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<li class="nav-item nav-item-3"><a href="email.html" accesskey="U"><span class="section-number">18.1. </span><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code> — An email and MIME handling package</a> »</li>
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<div class="section" id="email-examples">
<span id="id1"></span><h1><span class="section-number">18.1.11. </span><a class="reference internal" href="email.html#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages, including MIME documents."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a>: Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#email-examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Here are a few examples of how to use the <a class="reference internal" href="email.html#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages, including MIME documents."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> package to read, write,
and send simple email messages, as well as more complex MIME messages.</p>
<p>First, let’s see how to create and send a simple text message:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Import smtplib for the actual sending function</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">smtplib</span>
<span class="c1"># Import the email modules we'll need</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">email.mime.text</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MIMEText</span>
<span class="c1"># Open a plain text file for reading. For this example, assume that</span>
<span class="c1"># the text file contains only ASCII characters.</span>
<span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">textfile</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'rb'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Create a text/plain message</span>
<span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MIMEText</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># me == the sender's email address</span>
<span class="c1"># you == the recipient's email address</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'Subject'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'The contents of </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">textfile</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'From'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">me</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'To'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">you</span>
<span class="c1"># Send the message via our own SMTP server, but don't include the</span>
<span class="c1"># envelope header.</span>
<span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">smtplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'localhost'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendmail</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">me</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">you</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_string</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">quit</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And parsing RFC822 headers can easily be done by the parse(filename) or
parsestr(message_as_string) methods of the Parser() class:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Import the email modules we'll need</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">email.parser</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Parser</span>
<span class="c1"># If the e-mail headers are in a file, uncomment this line:</span>
<span class="c1">#headers = Parser().parse(open(messagefile, 'r'))</span>
<span class="c1"># Or for parsing headers in a string, use:</span>
<span class="n">headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Parser</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parsestr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'From: <user@example.com></span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">'</span>
<span class="s1">'To: <someone_else@example.com></span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">'</span>
<span class="s1">'Subject: Test message</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">'</span>
<span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">'</span>
<span class="s1">'Body would go here</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Now the header items can be accessed as a dictionary:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span> <span class="s1">'To: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'to'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="nb">print</span> <span class="s1">'From: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'from'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="nb">print</span> <span class="s1">'Subject: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'subject'</span><span class="p">]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here’s an example of how to send a MIME message containing a bunch of family
pictures that may be residing in a directory:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Import smtplib for the actual sending function</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">smtplib</span>
<span class="c1"># Here are the email package modules we'll need</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">email.mime.image</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MIMEImage</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">email.mime.multipart</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MIMEMultipart</span>
<span class="n">COMMASPACE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">', '</span>
<span class="c1"># Create the container (outer) email message.</span>
<span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MIMEMultipart</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'Subject'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Our family reunion'</span>
<span class="c1"># me == the sender's email address</span>
<span class="c1"># family = the list of all recipients' email addresses</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'From'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">me</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'To'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">COMMASPACE</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">family</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">preamble</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Our family reunion'</span>
<span class="c1"># Assume we know that the image files are all in PNG format</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">file</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">pngfiles</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># Open the files in binary mode. Let the MIMEImage class automatically</span>
<span class="c1"># guess the specific image type.</span>
<span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'rb'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">img</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MIMEImage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Send the email via our own SMTP server.</span>
<span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">smtplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'localhost'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendmail</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">me</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">family</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_string</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">quit</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here’s an example of how to send the entire contents of a directory as an email
message: <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id4" id="id2">1</a></p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env python</span>
<span class="sd">"""Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message."""</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">smtplib</span>
<span class="c1"># For guessing MIME type based on file name extension</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mimetypes</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">optparse</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">OptionParser</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">email</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">encoders</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">email.message</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Message</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">email.mime.audio</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MIMEAudio</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">email.mime.base</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MIMEBase</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">email.mime.image</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MIMEImage</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">email.mime.multipart</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MIMEMultipart</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">email.mime.text</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MIMEText</span>
<span class="n">COMMASPACE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">', '</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">OptionParser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">usage</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"""</span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="s2">Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message.</span>
<span class="s2">Usage: %prog [options]</span>
<span class="s2">Unless the -o option is given, the email is sent by forwarding to your local</span>
<span class="s2">SMTP server, which then does the normal delivery process. Your local machine</span>
<span class="s2">must be running an SMTP server.</span>
<span class="s2">"""</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'-d'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'--directory'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nb">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'store'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"""Mail the contents of the specified directory,</span>
<span class="s2"> otherwise use the current directory. Only the regular</span>
<span class="s2"> files in the directory are sent, and we don't recurse to</span>
<span class="s2"> subdirectories."""</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'-o'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'--output'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nb">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'store'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">metavar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'FILE'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"""Print the composed message to FILE instead of</span>
<span class="s2"> sending the message to the SMTP server."""</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'-s'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'--sender'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nb">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'store'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">metavar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'SENDER'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'The value of the From: header (required)'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'-r'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'--recipient'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nb">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'append'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">metavar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'RECIPIENT'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[],</span> <span class="n">dest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'recipients'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'A To: header value (at least one required)'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sender</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recipients</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">print_help</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">directory</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">directory</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">directory</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'.'</span>
<span class="c1"># Create the enclosing (outer) message</span>
<span class="n">outer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MIMEMultipart</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">outer</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'Subject'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Contents of directory </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">abspath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">outer</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'To'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">COMMASPACE</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recipients</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">outer</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'From'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sender</span>
<span class="n">outer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">preamble</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'You will not see this in a MIME-aware mail reader.</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">'</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">filename</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isfile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">continue</span>
<span class="c1"># Guess the content type based on the file's extension. Encoding</span>
<span class="c1"># will be ignored, although we should check for simple things like</span>
<span class="c1"># gzip'd or compressed files.</span>
<span class="n">ctype</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mimetypes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">guess_type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">ctype</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">encoding</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># No guess could be made, or the file is encoded (compressed), so</span>
<span class="c1"># use a generic bag-of-bits type.</span>
<span class="n">ctype</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'application/octet-stream'</span>
<span class="n">maintype</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">subtype</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ctype</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">maintype</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'text'</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Note: we should handle calculating the charset</span>
<span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MIMEText</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">_subtype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">subtype</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">maintype</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'image'</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'rb'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MIMEImage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">_subtype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">subtype</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">maintype</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'audio'</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'rb'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MIMEAudio</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">_subtype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">subtype</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'rb'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MIMEBase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">maintype</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">subtype</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_payload</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># Encode the payload using Base64</span>
<span class="n">encoders</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode_base64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Set the filename parameter</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Content-Disposition'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'attachment'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">outer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Now send or store the message</span>
<span class="n">composed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">outer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_string</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">output</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">output</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'w'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">composed</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">smtplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'localhost'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendmail</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sender</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recipients</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">composed</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">quit</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here’s an example of how to unpack a MIME message like the one
above, into a directory of files:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env python</span>
<span class="sd">"""Unpack a MIME message into a directory of files."""</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">email</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">errno</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mimetypes</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">optparse</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">OptionParser</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">OptionParser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">usage</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"""</span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="s2">Unpack a MIME message into a directory of files.</span>
<span class="s2">Usage: %prog [options] msgfile</span>
<span class="s2">"""</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'-d'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'--directory'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nb">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'store'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"""Unpack the MIME message into the named</span>
<span class="s2"> directory, which will be created if it doesn't already</span>
<span class="s2"> exist."""</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">print_help</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">msgfile</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">IndexError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">print_help</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mkdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">OSError</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># Ignore directory exists error</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">errno</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">errno</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">EEXIST</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">raise</span>
<span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msgfile</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">email</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">message_from_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">counter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">part</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">walk</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="c1"># multipart/* are just containers</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">part</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_content_maintype</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'multipart'</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">continue</span>
<span class="c1"># Applications should really sanitize the given filename so that an</span>
<span class="c1"># email message can't be used to overwrite important files</span>
<span class="n">filename</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">part</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_filename</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">ext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mimetypes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">guess_extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">part</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_content_type</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">ext</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># Use a generic bag-of-bits extension</span>
<span class="n">ext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'.bin'</span>
<span class="n">filename</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'part-</span><span class="si">%03d%s</span><span class="s1">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">counter</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ext</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">counter</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'wb'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">part</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_payload</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here’s an example of how to create an HTML message with an alternative plain
text version: <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id5" id="id3">2</a></p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env python</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">smtplib</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">email.mime.multipart</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MIMEMultipart</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">email.mime.text</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MIMEText</span>
<span class="c1"># me == my email address</span>
<span class="c1"># you == recipient's email address</span>
<span class="n">me</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"my@email.com"</span>
<span class="n">you</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"your@email.com"</span>
<span class="c1"># Create message container - the correct MIME type is multipart/alternative.</span>
<span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MIMEMultipart</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'alternative'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'Subject'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"Link"</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'From'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">me</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'To'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">you</span>
<span class="c1"># Create the body of the message (a plain-text and an HTML version).</span>
<span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"Hi!</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">How are you?</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">Here is the link you wanted:</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">https://www.python.org"</span>
<span class="n">html</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"""</span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="s2"><html></span>
<span class="s2"> <head></head></span>
<span class="s2"> <body></span>
<span class="s2"> <p>Hi!<br></span>
<span class="s2"> How are you?<br></span>
<span class="s2"> Here is the <a href="https://www.python.org">link</a> you wanted.</span>
<span class="s2"> </p></span>
<span class="s2"> </body></span>
<span class="s2"></html></span>
<span class="s2">"""</span>
<span class="c1"># Record the MIME types of both parts - text/plain and text/html.</span>
<span class="n">part1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MIMEText</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'plain'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">part2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MIMEText</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'html'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Attach parts into message container.</span>
<span class="c1"># According to RFC 2046, the last part of a multipart message, in this case</span>
<span class="c1"># the HTML message, is best and preferred.</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">part1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">part2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Send the message via local SMTP server.</span>
<span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">smtplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'localhost'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># sendmail function takes 3 arguments: sender's address, recipient's address</span>
<span class="c1"># and message to send - here it is sent as one string.</span>
<span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendmail</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">me</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">you</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_string</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">quit</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>
<dl class="footnote brackets">
<dt class="label" id="id4"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">1</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Thanks to Matthew Dixon Cowles for the original inspiration and examples.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="label" id="id5"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id3">2</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contributed by Martin Matejek.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
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