type, and the standard library
defines many methods for it. Rust <a href="primitive.str.html"><code>str</code></a>s are typically accessed as
immutable references: <code>&str</code>. Use the owned <a href="string/struct.String.html"><code>String</code></a> for building and
mutating strings.</p>
<p>For converting to strings use the <a href="macro.format.html"><code>format!</code></a> macro, and for converting from
strings use the <a href="str/trait.FromStr.html"><code>FromStr</code></a> trait.</p>
<p>Data may be shared by placing it in a reference-counted box or the <a href="rc/index.html"><code>Rc</code></a>
type, and if further contained in a <a href="cell/struct.Cell.html"><code>Cell</code></a> or <a href="cell/struct.RefCell.html"><code>RefCell</code></a>, may be mutated
as well as shared. Likewise, in a concurrent setting it is common to pair an
atomically-reference-counted box, <a href="sync/struct.Arc.html"><code>Arc</code></a>, with a <a href="sync/struct.Mutex.html"><code>Mutex</code></a> to get the same
effect.</p>
<p>The <a href="collections/index.html"><code>collections</code></a> module defines maps, sets, linked lists and other
typical collection types, including the common <a href="collections/struct.HashMap.html"><code>HashMap<K, V></code></a>.</p>
<h2 id="platform-abstractions-and-io" class="section-header"><a href="#platform-abstractions-and-io">Platform abstractions and I/O</a></h2>
<p>Besides basic data types, the standard library is largely concerned with
abstracting over differences in common platforms, most notably Windows and
Unix derivatives.</p>
<p>Common types of I/O, including <a href="fs/struct.File.html">files</a>, <a href="net/struct.TcpStream.html">TCP</a>, <a href="net/struct.UdpSocket.html">UDP</a>, are defined in the
<a href="io/index.html"><code>io</code></a>, <a href="fs/index.html"><code>fs</code></a>, and <a href="net/index.html"><code>net</code></a> modules.</p>
<p>The <a href="thread/index.html"><code>thread</code></a> module contains Rust's threading abstractions. <a href="sync/index.html"><code>sync</code></a>
contains further primitive shared memory types, including <a href="sync/atomic/index.html"><code>atomic</code></a> and
<a href="sync/mpsc/index.html"><code>mpsc</code></a>, which contains the channel types for message passing.</p>
</div><h2 id='reexports' class='section-header'><a href="#reexports">Re-exports</a></h2>
<table><tr><td><code>pub use core::<a class="mod" href="../core/core_arch/arch/index.html" title="mod core::core_arch::arch">arch</a>;</code></td></tr></table><h2 id='primitives' class='section-header'><a href="#primitives">Primitive Types</a></h2>
<table><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.array.html" title='std::array primitive'>array</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>A fixed-size array, denoted <code>[T; N]</code>, for the element type, <code>T</code>, and the
non-negative compile-time constant size, <code>N</code>.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.bool.html" title='std::bool primitive'>bool</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The boolean type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.char.html" title='std::char primitive'>char</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>A character type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.f32.html" title='std::f32 primitive'>f32</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 32-bit floating point type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.f64.html" title='std::f64 primitive'>f64</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 64-bit floating point type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.fn.html" title='std::fn primitive'>fn</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Function pointers, like <code>fn(usize) -> bool</code>.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.i8.html" title='std::i8 primitive'>i8</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 8-bit signed integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.i16.html" title='std::i16 primitive'>i16</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 16-bit signed integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.i32.html" title='std::i32 primitive'>i32</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 32-bit signed integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.i64.html" title='std::i64 primitive'>i64</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 64-bit signed integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.i128.html" title='std::i128 primitive'>i128</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 128-bit signed integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.isize.html" title='std::isize primitive'>isize</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The pointer-sized signed integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.pointer.html" title='std::pointer primitive'>pointer</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Raw, unsafe pointers, <code>*const T</code>, and <code>*mut T</code>.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.reference.html" title='std::reference primitive'>reference</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>References, both shared and mutable.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.slice.html" title='std::slice primitive'>slice</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>A dynamically-sized view into a contiguous sequence, <code>[T]</code>.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.str.html" title='std::str primitive'>str</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>String slices.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.tuple.html" title='std::tuple primitive'>tuple</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>A finite heterogeneous sequence, <code>(T, U, ..)</code>.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.u8.html" title='std::u8 primitive'>u8</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 8-bit unsigned integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.u16.html" title='std::u16 primitive'>u16</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 16-bit unsigned integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.u32.html" title='std::u32 primitive'>u32</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 32-bit unsigned integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.u64.html" title='std::u64 primitive'>u64</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 64-bit unsigned integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.u128.html" title='std::u128 primitive'>u128</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 128-bit unsigned integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.unit.html" title='std::unit primitive'>unit</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The <code>()</code> type, sometimes called "unit" or "nil".</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.usize.html" title='std::usize primitive'>usize</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The pointer-sized unsigned integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable module-item'><td><a class="primitive" href="primitive.never.html" title='std::never primitive'>never</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>The <code>!</code> type, also called "never".</p>
</td></tr></table><h2 id='modules' class='section-header'><a href="#modules">Modules</a></h2>
<table><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="alloc/index.html" title='std::alloc mod'>alloc</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Memory allocation APIs</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="any/index.html" title='std::any mod'>any</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>This module implements the <code>Any</code> trait, which enables dynamic typing
of any <code>'static</code> type through runtime reflection.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="array/index.html" title='std::array mod'>array</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Implementations of things like <code>Eq</code> for fixed-length arrays
up to a certain length. Eventually we should able to generalize
to all lengths.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="ascii/index.html" title='std::ascii mod'>ascii</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Operations on ASCII strings and characters.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="borrow/index.html" title='std::borrow mod'>borrow</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>A module for working with borrowed data.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="boxed/index.html" title='std::boxed mod'>boxed</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>A pointer type for heap allocation.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="cell/index.html" title='std::cell mod'>cell</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Shareable mutable containers.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="char/index.html" title='std::char mod'>char</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>A character type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="clone/index.html" title='std::clone mod'>clone</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The <code>Clone</code> trait for types that cannot be 'implicitly copied'.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="cmp/index.html" title='std::cmp mod'>cmp</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Functionality for ordering and comparison.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="collections/index.html" title='std::collections mod'>collections</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Collection types.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="convert/index.html" title='std::convert mod'>convert</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Traits for conversions between types.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="default/index.html" title='std::default mod'>default</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The <code>Default</code> trait for types which may have meaningful default values.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="env/index.html" title='std::env mod'>env</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Inspection and manipulation of the process's environment.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="error/index.html" title='std::error mod'>error</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Traits for working with Errors.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="f32/index.html" title='std::f32 mod'>f32</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>This module provides constants which are specific to the implementation
of the <code>f32</code> floating point data type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="f64/index.html" title='std::f64 mod'>f64</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>This module provides constants which are specific to the implementation
of the <code>f64</code> floating point data type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="ffi/index.html" title='std::ffi mod'>ffi</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Utilities related to FFI bindings.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="fmt/index.html" title='std::fmt mod'>fmt</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Utilities for formatting and printing <code>String</code>s.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="fs/index.html" title='std::fs mod'>fs</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Filesystem manipulation operations.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="hash/index.html" title='std::hash mod'>hash</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Generic hashing support.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="hint/index.html" title='std::hint mod'>hint</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Hints to compiler that affects how code should be emitted or optimized.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="i8/index.html" title='std::i8 mod'>i8</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 8-bit signed integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="i16/index.html" title='std::i16 mod'>i16</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 16-bit signed integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="i32/index.html" title='std::i32 mod'>i32</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 32-bit signed integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="i64/index.html" title='std::i64 mod'>i64</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 64-bit signed integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="i128/index.html" title='std::i128 mod'>i128</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 128-bit signed integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="io/index.html" title='std::io mod'>io</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Traits, helpers, and type definitions for core I/O functionality.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="isize/index.html" title='std::isize mod'>isize</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The pointer-sized signed integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="iter/index.html" title='std::iter mod'>iter</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Composable external iteration.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="marker/index.html" title='std::marker mod'>marker</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Primitive traits and types representing basic properties of types.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="mem/index.html" title='std::mem mod'>mem</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Basic functions for dealing with memory.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="net/index.html" title='std::net mod'>net</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Networking primitives for TCP/UDP communication.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="num/index.html" title='std::num mod'>num</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Additional functionality for numerics.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="ops/index.html" title='std::ops mod'>ops</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Overloadable operators.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="option/index.html" title='std::option mod'>option</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Optional values.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="os/index.html" title='std::os mod'>os</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>OS-specific functionality.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="panic/index.html" title='std::panic mod'>panic</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Panic support in the standard library.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="path/index.html" title='std::path mod'>path</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Cross-platform path manipulation.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="pin/index.html" title='std::pin mod'>pin</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Types that pin data to its location in memory.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="prelude/index.html" title='std::prelude mod'>prelude</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The Rust Prelude.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="process/index.html" title='std::process mod'>process</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>A module for working with processes.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="ptr/index.html" title='std::ptr mod'>ptr</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Manually manage memory through raw pointers.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="rc/index.html" title='std::rc mod'>rc</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Single-threaded reference-counting pointers. 'Rc' stands for 'Reference
Counted'.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="result/index.html" title='std::result mod'>result</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Error handling with the <code>Result</code> type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="slice/index.html" title='std::slice mod'>slice</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>A dynamically-sized view into a contiguous sequence, <code>[T]</code>.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="str/index.html" title='std::str mod'>str</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Unicode string slices.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="string/index.html" title='std::string mod'>string</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>A UTF-8 encoded, growable string.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="sync/index.html" title='std::sync mod'>sync</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Useful synchronization primitives.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="thread/index.html" title='std::thread mod'>thread</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Native threads.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="time/index.html" title='std::time mod'>time</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Temporal quantification.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="u8/index.html" title='std::u8 mod'>u8</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 8-bit unsigned integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="u16/index.html" title='std::u16 mod'>u16</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 16-bit unsigned integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="u32/index.html" title='std::u32 mod'>u32</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 32-bit unsigned integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="u64/index.html" title='std::u64 mod'>u64</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 64-bit unsigned integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="u128/index.html" title='std::u128 mod'>u128</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The 128-bit unsigned integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="usize/index.html" title='std::usize mod'>usize</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The pointer-sized unsigned integer type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="vec/index.html" title='std::vec mod'>vec</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>A contiguous growable array type with heap-allocated contents, written
<code>Vec<T></code>.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="future/index.html" title='std::future mod'>future</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>Asynchronous values.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="intrinsics/index.html" title='std::intrinsics mod'>intrinsics</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>Compiler intrinsics.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="raw/index.html" title='std::raw mod'>raw</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>Contains struct definitions for the layout of compiler built-in types.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="task/index.html" title='std::task mod'>task</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>Types and Traits for working with asynchronous tasks.</p>
</td></tr></table><h2 id='macros' class='section-header'><a href="#macros">Macros</a></h2>
<table><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.assert.html" title='std::assert macro'>assert</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Asserts that a boolean expression is <code>true</code> at runtime.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.assert_eq.html" title='std::assert_eq macro'>assert_eq</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Asserts that two expressions are equal to each other (using <a href="cmp/trait.PartialEq.html"><code>PartialEq</code></a>).</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.assert_ne.html" title='std::assert_ne macro'>assert_ne</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Asserts that two expressions are not equal to each other (using <a href="cmp/trait.PartialEq.html"><code>PartialEq</code></a>).</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.cfg.html" title='std::cfg macro'>cfg</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Evaluates boolean combinations of configuration flags at compile-time.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.column.html" title='std::column macro'>column</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Expands to the column number at which it was invoked.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.compile_error.html" title='std::compile_error macro'>compile_error</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Causes compilation to fail with the given error message when encountered.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.concat.html" title='std::concat macro'>concat</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Concatenates literals into a static string slice.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.dbg.html" title='std::dbg macro'>dbg</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Prints and returns the value of a given expression for quick and dirty
debugging.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.debug_assert.html" title='std::debug_assert macro'>debug_assert</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Asserts that a boolean expression is <code>true</code> at runtime.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.debug_assert_eq.html" title='std::debug_assert_eq macro'>debug_assert_eq</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Asserts that two expressions are equal to each other.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.debug_assert_ne.html" title='std::debug_assert_ne macro'>debug_assert_ne</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Asserts that two expressions are not equal to each other.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.env.html" title='std::env macro'>env</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Inspects an environment variable at compile time.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.eprint.html" title='std::eprint macro'>eprint</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Prints to the standard error.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.eprintln.html" title='std::eprintln macro'>eprintln</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Prints to the standard error, with a newline.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.file.html" title='std::file macro'>file</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Expands to the file name in which it was invoked.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.format.html" title='std::format macro'>format</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Creates a <code>String</code> using interpolation of runtime expressions.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.format_args.html" title='std::format_args macro'>format_args</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Constructs parameters for the other string-formatting macros.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.include.html" title='std::include macro'>include</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Parses a file as an expression or an item according to the context.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.include_bytes.html" title='std::include_bytes macro'>include_bytes</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Includes a file as a reference to a byte array.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.include_str.html" title='std::include_str macro'>include_str</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Includes a utf8-encoded file as a string.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.line.html" title='std::line macro'>line</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Expands to the line number on which it was invoked.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.module_path.html" title='std::module_path macro'>module_path</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Expands to a string that represents the current module path.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.option_env.html" title='std::option_env macro'>option_env</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Optionally inspects an environment variable at compile time.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.panic.html" title='std::panic macro'>panic</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Panics the current thread.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.print.html" title='std::print macro'>print</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Prints to the standard output.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.println.html" title='std::println macro'>println</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Prints to the standard output, with a newline.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.stringify.html" title='std::stringify macro'>stringify</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Stringifies its arguments.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.thread_local.html" title='std::thread_local macro'>thread_local</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Declare a new thread local storage key of type <a href="../std/thread/struct.LocalKey.html"><code>std::thread::LocalKey</code></a>.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.try.html" title='std::try macro'>try</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Unwraps a result or propagates its error.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.unimplemented.html" title='std::unimplemented macro'>unimplemented</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Indicates unfinished code.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.unreachable.html" title='std::unreachable macro'>unreachable</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Indicates unreachable code.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.vec.html" title='std::vec macro'>vec</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Creates a <a href="../std/vec/struct.Vec.html"><code>Vec</code></a> containing the arguments.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.write.html" title='std::write macro'>write</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Writes formatted data into a buffer.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.writeln.html" title='std::writeln macro'>writeln</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Write formatted data into a buffer, with a newline appended.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.await.html" title='std::await macro'>await</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>Awaits the completion of an async call.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.concat_idents.html" title='std::concat_idents macro'>concat_idents</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>Concatenates identifiers into one identifier.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.is_aarch64_feature_detected.html" title='std::is_aarch64_feature_detected macro'>is_aarch64_feature_detected</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>Prevents compilation if <code>is_aarch64_feature_detected</code> is used somewhere else
than <code>aarch64</code> targets.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.is_arm_feature_detected.html" title='std::is_arm_feature_detected macro'>is_arm_feature_detected</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>Checks if <code>arm</code> feature is enabled.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.is_mips64_feature_detected.html" title='std::is_mips64_feature_detected macro'>is_mips64_feature_detected</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>Prevents compilation if <code>is_mips64_feature_detected</code> is used somewhere else
than <code>MIPS64</code> targets.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.is_mips_feature_detected.html" title='std::is_mips_feature_detected macro'>is_mips_feature_detected</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>Prevents compilation if <code>is_mips_feature_detected</code> is used somewhere else
than <code>MIPS</code> targets.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.is_powerpc64_feature_detected.html" title='std::is_powerpc64_feature_detected macro'>is_powerpc64_feature_detected</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>Prevents compilation if <code>is_powerpc64_feature_detected</code> is used somewhere
else than <code>PowerPC64</code> targets.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.is_powerpc_feature_detected.html" title='std::is_powerpc_feature_detected macro'>is_powerpc_feature_detected</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>Prevents compilation if <code>is_powerpc_feature_detected</code> is used somewhere else
than <code>PowerPC</code> targets.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.is_x86_feature_detected.html" title='std::is_x86_feature_detected macro'>is_x86_feature_detected</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>Prevents compilation if <code>is_x86_feature_detected</code> is used somewhere
else than <code>x86</code> and <code>x86_64</code> targets.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable deprecated module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.select.html" title='std::select macro'>select</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab deprecated">Deprecated</span><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>Selects the first successful receive event from a number of receivers.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='unstable module-item'><td><a class="macro" href="macro.todo.html" title='std::todo macro'>todo</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><span class="stab unstable">Experimental</span><p>Indicates unfinished code.</p>
</td></tr></table><h2 id='keywords' class='section-header'><a href="#keywords">Keywords</a></h2>
<table><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="keyword" href="keyword.as.html" title='std::as keyword'>as</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The keyword for casting a value to a type.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="keyword" href="keyword.const.html" title='std::const keyword'>const</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The keyword for defining constants.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="keyword" href="keyword.crate.html" title='std::crate keyword'>crate</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The <code>crate</code> keyword.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="keyword" href="keyword.enum.html" title='std::enum keyword'>enum</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>For defining enumerations.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="keyword" href="keyword.extern.html" title='std::extern keyword'>extern</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>For external connections in Rust code.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="keyword" href="keyword.fn.html" title='std::fn keyword'>fn</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The keyword for defining functions.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="keyword" href="keyword.for.html" title='std::for keyword'>for</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The <code>for</code> keyword.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="keyword" href="keyword.if.html" title='std::if keyword'>if</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>If statements and expressions.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="keyword" href="keyword.impl.html" title='std::impl keyword'>impl</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The implementation-defining keyword.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="keyword" href="keyword.let.html" title='std::let keyword'>let</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The variable binding keyword.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="keyword" href="keyword.loop.html" title='std::loop keyword'>loop</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The loop-defining keyword.</p>
</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="keyword" href="keyword.struct.html" title='std::struct keyword'>struct</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The keyword used to define structs.</p>
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