<HTML> <HEAD> <!-- Copyright (C) 1995-2017 Bruno Haible This manual is free documentation. It is dually licensed under the GNU FDL and the GNU GPL. This means that you can redistribute this manual under either of these two licenses, at your choice. This manual is covered by the GNU FDL. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (FDL), either version 1.2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF); with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Text, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is at <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/fdl-1.2>. This manual is covered by the GNU GPL. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL), either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). A copy of the license is at <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0>. --> <TITLE> CALLBACK manual page </TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> <H1>CALLBACK manual page</H1> <UL> <LI> <A HREF="#Name">Name</A> <LI> <A HREF="#Synopsis">Synopsis</A> <LI> <A HREF="#Description">Description</A> <LI> <A HREF="#VACALL macros">VACALL macros</A> <LI> <A HREF="#Notes">Notes</A> <LI> <A HREF="#See also">See also</A> <LI> <A HREF="#Bugs">Bugs</A> <LI> <A HREF="#Non-Bugs">Non-Bugs</A> <LI> <A HREF="#Porting">Porting</A> <LI> <A HREF="#Author">Author</A> <LI> <A HREF="#Acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</A> </UL> <P> <HR> <A NAME="Name"> <H2>Name</H2> </A> callback - closures with variable arguments as first-class C functions <A NAME="Synopsis"> <H2>Synopsis</H2> </A> <PRE> <CODE>#include <callback.h></CODE> </PRE> <P> <PRE> <CODE>void <VAR>function</VAR> (void* <VAR>data</VAR>, va_alist <VAR>alist</VAR>)</CODE> <CODE>{</CODE> <CODE> va_start_<VAR>type</VAR>(<VAR>alist</VAR>[, <VAR>return_type</VAR>]);</CODE> <CODE> arg = va_arg_<VAR>type</VAR>(<VAR>alist</VAR>[, <VAR>arg_type</VAR>]);</CODE> <CODE> va_return_<VAR>type</VAR>(<VAR>alist</VAR>[[, <VAR>return_type</VAR>], <VAR>return_value</VAR>]);</CODE> <CODE>}</CODE> </PRE> <P> <PRE> <CODE><VAR>callback</VAR> = alloc_callback(<VAR>&function</VAR>, <VAR>data</VAR>);</CODE> </PRE> <P> <PRE> <CODE>free_callback(<VAR>callback</VAR>);</CODE> </PRE> <P> <PRE> <CODE>is_callback(<VAR>callback</VAR>)</CODE> <CODE>callback_address(<VAR>callback</VAR>)</CODE> <CODE>callback_data(<VAR>callback</VAR>)</CODE> </PRE> <A NAME="Description"> <H2>Description</H2> </A> These functions implement <EM>closures</EM> with variable arguments as first-class C functions. <P> Closures as <EM>first-class C functions</EM> means that they fit into a function pointer and can be called exactly like any other C function. Moreover, they can be called with variable arguments and can return variable return values. <P> <CODE><VAR>callback</VAR> = alloc_callback(<VAR>&function</VAR>, <VAR>data</VAR>)</CODE> allocates a callback. When <VAR>callback</VAR> gets called, it arranges to call <VAR>function</VAR>, passing <VAR>data</VAR> as first argument and, as second argument, the entire sequence of arguments passed to <VAR>callback</VAR>. <P> Function calling conventions differ considerably on different machines, therefore the arguments are accessed and the result value is stored through the same macros as used by the <EM>vacall</EM> package, see below. <P> The callbacks are functions with indefinite extent: <CODE><VAR>callback</VAR></CODE> is only deallocated when <CODE>free_callback(<VAR>callback</VAR>)</CODE> is called. <P> <CODE>is_callback(<VAR>callback</VAR>)</CODE> checks whether the C function <CODE><VAR>callback</VAR></CODE> was produced by a call to <CODE>alloc_callback</CODE>. If this returns true, the arguments given to <CODE>alloc_callback</CODE> can be retrieved: <UL> <LI> <CODE>callback_address(<VAR>callback</VAR>)</CODE> returns <VAR>&function</VAR>, <LI> <CODE>callback_data(<VAR>callback</VAR>)</CODE> returns <VAR>data</VAR>. </UL> <A NAME="VACALL macros"> <H2>VACALL macros</H2> </A> Within <VAR>function</VAR>, the following macros can be used to walk through the argument list and specify a return value: <P> <PRE> <CODE>va_start_<VAR>type</VAR>(<VAR>alist</VAR>[, <VAR>return_type</VAR>]);</CODE> </PRE> starts the walk through the argument list and specifies the return type. <P> <PRE> <CODE>arg = va_arg_<VAR>type</VAR>(<VAR>alist</VAR>[, <VAR>arg_type</VAR>]);</CODE> </PRE> fetches the next argument from the argument list. <P> <PRE> <CODE>va_return_<VAR>type</VAR>(<VAR>alist</VAR>[[, <VAR>return_type</VAR>], <VAR>return_value</VAR>]);</CODE> </PRE> ends the walk through the argument list and specifies the return value. <P> The <VAR>type</VAR> in <CODE>va_start_<VAR>type</VAR></CODE> and <CODE>va_return_<VAR>type</VAR></CODE> shall be one of <CODE>void</CODE>, <CODE>int</CODE>, <CODE>uint</CODE>, <CODE>long</CODE>, <CODE>ulong</CODE>, <CODE>longlong</CODE>, <CODE>ulonglong</CODE>, <CODE>double</CODE>, <CODE>struct</CODE>, <CODE>ptr</CODE> or (for ANSI C calling conventions only) <CODE>char</CODE>, <CODE>schar</CODE>, <CODE>uchar</CODE>, <CODE>short</CODE>, <CODE>ushort</CODE>, <CODE>float</CODE>, depending on the class of <VAR>return_type</VAR>. <P> The <VAR>type</VAR> specifiers in <CODE>va_start_<VAR>type</VAR></CODE> and <CODE>va_return_<VAR>type</VAR></CODE> must be the same. The <VAR>return_type</VAR> specifiers passed to <CODE>va_start_<VAR>type</VAR></CODE> and <CODE>va_return_<VAR>type</VAR></CODE> must be the same. <P> The <VAR>type</VAR> in <CODE>va_arg_<VAR>type</VAR></CODE> shall be one of <CODE>int</CODE>, <CODE>uint</CODE>, <CODE>long</CODE>, <CODE>ulong</CODE>, <CODE>longlong</CODE>, <CODE>ulonglong</CODE>, <CODE>double</CODE>, <CODE>struct</CODE>, <CODE>ptr</CODE> or (for ANSI C calling conventions only) <CODE>char</CODE>, <CODE>schar</CODE>, <CODE>uchar</CODE>, <CODE>short</CODE>, <CODE>ushort</CODE>, <CODE>float</CODE>, depending on the class of <VAR>arg_type</VAR>. <P> In <CODE>va_start_struct(<VAR>alist</VAR>, <VAR>return_type</VAR>, <VAR>splittable</VAR>);</CODE> the <VAR>splittable</VAR> flag specifies whether the struct <VAR>return_type</VAR> can be returned in registers such that every struct field fits entirely in a single register. This needs to be specified for structs of size <SAMP>2*sizeof(long)</SAMP>. For structs of size <= <SAMP>sizeof(long)</SAMP>, splittable is ignored and assumed to be 1. For structs of size > <SAMP>2*sizeof(long)</SAMP>, splittable is ignored and assumed to be 0. There are some handy macros for this: <PRE> <CODE>va_word_splittable_1 (<VAR>type1</VAR>)</CODE> <CODE>va_word_splittable_2 (<VAR>type1</VAR>, <VAR>type2</VAR>)</CODE> <CODE>va_word_splittable_3 (<VAR>type1</VAR>, <VAR>type2</VAR>, <VAR>type3</VAR>)</CODE> <CODE>va_word_splittable_4 (<VAR>type1</VAR>, <VAR>type2</VAR>, <VAR>type3</VAR>, <VAR>type4</VAR>)</CODE> </PRE> For a struct with three slots <PRE> <CODE>struct { <VAR>type1 id1</VAR>; <VAR>type2 id2</VAR>; <VAR>type3 id3</VAR>; }</CODE> </PRE> you can specify <VAR>splittable</VAR> as <CODE>va_word_splittable_3 (<VAR>type1</VAR>, <VAR>type2</VAR>, <VAR>type3</VAR>)</CODE>. <A NAME="Notes"> <H2>Notes</H2> </A> <OL> <LI> Functions which want to emulate Kernighan & Ritchie style functions (i.e., in ANSI C, functions without a typed argument list) cannot use the <VAR>type</VAR> values <CODE>char</CODE>, <CODE>schar</CODE>, <CODE>uchar</CODE>, <CODE>short</CODE>, <CODE>ushort</CODE>, <CODE>float</CODE>. As prescribed by the default K&R C expression promotions, they have to use <CODE>int</CODE> instead of <CODE>char</CODE>, <CODE>schar</CODE>, <CODE>uchar</CODE>, <CODE>short</CODE>, <CODE>ushort</CODE> and <CODE>double</CODE> instead of <CODE>float</CODE>. <P> <LI> The macros <CODE>va_start_longlong()</CODE>, <CODE>va_start_ulonglong()</CODE>, <CODE>va_return_longlong()</CODE>, <CODE>va_return_ulonglong()</CODE>, <CODE>va_arg_longlong()</CODE> and <CODE>va_arg_ulonglong()</CODE> work only if the C compiler has a working <CODE>long long</CODE> 64-bit integer type. <P> <LI> The struct types used in <CODE>va_start_struct()</CODE> and <CODE>va_struct()</CODE> must only contain (signed or unsigned) int, long, long long or pointer fields. Struct types containing (signed or unsigned) char, short, float, double or other structs are not supported. <P> </OL> <A NAME="See also"> <H2>See also</H2> </A> <A HREF="vacall(3)"><CODE><B>vacall</B></CODE></A>(3), <A HREF="trampoline(3)"><CODE><B>trampoline</B></CODE></A>(3). <A NAME="Bugs"> <H2>Bugs</H2> </A> The current implementations have been tested on a selection of common cases but there are probably still many bugs. <P> There are typically built-in limits on the size of the argument-list, which may also include the size of any structure arguments. <P> The decision whether a struct is to be returned in registers or in memory considers only the struct's size and alignment. This is inaccurate: for example, gcc on m68k-next returns <CODE>struct { char a,b,c; }</CODE> in registers and <CODE>struct { char a[3]; }</CODE> in memory, although both types have the same size and the same alignment. <P> The argument list can only be walked once. <A NAME="Non-Bugs"> <H2>Non-Bugs</H2> </A> All information is passed in CPU registers and the stack. The <CODE><B>callback</B></CODE> package is therefore multithread-safe. <A NAME="Porting"> <H2>Porting</H2> </A> Porting <CODE><B>callback</B></CODE> consists in first porting the <CODE><B>vacall</B></CODE> and <CODE><B>trampoline</B></CODE> packages, then choosing a CPU register for passing the closure from <EM>trampoline</EM> to <EM>vacall</EM>. This register is normally the register designated by <CODE>STATIC_CHAIN_REGNUM</CODE> in the gcc source, file <SAMP>gcc-2.7.2/config/<VAR>cpu</VAR>/<VAR>cpu</VAR>.h</SAMP>. <A NAME="Author"> <H2>Author</H2> </A> Bruno Haible <bruno@clisp.org> <A NAME="Acknowledgements"> <H2>Acknowledgements</H2> </A> Many ideas were cribbed from the gcc source. <P> <HR> <ADDRESS>CALLBACK manual page<BR> Bruno Haible <bruno@clisp.org> </ADDRESS> <P> Last modified: 1 January 2017. </BODY> </HTML>