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<title>Sys</title>
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<h1>Module <a href="type_Sys.html">Sys</a></h1>
<pre><span id="MODULESys"><span class="keyword">module</span> Sys</span>: <code class="code"><span class="keyword">sig</span></code> <a href="Sys.html">..</a> <code class="code"><span class="keyword">end</span></code></pre><div class="info module top">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>System interface.</p>
<p>Every function in this module raises <code class="code"><span class="constructor">Sys_error</span></code> with an
informative message when the underlying system call signal
an error.</p>
</div>
</div>
<hr width="100%">
<pre><span id="VALargv"><span class="keyword">val</span> argv</span> : <code class="type">string array</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>The command line arguments given to the process.
The first element is the command name used to invoke the program.
The following elements are the command-line arguments
given to the program.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALexecutable_name"><span class="keyword">val</span> executable_name</span> : <code class="type">string</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>The name of the file containing the executable currently running.
This name may be absolute or relative to the current directory, depending
on the platform and whether the program was compiled to bytecode or a native
executable.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALfile_exists"><span class="keyword">val</span> file_exists</span> : <code class="type">string -> bool</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Test if a file with the given name exists.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALis_directory"><span class="keyword">val</span> is_directory</span> : <code class="type">string -> bool</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Returns <code class="code"><span class="keyword">true</span></code> if the given name refers to a directory,
<code class="code"><span class="keyword">false</span></code> if it refers to another kind of file.
Raise <code class="code"><span class="constructor">Sys_error</span></code> if no file exists with the given name.</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 3.10.0</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALremove"><span class="keyword">val</span> remove</span> : <code class="type">string -> unit</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Remove the given file name from the file system.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALrename"><span class="keyword">val</span> rename</span> : <code class="type">string -> string -> unit</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Rename a file. <code class="code">rename oldpath newpath</code> renames the file
called <code class="code">oldpath</code>, giving it <code class="code">newpath</code> as its new name,
moving it between directories if needed. If <code class="code">newpath</code> already
exists, its contents will be replaced with those of <code class="code">oldpath</code>.
Depending on the operating system, the metadata (permissions,
owner, etc) of <code class="code">newpath</code> can either be preserved or be replaced by
those of <code class="code">oldpath</code>.</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.06 concerning the "replace existing file" behavior</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALgetenv"><span class="keyword">val</span> getenv</span> : <code class="type">string -> string</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Return the value associated to a variable in the process
environment. Raise <code class="code"><span class="constructor">Not_found</span></code> if the variable is unbound.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALgetenv_opt"><span class="keyword">val</span> getenv_opt</span> : <code class="type">string -> string option</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Return the value associated to a variable in the process
environment or <code class="code"><span class="constructor">None</span></code> if the variable is unbound.</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.05</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALcommand"><span class="keyword">val</span> command</span> : <code class="type">string -> int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Execute the given shell command and return its exit code.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALtime"><span class="keyword">val</span> time</span> : <code class="type">unit -> float</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Return the processor time, in seconds, used by the program
since the beginning of execution.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALchdir"><span class="keyword">val</span> chdir</span> : <code class="type">string -> unit</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Change the current working directory of the process.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALgetcwd"><span class="keyword">val</span> getcwd</span> : <code class="type">unit -> string</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Return the current working directory of the process.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALreaddir"><span class="keyword">val</span> readdir</span> : <code class="type">string -> string array</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Return the names of all files present in the given directory.
Names denoting the current directory and the parent directory
(<code class="code"><span class="string">"."</span></code> and <code class="code"><span class="string">".."</span></code> in Unix) are not returned. Each string in the
result is a file name rather than a complete path. There is no
guarantee that the name strings in the resulting array will appear
in any specific order; they are not, in particular, guaranteed to
appear in alphabetical order.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALinteractive"><span class="keyword">val</span> interactive</span> : <code class="type">bool <a href="Pervasives.html#TYPEref">ref</a></code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>This reference is initially set to <code class="code"><span class="keyword">false</span></code> in standalone
programs and to <code class="code"><span class="keyword">true</span></code> if the code is being executed under
the interactive toplevel system <code class="code">ocaml</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALos_type"><span class="keyword">val</span> os_type</span> : <code class="type">string</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Operating system currently executing the OCaml program. One of</p>
<ul>
<li> <code class="code"><span class="string">"Unix"</span></code> (for all Unix versions, including Linux and Mac OS X),</li>
<li> <code class="code"><span class="string">"Win32"</span></code> (for MS-Windows, OCaml compiled with MSVC++ or Mingw),</li>
<li> <code class="code"><span class="string">"Cygwin"</span></code> (for MS-Windows, OCaml compiled with Cygwin).</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<pre><code><span id="TYPEbackend_type"><span class="keyword">type</span> <code class="type"></code>backend_type</span> = </code></pre><table class="typetable">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" >
<code><span class="keyword">|</span></code></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" >
<code><span id="TYPEELTbackend_type.Native"><span class="constructor">Native</span></span></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" >
<code><span class="keyword">|</span></code></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" >
<code><span id="TYPEELTbackend_type.Bytecode"><span class="constructor">Bytecode</span></span></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" >
<code><span class="keyword">|</span></code></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" >
<code><span id="TYPEELTbackend_type.Other"><span class="constructor">Other</span></span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <code class="type">string</code></code></td>
</tr></table>
<div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Currently, the official distribution only supports <code class="code"><span class="constructor">Native</span></code> and
<code class="code"><span class="constructor">Bytecode</span></code>, but it can be other backends with alternative
compilers, for example, javascript.</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.04.0</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALbackend_type"><span class="keyword">val</span> backend_type</span> : <code class="type"><a href="Sys.html#TYPEbackend_type">backend_type</a></code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Backend type currently executing the OCaml program.</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.04.0</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALunix"><span class="keyword">val</span> unix</span> : <code class="type">bool</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>True if <code class="code"><span class="constructor">Sys</span>.os_type = <span class="string">"Unix"</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.01.0</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALwin32"><span class="keyword">val</span> win32</span> : <code class="type">bool</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>True if <code class="code"><span class="constructor">Sys</span>.os_type = <span class="string">"Win32"</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.01.0</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALcygwin"><span class="keyword">val</span> cygwin</span> : <code class="type">bool</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>True if <code class="code"><span class="constructor">Sys</span>.os_type = <span class="string">"Cygwin"</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.01.0</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALword_size"><span class="keyword">val</span> word_size</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Size of one word on the machine currently executing the OCaml
program, in bits: 32 or 64.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALint_size"><span class="keyword">val</span> int_size</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Size of <code class="code">int</code>, in bits. It is 31 (resp. 63) when using OCaml on a
32-bit (resp. 64-bit) platform. It may differ for other implementations,
e.g. it can be 32 bits when compiling to JavaScript.</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.03.0</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALbig_endian"><span class="keyword">val</span> big_endian</span> : <code class="type">bool</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Whether the machine currently executing the Caml program is big-endian.</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.00.0</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALmax_string_length"><span class="keyword">val</span> max_string_length</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Maximum length of strings and byte sequences.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALmax_array_length"><span class="keyword">val</span> max_array_length</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Maximum length of a normal array. The maximum length of a float
array is <code class="code">max_array_length/2</code> on 32-bit machines and
<code class="code">max_array_length</code> on 64-bit machines.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALruntime_variant"><span class="keyword">val</span> runtime_variant</span> : <code class="type">unit -> string</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Return the name of the runtime variant the program is running on.
This is normally the argument given to <code class="code">-runtime-variant</code> at compile
time, but for byte-code it can be changed after compilation.</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.03.0</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALruntime_parameters"><span class="keyword">val</span> runtime_parameters</span> : <code class="type">unit -> string</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Return the value of the runtime parameters, in the same format
as the contents of the <code class="code"><span class="constructor">OCAMLRUNPARAM</span></code> environment variable.</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.03.0</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="1_Signalhandling">Signal handling</h2>
<pre><code><span id="TYPEsignal_behavior"><span class="keyword">type</span> <code class="type"></code>signal_behavior</span> = </code></pre><table class="typetable">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" >
<code><span class="keyword">|</span></code></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" >
<code><span id="TYPEELTsignal_behavior.Signal_default"><span class="constructor">Signal_default</span></span></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" >
<code><span class="keyword">|</span></code></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" >
<code><span id="TYPEELTsignal_behavior.Signal_ignore"><span class="constructor">Signal_ignore</span></span></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" >
<code><span class="keyword">|</span></code></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" >
<code><span id="TYPEELTsignal_behavior.Signal_handle"><span class="constructor">Signal_handle</span></span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <code class="type">(int -> unit)</code></code></td>
</tr></table>
<div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>What to do when receiving a signal:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="code"><span class="constructor">Signal_default</span></code>: take the default behavior
(usually: abort the program)</li>
<li><code class="code"><span class="constructor">Signal_ignore</span></code>: ignore the signal</li>
<li><code class="code"><span class="constructor">Signal_handle</span> f</code>: call function <code class="code">f</code>, giving it the signal
number as argument.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsignal"><span class="keyword">val</span> signal</span> : <code class="type">int -> <a href="Sys.html#TYPEsignal_behavior">signal_behavior</a> -> <a href="Sys.html#TYPEsignal_behavior">signal_behavior</a></code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Set the behavior of the system on receipt of a given signal. The
first argument is the signal number. Return the behavior
previously associated with the signal. If the signal number is
invalid (or not available on your system), an <code class="code"><span class="constructor">Invalid_argument</span></code>
exception is raised.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALset_signal"><span class="keyword">val</span> set_signal</span> : <code class="type">int -> <a href="Sys.html#TYPEsignal_behavior">signal_behavior</a> -> unit</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Same as <a href="Sys.html#VALsignal"><code class="code"><span class="constructor">Sys</span>.signal</code></a> but return value is ignored.</p>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="2_SignalnumbersforthestandardPOSIXsignals">Signal numbers for the standard POSIX signals.</h3>
<pre><span id="VALsigabrt"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigabrt</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Abnormal termination</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigalrm"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigalrm</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Timeout</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigfpe"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigfpe</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Arithmetic exception</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsighup"><span class="keyword">val</span> sighup</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Hangup on controlling terminal</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigill"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigill</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Invalid hardware instruction</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigint"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigint</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Interactive interrupt (ctrl-C)</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigkill"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigkill</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Termination (cannot be ignored)</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigpipe"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigpipe</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Broken pipe</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigquit"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigquit</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Interactive termination</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigsegv"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigsegv</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Invalid memory reference</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigterm"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigterm</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Termination</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigusr1"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigusr1</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Application-defined signal 1</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigusr2"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigusr2</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Application-defined signal 2</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigchld"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigchld</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Child process terminated</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigcont"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigcont</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Continue</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigstop"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigstop</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Stop</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigtstp"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigtstp</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Interactive stop</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigttin"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigttin</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Terminal read from background process</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigttou"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigttou</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Terminal write from background process</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigvtalrm"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigvtalrm</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Timeout in virtual time</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigprof"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigprof</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Profiling interrupt</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigbus"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigbus</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Bus error</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.03</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigpoll"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigpoll</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Pollable event</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.03</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigsys"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigsys</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Bad argument to routine</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.03</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigtrap"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigtrap</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Trace/breakpoint trap</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.03</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigurg"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigurg</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Urgent condition on socket</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.03</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigxcpu"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigxcpu</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Timeout in cpu time</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.03</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALsigxfsz"><span class="keyword">val</span> sigxfsz</span> : <code class="type">int</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>File size limit exceeded</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.03</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="EXCEPTIONBreak"><span class="keyword">exception</span> Break</span></pre>
<div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Exception raised on interactive interrupt if <a href="Sys.html#VALcatch_break"><code class="code"><span class="constructor">Sys</span>.catch_break</code></a>
is on.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALcatch_break"><span class="keyword">val</span> catch_break</span> : <code class="type">bool -> unit</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p><code class="code">catch_break</code> governs whether interactive interrupt (ctrl-C)
terminates the program or raises the <code class="code"><span class="constructor">Break</span></code> exception.
Call <code class="code">catch_break <span class="keyword">true</span></code> to enable raising <code class="code"><span class="constructor">Break</span></code>,
and <code class="code">catch_break <span class="keyword">false</span></code> to let the system
terminate the program on user interrupt.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALocaml_version"><span class="keyword">val</span> ocaml_version</span> : <code class="type">string</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p><code class="code">ocaml_version</code> is the version of OCaml.
It is a string of the form <code class="code"><span class="string">"major.minor[.patchlevel][+additional-info]"</span></code>,
where <code class="code">major</code>, <code class="code">minor</code>, and <code class="code">patchlevel</code> are integers, and
<code class="code">additional-info</code> is an arbitrary string. The <code class="code">[.patchlevel]</code> and
<code class="code">[+additional-info]</code> parts may be absent.</p>
</div>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALenable_runtime_warnings"><span class="keyword">val</span> enable_runtime_warnings</span> : <code class="type">bool -> unit</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Control whether the OCaml runtime system can emit warnings
on stderr. Currently, the only supported warning is triggered
when a channel created by <code class="code">open_*</code> functions is finalized without
being closed. Runtime warnings are enabled by default.</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.03.0</li>
</ul>
</div>
<pre><span id="VALruntime_warnings_enabled"><span class="keyword">val</span> runtime_warnings_enabled</span> : <code class="type">unit -> bool</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>Return whether runtime warnings are currently enabled.</p>
</div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.03.0</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="1_Optimization">Optimization</h2>
<pre><span id="VALopaque_identity"><span class="keyword">val</span> opaque_identity</span> : <code class="type">'a -> 'a</code></pre><div class="info ">
<div class="info-desc">
<p>For the purposes of optimization, <code class="code">opaque_identity</code> behaves like an
unknown (and thus possibly side-effecting) function.</p>
<p>At runtime, <code class="code">opaque_identity</code> disappears altogether.</p>
<p>A typical use of this function is to prevent pure computations from being
optimized away in benchmarking loops. For example:</p>
<pre class="codepre"><code class="code"> <span class="keyword">for</span> _round = 1 <span class="keyword">to</span> 100_000 <span class="keyword">do</span>
ignore (<span class="constructor">Sys</span>.opaque_identity (my_pure_computation ()))
<span class="keyword">done</span>
</code></pre></div>
<ul class="info-attributes">
<li><b>Since</b> 4.03.0</li>
</ul>
</div>
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