<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="generator" content="rustdoc"><meta name="description" content="API documentation for the Rust `Utf8Error` struct in crate `std`."><meta name="keywords" content="rust, rustlang, rust-lang, Utf8Error"><title>std::str::Utf8Error - Rust</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../normalize1.35.0.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../rustdoc1.35.0.css" id="mainThemeStyle"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../dark1.35.0.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../light1.35.0.css" id="themeStyle"><script src="../../storage1.35.0.js"></script><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../noscript1.35.0.css"></noscript><link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../favicon1.35.0.ico"><style type="text/css">#crate-search{background-image:url("../../down-arrow1.35.0.svg");}</style></head><body class="rustdoc struct"><!--[if lte IE 8]><div class="warning">This old browser is unsupported and will most likely display funky things.</div><![endif]--><nav class="sidebar"><div class="sidebar-menu">☰</div><a href='../../std/index.html'><img src='../../rust-logo1.35.0.png' alt='logo' width='100'></a><p class='location'>Struct Utf8Error</p><div class="sidebar-elems"><div class="block items"><a class="sidebar-title" href="#methods">Methods</a><div class="sidebar-links"><a href="#method.error_len">error_len</a><a href="#method.valid_up_to">valid_up_to</a></div><a class="sidebar-title" href="#implementations">Trait Implementations</a><div class="sidebar-links"><a href="#impl-Clone">Clone</a><a href="#impl-Copy">Copy</a><a href="#impl-Debug">Debug</a><a href="#impl-Display">Display</a><a href="#impl-Eq">Eq</a><a href="#impl-Error">Error</a><a href="#impl-PartialEq%3CUtf8Error%3E">PartialEq<Utf8Error></a></div><a class="sidebar-title" href="#synthetic-implementations">Auto Trait Implementations</a><div class="sidebar-links"><a href="#impl-Send">Send</a><a href="#impl-Sync">Sync</a></div><a class="sidebar-title" href="#blanket-implementations">Blanket Implementations</a><div class="sidebar-links"><a href="#impl-Any">Any</a><a href="#impl-Borrow">Borrow</a><a href="#impl-BorrowMut">BorrowMut</a><a href="#impl-From">From</a><a href="#impl-Into">Into</a><a href="#impl-ToOwned">ToOwned</a><a href="#impl-ToString">ToString</a><a href="#impl-TryFrom">TryFrom</a><a href="#impl-TryInto">TryInto</a></div></div><p class='location'><a href='../index.html'>std</a>::<wbr><a href='index.html'>str</a></p><script>window.sidebarCurrent = {name: 'Utf8Error', ty: 'struct', relpath: ''};</script><script defer src="sidebar-items.js"></script></div></nav><div class="theme-picker"><button id="theme-picker" aria-label="Pick another theme!"><img src="../../brush1.35.0.svg" width="18" alt="Pick another theme!"></button><div id="theme-choices"></div></div><script src="../../theme1.35.0.js"></script><nav class="sub"><form class="search-form js-only"><div class="search-container"><div><select id="crate-search"><option value="All crates">All crates</option></select><input class="search-input" name="search" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" placeholder="Click or press ‘S’ to search, ‘?’ for more options…" type="search"></div><a id="settings-menu" href="../../settings.html"><img src="../../wheel1.35.0.svg" width="18" alt="Change settings"></a></div></form></nav><section id="main" class="content"><h1 class='fqn'><span class='out-of-band'><span class='since' title='Stable since Rust version 1.0.0'>1.0.0</span><span id='render-detail'><a id="toggle-all-docs" href="javascript:void(0)" title="collapse all docs">[<span class='inner'>−</span>]</a></span><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#201-204' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span><span class='in-band'>Struct <a href='../index.html'>std</a>::<wbr><a href='index.html'>str</a>::<wbr><a class="struct" href=''>Utf8Error</a></span></h1><div class="docblock type-decl hidden-by-usual-hider"><pre class='rust struct'>pub struct Utf8Error { /* fields omitted */ }</pre></div><div class='docblock'><p>Errors which can occur when attempting to interpret a sequence of <a href="../../std/primitive.u8.html"><code>u8</code></a>
as a string.</p>
<p>As such, the <code>from_utf8</code> family of functions and methods for both <a href="../../std/string/struct.String.html#method.from_utf8"><code>String</code></a>s
and <a href="../../std/str/fn.from_utf8.html"><code>&str</code></a>s make use of this error, for example.</p>
<h1 id="examples" class="section-header"><a href="#examples">Examples</a></h1>
<p>This error type’s methods can be used to create functionality
similar to <code>String::from_utf8_lossy</code> without allocating heap memory:</p>
<div class="example-wrap"><pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">from_utf8_lossy</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">F</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">input</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span>[<span class="ident">u8</span>], <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">push</span>: <span class="ident">F</span>) <span class="kw">where</span> <span class="ident">F</span>: <span class="ident">FnMut</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">str</span>) {
<span class="kw">loop</span> {
<span class="kw">match</span> ::<span class="ident">std</span>::<span class="ident">str</span>::<span class="ident">from_utf8</span>(<span class="ident">input</span>) {
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">valid</span>) <span class="op">=></span> {
<span class="ident">push</span>(<span class="ident">valid</span>);
<span class="kw">break</span>
}
<span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="ident">error</span>) <span class="op">=></span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> (<span class="ident">valid</span>, <span class="ident">after_valid</span>) <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">input</span>.<span class="ident">split_at</span>(<span class="ident">error</span>.<span class="ident">valid_up_to</span>());
<span class="kw">unsafe</span> {
<span class="ident">push</span>(::<span class="ident">std</span>::<span class="ident">str</span>::<span class="ident">from_utf8_unchecked</span>(<span class="ident">valid</span>))
}
<span class="ident">push</span>(<span class="string">"\u{FFFD}"</span>);
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="ident">invalid_sequence_length</span>) <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">error</span>.<span class="ident">error_len</span>() {
<span class="ident">input</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">after_valid</span>[<span class="ident">invalid_sequence_length</span>..]
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="kw">break</span>
}
}
}
}
}<a class="test-arrow" target="_blank" href="https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%23!%5Ballow(unused)%5D%0Afn%20main()%20%7B%0Afn%20from_utf8_lossy%3CF%3E(mut%20input%3A%20%26%5Bu8%5D%2C%20mut%20push%3A%20F)%20where%20F%3A%20FnMut(%26str)%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20loop%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20match%20%3A%3Astd%3A%3Astr%3A%3Afrom_utf8(input)%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Ok(valid)%20%3D%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20push(valid)%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20break%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Err(error)%20%3D%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20let%20(valid%2C%20after_valid)%20%3D%20input.split_at(error.valid_up_to())%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20unsafe%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20push(%3A%3Astd%3A%3Astr%3A%3Afrom_utf8_unchecked(valid))%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20push(%22%5Cu%7BFFFD%7D%22)%3B%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20let%20Some(invalid_sequence_length)%20%3D%20error.error_len()%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20input%20%3D%20%26after_valid%5Binvalid_sequence_length..%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20else%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20break%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%7D%0A%7D">Run</a></pre></div>
</div><h2 id='methods' class='small-section-header'>Methods<a href='#methods' class='anchor'></a></h2><h3 id='impl' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl <a class="struct" href="../../std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html" title="struct std::str::Utf8Error">Utf8Error</a></code><a href='#impl' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#206-251' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'><h4 id='method.valid_up_to' class="method"><code id='valid_up_to.v'>pub fn <a href='#method.valid_up_to' class='fnname'>valid_up_to</a>(&self) -> <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.usize.html">usize</a></code><div class='since' title='Stable since Rust version 1.5.0'>1.5.0</div><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#230' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock'><p>Returns the index in the given string up to which valid UTF-8 was
verified.</p>
<p>It is the maximum index such that <code>from_utf8(&input[..index])</code>
would return <code>Ok(_)</code>.</p>
<h1 id="examples-1" class="section-header"><a href="#examples-1">Examples</a></h1>
<p>Basic usage:</p>
<div class="example-wrap"><pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">std</span>::<span class="ident">str</span>;
<span class="comment">// some invalid bytes, in a vector</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">sparkle_heart</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="macro">vec</span><span class="macro">!</span>[<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">159</span>, <span class="number">146</span>, <span class="number">150</span>];
<span class="comment">// std::str::from_utf8 returns a Utf8Error</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">error</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">str</span>::<span class="ident">from_utf8</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">sparkle_heart</span>).<span class="ident">unwrap_err</span>();
<span class="comment">// the second byte is invalid here</span>
<span class="macro">assert_eq</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="ident">error</span>.<span class="ident">valid_up_to</span>());<a class="test-arrow" target="_blank" href="https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%23!%5Ballow(unused)%5D%0Afn%20main()%20%7B%0Ause%20std%3A%3Astr%3B%0A%0A%2F%2F%20some%20invalid%20bytes%2C%20in%20a%20vector%0Alet%20sparkle_heart%20%3D%20vec!%5B0%2C%20159%2C%20146%2C%20150%5D%3B%0A%0A%2F%2F%20std%3A%3Astr%3A%3Afrom_utf8%20returns%20a%20Utf8Error%0Alet%20error%20%3D%20str%3A%3Afrom_utf8(%26sparkle_heart).unwrap_err()%3B%0A%0A%2F%2F%20the%20second%20byte%20is%20invalid%20here%0Aassert_eq!(1%2C%20error.valid_up_to())%3B%0A%7D">Run</a></pre></div>
</div><h4 id='method.error_len' class="method"><code id='error_len.v'>pub fn <a href='#method.error_len' class='fnname'>error_len</a>(&self) -> <a class="enum" href="../../std/option/enum.Option.html" title="enum std::option::Option">Option</a><<a class="primitive" href="../primitive.usize.html">usize</a>></code><div class='since' title='Stable since Rust version 1.20.0'>1.20.0</div><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#248-250' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock'><p>Provides more information about the failure:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>None</code>: the end of the input was reached unexpectedly.
<code>self.valid_up_to()</code> is 1 to 3 bytes from the end of the input.
If a byte stream (such as a file or a network socket) is being decoded incrementally,
this could be a valid <code>char</code> whose UTF-8 byte sequence is spanning multiple chunks.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>Some(len)</code>: an unexpected byte was encountered.
The length provided is that of the invalid byte sequence
that starts at the index given by <code>valid_up_to()</code>.
Decoding should resume after that sequence
(after inserting a <a href="../../std/char/constant.REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER.html"><code>U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER</code></a>) in case of
lossy decoding.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div></div><h2 id='implementations' class='small-section-header'>Trait Implementations<a href='#implementations' class='anchor'></a></h2><div id='implementations-list'><h3 id='impl-Clone' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl <a class="trait" href="../../std/clone/trait.Clone.html" title="trait std::clone::Clone">Clone</a> for <a class="struct" href="../../std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html" title="struct std::str::Utf8Error">Utf8Error</a></code><a href='#impl-Clone' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#199' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'><h4 id='method.clone' class="method hidden"><code id='clone.v'>fn <a href='../../std/clone/trait.Clone.html#tymethod.clone' class='fnname'>clone</a>(&self) -> <a class="struct" href="../../std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html" title="struct std::str::Utf8Error">Utf8Error</a></code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#199' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock hidden'><p>Returns a copy of the value. <a href="../../std/clone/trait.Clone.html#tymethod.clone">Read more</a></p>
</div><h4 id='method.clone_from' class="method"><code id='clone_from.v'>fn <a href='../../std/clone/trait.Clone.html#method.clone_from' class='fnname'>clone_from</a>(&mut self, source: <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&</a>Self)</code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/clone.rs.html#131-133' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock'><p>Performs copy-assignment from <code>source</code>. <a href="../../std/clone/trait.Clone.html#method.clone_from">Read more</a></p>
</div></div><h3 id='impl-Eq' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl <a class="trait" href="../../std/cmp/trait.Eq.html" title="trait std::cmp::Eq">Eq</a> for <a class="struct" href="../../std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html" title="struct std::str::Utf8Error">Utf8Error</a></code><a href='#impl-Eq' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#199' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'></div><h3 id='impl-Display' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl <a class="trait" href="../../std/fmt/trait.Display.html" title="trait std::fmt::Display">Display</a> for <a class="struct" href="../../std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html" title="struct std::str::Utf8Error">Utf8Error</a></code><a href='#impl-Display' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#441-450' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'><h4 id='method.fmt' class="method hidden"><code id='fmt.v'>fn <a href='../../std/fmt/trait.Display.html#tymethod.fmt' class='fnname'>fmt</a>(&self, f: &mut <a class="struct" href="../../std/fmt/struct.Formatter.html" title="struct std::fmt::Formatter">Formatter</a>) -> <a class="enum" href="../../std/result/enum.Result.html" title="enum std::result::Result">Result</a><<a class="primitive" href="../primitive.unit.html">()</a>, <a class="struct" href="../../std/fmt/struct.Error.html" title="struct std::fmt::Error">Error</a>></code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#442-449' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock hidden'><p>Formats the value using the given formatter. <a href="../../std/fmt/trait.Display.html#tymethod.fmt">Read more</a></p>
</div></div><h3 id='impl-PartialEq%3CUtf8Error%3E' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl <a class="trait" href="../../std/cmp/trait.PartialEq.html" title="trait std::cmp::PartialEq">PartialEq</a><<a class="struct" href="../../std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html" title="struct std::str::Utf8Error">Utf8Error</a>> for <a class="struct" href="../../std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html" title="struct std::str::Utf8Error">Utf8Error</a></code><a href='#impl-PartialEq%3CUtf8Error%3E' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#199' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'><h4 id='method.eq' class="method hidden"><code id='eq.v'>fn <a href='../../std/cmp/trait.PartialEq.html#tymethod.eq' class='fnname'>eq</a>(&self, other: &<a class="struct" href="../../std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html" title="struct std::str::Utf8Error">Utf8Error</a>) -> <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.bool.html">bool</a></code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#199' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock hidden'><p>This method tests for <code>self</code> and <code>other</code> values to be equal, and is used by <code>==</code>. <a href="../../std/cmp/trait.PartialEq.html#tymethod.eq">Read more</a></p>
</div><h4 id='method.ne' class="method hidden"><code id='ne.v'>fn <a href='../../std/cmp/trait.PartialEq.html#method.ne' class='fnname'>ne</a>(&self, other: &<a class="struct" href="../../std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html" title="struct std::str::Utf8Error">Utf8Error</a>) -> <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.bool.html">bool</a></code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#199' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock hidden'><p>This method tests for <code>!=</code>.</p>
</div></div><h3 id='impl-Debug' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl <a class="trait" href="../../std/fmt/trait.Debug.html" title="trait std::fmt::Debug">Debug</a> for <a class="struct" href="../../std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html" title="struct std::str::Utf8Error">Utf8Error</a></code><a href='#impl-Debug' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#199' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'><h4 id='method.fmt-1' class="method hidden"><code id='fmt.v-1'>fn <a href='../../std/fmt/trait.Debug.html#tymethod.fmt' class='fnname'>fmt</a>(&self, f: &mut <a class="struct" href="../../std/fmt/struct.Formatter.html" title="struct std::fmt::Formatter">Formatter</a>) -> <a class="enum" href="../../std/result/enum.Result.html" title="enum std::result::Result">Result</a><<a class="primitive" href="../primitive.unit.html">()</a>, <a class="struct" href="../../std/fmt/struct.Error.html" title="struct std::fmt::Error">Error</a>></code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#199' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock hidden'><p>Formats the value using the given formatter. <a href="../../std/fmt/trait.Debug.html#tymethod.fmt">Read more</a></p>
</div></div><h3 id='impl-Copy' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl <a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Copy.html" title="trait std::marker::Copy">Copy</a> for <a class="struct" href="../../std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html" title="struct std::str::Utf8Error">Utf8Error</a></code><a href='#impl-Copy' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/str/mod.rs.html#199' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'></div><h3 id='impl-Error' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl <a class="trait" href="../../std/error/trait.Error.html" title="trait std::error::Error">Error</a> for <a class="struct" href="../../std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html" title="struct std::str::Utf8Error">Utf8Error</a></code><a href='#impl-Error' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/std/error.rs.html#459-463' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'><h4 id='method.description' class="method hidden"><code id='description.v'>fn <a href='../../std/error/trait.Error.html#method.description' class='fnname'>description</a>(&self) -> &<a class="primitive" href="../primitive.str.html">str</a></code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/std/error.rs.html#460-462' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock hidden'><p>This method is soft-deprecated. <a href="../../std/error/trait.Error.html#method.description">Read more</a></p>
</div><h4 id='method.cause' class="method"><code id='cause.v'>fn <a href='../../std/error/trait.Error.html#method.cause' class='fnname'>cause</a>(&self) -> <a class="enum" href="../../std/option/enum.Option.html" title="enum std::option::Option">Option</a><&dyn <a class="trait" href="../../std/error/trait.Error.html" title="trait std::error::Error">Error</a>></code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/std/error.rs.html#134-136' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='stability'><div class='stab deprecated'>Deprecated since 1.33.0: <p>replaced by Error::source, which can support downcasting</p>
</div></div><div class='docblock'><p>The lower-level cause of this error, if any. <a href="../../std/error/trait.Error.html#method.cause">Read more</a></p>
</div><h4 id='method.source' class="method"><code id='source.v'>fn <a href='../../std/error/trait.Error.html#method.source' class='fnname'>source</a>(&self) -> <a class="enum" href="../../std/option/enum.Option.html" title="enum std::option::Option">Option</a><&(dyn <a class="trait" href="../../std/error/trait.Error.html" title="trait std::error::Error">Error</a> + 'static)></code><div class='since' title='Stable since Rust version 1.30.0'>1.30.0</div><a class='srclink' href='../../src/std/error.rs.html#197' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock'><p>The lower-level source of this error, if any. <a href="../../std/error/trait.Error.html#method.source">Read more</a></p>
</div></div></div><h2 id='synthetic-implementations' class='small-section-header'>Auto Trait Implementations<a href='#synthetic-implementations' class='anchor'></a></h2><div id='synthetic-implementations-list'><h3 id='impl-Send' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl <a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Send.html" title="trait std::marker::Send">Send</a> for <a class="struct" href="../../std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html" title="struct std::str::Utf8Error">Utf8Error</a></code><a href='#impl-Send' class='anchor'></a></h3><div class='impl-items'></div><h3 id='impl-Sync' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl <a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Sync.html" title="trait std::marker::Sync">Sync</a> for <a class="struct" href="../../std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html" title="struct std::str::Utf8Error">Utf8Error</a></code><a href='#impl-Sync' class='anchor'></a></h3><div class='impl-items'></div></div><h2 id='blanket-implementations' class='small-section-header'>Blanket Implementations<a href='#blanket-implementations' class='anchor'></a></h2><div id='blanket-implementations-list'><h3 id='impl-TryFrom' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl<T, U> <a class="trait" href="../../std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html" title="trait std::convert::TryFrom">TryFrom</a> for T <span class="where fmt-newline">where<br> U: <a class="trait" href="../../std/convert/trait.Into.html" title="trait std::convert::Into">Into</a><T>, </span></code><a href='#impl-TryFrom' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/convert.rs.html#565-571' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'><h4 id='associatedtype.Error' class="type"><code id='Error.t'>type <a href='../../std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html#associatedtype.Error' class="type">Error</a> = <a class="enum" href="../../std/convert/enum.Infallible.html" title="enum std::convert::Infallible">Infallible</a></code></h4><div class='docblock'><p>The type returned in the event of a conversion error.</p>
</div><h4 id='method.try_from' class="method hidden"><code id='try_from.v'>fn <a href='../../std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html#tymethod.try_from' class='fnname'>try_from</a>(value: U) -> <a class="enum" href="../../std/result/enum.Result.html" title="enum std::result::Result">Result</a><T, <T as <a class="trait" href="../../std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html" title="trait std::convert::TryFrom">TryFrom</a><U>>::<a class="type" href="../../std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html#associatedtype.Error" title="type std::convert::TryFrom::Error">Error</a>></code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/convert.rs.html#568-570' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock hidden'><p>Performs the conversion.</p>
</div></div><h3 id='impl-From' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl<T> <a class="trait" href="../../std/convert/trait.From.html" title="trait std::convert::From">From</a> for T</code><a href='#impl-From' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/convert.rs.html#546-548' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'><h4 id='method.from' class="method hidden"><code id='from.v'>fn <a href='../../std/convert/trait.From.html#tymethod.from' class='fnname'>from</a>(t: T) -> T</code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/convert.rs.html#547' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock hidden'><p>Performs the conversion.</p>
</div></div><h3 id='impl-TryInto' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl<T, U> <a class="trait" href="../../std/convert/trait.TryInto.html" title="trait std::convert::TryInto">TryInto</a> for T <span class="where fmt-newline">where<br> U: <a class="trait" href="../../std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html" title="trait std::convert::TryFrom">TryFrom</a><T>, </span></code><a href='#impl-TryInto' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/convert.rs.html#553-560' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'><h4 id='associatedtype.Error-1' class="type"><code id='Error.t-1'>type <a href='../../std/convert/trait.TryInto.html#associatedtype.Error' class="type">Error</a> = <U as <a class="trait" href="../../std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html" title="trait std::convert::TryFrom">TryFrom</a><T>>::<a class="type" href="../../std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html#associatedtype.Error" title="type std::convert::TryFrom::Error">Error</a></code></h4><div class='docblock'><p>The type returned in the event of a conversion error.</p>
</div><h4 id='method.try_into' class="method hidden"><code id='try_into.v'>fn <a href='../../std/convert/trait.TryInto.html#tymethod.try_into' class='fnname'>try_into</a>(self) -> <a class="enum" href="../../std/result/enum.Result.html" title="enum std::result::Result">Result</a><U, <U as <a class="trait" href="../../std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html" title="trait std::convert::TryFrom">TryFrom</a><T>>::<a class="type" href="../../std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html#associatedtype.Error" title="type std::convert::TryFrom::Error">Error</a>></code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/convert.rs.html#557-559' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock hidden'><p>Performs the conversion.</p>
</div></div><h3 id='impl-Into' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl<T, U> <a class="trait" href="../../std/convert/trait.Into.html" title="trait std::convert::Into">Into</a> for T <span class="where fmt-newline">where<br> U: <a class="trait" href="../../std/convert/trait.From.html" title="trait std::convert::From">From</a><T>, </span></code><a href='#impl-Into' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/convert.rs.html#537-542' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'><h4 id='method.into' class="method hidden"><code id='into.v'>fn <a href='../../std/convert/trait.Into.html#tymethod.into' class='fnname'>into</a>(self) -> U</code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/convert.rs.html#539-541' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock hidden'><p>Performs the conversion.</p>
</div></div><h3 id='impl-Borrow' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl<T> <a class="trait" href="../../std/borrow/trait.Borrow.html" title="trait std::borrow::Borrow">Borrow</a> for T <span class="where fmt-newline">where<br> T: ?<a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait std::marker::Sized">Sized</a>, </span></code><a href='#impl-Borrow' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/borrow.rs.html#213-215' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'><h4 id='method.borrow' class="method hidden"><div class="important-traits"><div class='tooltip'>ⓘ<span class='tooltiptext'>Important traits for <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&'_ mut </a>F</span></div><div class="content hidden"><h3 class="important">Important traits for <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&'_ mut </a>F</h3><code class="content"><span class="where fmt-newline">impl<'_, F> <a class="trait" href="../../std/future/trait.Future.html" title="trait std::future::Future">Future</a> for <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&'_ mut </a>F <span class="where fmt-newline">where<br> F: <a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Unpin.html" title="trait std::marker::Unpin">Unpin</a> + <a class="trait" href="../../std/future/trait.Future.html" title="trait std::future::Future">Future</a> + ?<a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait std::marker::Sized">Sized</a>, </span></span><span class="where fmt-newline"> type <a href='../../std/future/trait.Future.html#associatedtype.Output' class="type">Output</a> = <F as <a class="trait" href="../../std/future/trait.Future.html" title="trait std::future::Future">Future</a>>::<a class="type" href="../../std/future/trait.Future.html#associatedtype.Output" title="type std::future::Future::Output">Output</a>;</span><span class="where fmt-newline">impl<'_, I> <a class="trait" href="../../std/iter/trait.Iterator.html" title="trait std::iter::Iterator">Iterator</a> for <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&'_ mut </a>I <span class="where fmt-newline">where<br> I: <a class="trait" href="../../std/iter/trait.Iterator.html" title="trait std::iter::Iterator">Iterator</a> + ?<a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait std::marker::Sized">Sized</a>, </span></span><span class="where fmt-newline"> type <a href='../../std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#associatedtype.Item' class="type">Item</a> = <I as <a class="trait" href="../../std/iter/trait.Iterator.html" title="trait std::iter::Iterator">Iterator</a>>::<a class="type" href="../../std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#associatedtype.Item" title="type std::iter::Iterator::Item">Item</a>;</span><span class="where fmt-newline">impl<R: <a class="trait" href="../../std/io/trait.Read.html" title="trait std::io::Read">Read</a> + ?<a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait std::marker::Sized">Sized</a>, '_> <a class="trait" href="../../std/io/trait.Read.html" title="trait std::io::Read">Read</a> for <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&'_ mut </a>R</span><span class="where fmt-newline">impl<W: <a class="trait" href="../../std/io/trait.Write.html" title="trait std::io::Write">Write</a> + ?<a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait std::marker::Sized">Sized</a>, '_> <a class="trait" href="../../std/io/trait.Write.html" title="trait std::io::Write">Write</a> for <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&'_ mut </a>W</span></code></div></div><code id='borrow.v'>fn <a href='../../std/borrow/trait.Borrow.html#tymethod.borrow' class='fnname'>borrow</a>(&self) -> <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&</a>T</code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/borrow.rs.html#214' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock hidden'><p>Immutably borrows from an owned value. <a href="../../std/borrow/trait.Borrow.html#tymethod.borrow">Read more</a></p>
</div></div><h3 id='impl-BorrowMut' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl<T> <a class="trait" href="../../std/borrow/trait.BorrowMut.html" title="trait std::borrow::BorrowMut">BorrowMut</a> for T <span class="where fmt-newline">where<br> T: ?<a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait std::marker::Sized">Sized</a>, </span></code><a href='#impl-BorrowMut' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/borrow.rs.html#218-220' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'><h4 id='method.borrow_mut' class="method hidden"><div class="important-traits"><div class='tooltip'>ⓘ<span class='tooltiptext'>Important traits for <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&'_ mut </a>F</span></div><div class="content hidden"><h3 class="important">Important traits for <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&'_ mut </a>F</h3><code class="content"><span class="where fmt-newline">impl<'_, F> <a class="trait" href="../../std/future/trait.Future.html" title="trait std::future::Future">Future</a> for <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&'_ mut </a>F <span class="where fmt-newline">where<br> F: <a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Unpin.html" title="trait std::marker::Unpin">Unpin</a> + <a class="trait" href="../../std/future/trait.Future.html" title="trait std::future::Future">Future</a> + ?<a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait std::marker::Sized">Sized</a>, </span></span><span class="where fmt-newline"> type <a href='../../std/future/trait.Future.html#associatedtype.Output' class="type">Output</a> = <F as <a class="trait" href="../../std/future/trait.Future.html" title="trait std::future::Future">Future</a>>::<a class="type" href="../../std/future/trait.Future.html#associatedtype.Output" title="type std::future::Future::Output">Output</a>;</span><span class="where fmt-newline">impl<'_, I> <a class="trait" href="../../std/iter/trait.Iterator.html" title="trait std::iter::Iterator">Iterator</a> for <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&'_ mut </a>I <span class="where fmt-newline">where<br> I: <a class="trait" href="../../std/iter/trait.Iterator.html" title="trait std::iter::Iterator">Iterator</a> + ?<a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait std::marker::Sized">Sized</a>, </span></span><span class="where fmt-newline"> type <a href='../../std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#associatedtype.Item' class="type">Item</a> = <I as <a class="trait" href="../../std/iter/trait.Iterator.html" title="trait std::iter::Iterator">Iterator</a>>::<a class="type" href="../../std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#associatedtype.Item" title="type std::iter::Iterator::Item">Item</a>;</span><span class="where fmt-newline">impl<R: <a class="trait" href="../../std/io/trait.Read.html" title="trait std::io::Read">Read</a> + ?<a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait std::marker::Sized">Sized</a>, '_> <a class="trait" href="../../std/io/trait.Read.html" title="trait std::io::Read">Read</a> for <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&'_ mut </a>R</span><span class="where fmt-newline">impl<W: <a class="trait" href="../../std/io/trait.Write.html" title="trait std::io::Write">Write</a> + ?<a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait std::marker::Sized">Sized</a>, '_> <a class="trait" href="../../std/io/trait.Write.html" title="trait std::io::Write">Write</a> for <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&'_ mut </a>W</span></code></div></div><code id='borrow_mut.v'>fn <a href='../../std/borrow/trait.BorrowMut.html#tymethod.borrow_mut' class='fnname'>borrow_mut</a>(&mut self) -> <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&mut </a>T</code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/borrow.rs.html#219' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock hidden'><p>Mutably borrows from an owned value. <a href="../../std/borrow/trait.BorrowMut.html#tymethod.borrow_mut">Read more</a></p>
</div></div><h3 id='impl-Any' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl<T> <a class="trait" href="../../std/any/trait.Any.html" title="trait std::any::Any">Any</a> for T <span class="where fmt-newline">where<br> T: 'static + ?<a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait std::marker::Sized">Sized</a>, </span></code><a href='#impl-Any' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/any.rs.html#100-102' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'><h4 id='method.type_id' class="method hidden"><code id='type_id.v'>fn <a href='../../std/any/trait.Any.html#tymethod.type_id' class='fnname'>type_id</a>(&self) -> <a class="struct" href="../../std/any/struct.TypeId.html" title="struct std::any::TypeId">TypeId</a></code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/core/any.rs.html#101' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock hidden'><p>Gets the <code>TypeId</code> of <code>self</code>. <a href="../../std/any/trait.Any.html#tymethod.type_id">Read more</a></p>
</div></div><h3 id='impl-ToOwned' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl<T> <a class="trait" href="../../std/borrow/trait.ToOwned.html" title="trait std::borrow::ToOwned">ToOwned</a> for T <span class="where fmt-newline">where<br> T: <a class="trait" href="../../std/clone/trait.Clone.html" title="trait std::clone::Clone">Clone</a>, </span></code><a href='#impl-ToOwned' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/alloc/borrow.rs.html#80-91' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'><h4 id='associatedtype.Owned' class="type"><code id='Owned.t'>type <a href='../../std/borrow/trait.ToOwned.html#associatedtype.Owned' class="type">Owned</a> = T</code></h4><h4 id='method.to_owned' class="method hidden"><code id='to_owned.v'>fn <a href='../../std/borrow/trait.ToOwned.html#tymethod.to_owned' class='fnname'>to_owned</a>(&self) -> T</code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/alloc/borrow.rs.html#84-86' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock hidden'><p>Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning. <a href="../../std/borrow/trait.ToOwned.html#tymethod.to_owned">Read more</a></p>
</div><h4 id='method.clone_into' class="method hidden"><code id='clone_into.v'>fn <a href='../../std/borrow/trait.ToOwned.html#method.clone_into' class='fnname'>clone_into</a>(&self, target: <a class="primitive" href="../primitive.reference.html">&mut </a>T)</code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/alloc/borrow.rs.html#88-90' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='stability hidden'><div class='stab unstable'><details><summary><span class='emoji'>🔬</span> This is a nightly-only experimental API. (<code>toowned_clone_into</code> <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/41263">#41263</a>)</summary><p>recently added</p>
</details></div></div><div class='docblock hidden'><p>Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning. <a href="../../std/borrow/trait.ToOwned.html#method.clone_into">Read more</a></p>
</div></div><h3 id='impl-ToString' class='impl'><code class='in-band'>impl<T> <a class="trait" href="../../std/string/trait.ToString.html" title="trait std::string::ToString">ToString</a> for T <span class="where fmt-newline">where<br> T: <a class="trait" href="../../std/fmt/trait.Display.html" title="trait std::fmt::Display">Display</a> + ?<a class="trait" href="../../std/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait std::marker::Sized">Sized</a>, </span></code><a href='#impl-ToString' class='anchor'></a><a class='srclink' href='../../src/alloc/string.rs.html#2122-2132' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h3><div class='impl-items'><h4 id='method.to_string' class="method hidden"><code id='to_string.v'>default fn <a href='../../std/string/trait.ToString.html#tymethod.to_string' class='fnname'>to_string</a>(&self) -> <a class="struct" href="../../std/string/struct.String.html" title="struct std::string::String">String</a></code><a class='srclink' href='../../src/alloc/string.rs.html#2124-2131' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></h4><div class='docblock hidden'><p>Converts the given value to a <code>String</code>. <a href="../../std/string/trait.ToString.html#tymethod.to_string">Read more</a></p>
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