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<div class="section" id="supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection">
<span id="supporting-cycle-detection"></span><h1>Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection<a class="headerlink" href="#supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Python’s support for detecting and collecting garbage which involves circular
references requires support from object types which are “containers” for other
objects which may also be containers. Types which do not store references to
other objects, or which only store references to atomic types (such as numbers
or strings), do not need to provide any explicit support for garbage
collection.</p>
<p>To create a container type, the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_flags" title="PyTypeObject.tp_flags"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_flags</span></code></a> field of the type object must
include the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</span></code></a> and provide an implementation of the
<a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handler. If instances of the type are mutable, a
<a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_clear" title="PyTypeObject.tp_clear"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_clear</span></code></a> implementation must also be provided.</p>
<dl class="data">
<dt>
<code class="sig-name descname">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</code></dt>
<dd><p>Objects with a type with this flag set must conform with the rules
documented here. For convenience these objects will be referred to as
container objects.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Constructors for container types must conform to two rules:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>The memory for the object must be allocated using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_New" title="PyObject_GC_New"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_New()</span></code></a>
or <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_NewVar" title="PyObject_GC_NewVar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_NewVar()</span></code></a>.</p></li>
<li><p>Once all the fields which may contain references to other containers are
initialized, it must call <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Track" title="PyObject_GC_Track"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_Track()</span></code></a>.</p></li>
</ol>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyObject_GC_New">
TYPE* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GC_New</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>TYPE, <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject">PyTypeObject</a><em> *type</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_New" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Analogous to <a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#c.PyObject_New" title="PyObject_New"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_New()</span></code></a> but for container objects with the
<a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</span></code></a> flag set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyObject_GC_NewVar">
TYPE* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GC_NewVar</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>TYPE, <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject">PyTypeObject</a><em> *type</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> size</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_NewVar" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Analogous to <a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#c.PyObject_NewVar" title="PyObject_NewVar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_NewVar()</span></code></a> but for container objects with the
<a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</span></code></a> flag set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyObject_GC_Resize">
TYPE* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GC_Resize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>TYPE, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyVarObject" title="PyVarObject">PyVarObject</a><em> *op</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> newsize</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Resize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Resize an object allocated by <a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#c.PyObject_NewVar" title="PyObject_NewVar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_NewVar()</span></code></a>. Returns the
resized object or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure. <em>op</em> must not be tracked by the collector yet.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyObject_GC_Track">
void <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GC_Track</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *op</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Track" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Adds the object <em>op</em> to the set of container objects tracked by the
collector. The collector can run at unexpected times so objects must be
valid while being tracked. This should be called once all the fields
followed by the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handler become valid, usually near the
end of the constructor.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c._PyObject_GC_TRACK">
void <code class="sig-name descname">_PyObject_GC_TRACK</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *op</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c._PyObject_GC_TRACK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A macro version of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Track" title="PyObject_GC_Track"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_Track()</span></code></a>. It should not be used for
extension modules.</p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 3.6: </span>This macro is removed from Python 3.8.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>Similarly, the deallocator for the object must conform to a similar pair of
rules:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>Before fields which refer to other containers are invalidated,
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_UnTrack" title="PyObject_GC_UnTrack"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_UnTrack()</span></code></a> must be called.</p></li>
<li><p>The object’s memory must be deallocated using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Del" title="PyObject_GC_Del"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_Del()</span></code></a>.</p></li>
</ol>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyObject_GC_Del">
void <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GC_Del</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>void<em> *op</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Del" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Releases memory allocated to an object using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_New" title="PyObject_GC_New"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_New()</span></code></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_NewVar" title="PyObject_GC_NewVar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_NewVar()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyObject_GC_UnTrack">
void <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GC_UnTrack</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>void<em> *op</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_UnTrack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove the object <em>op</em> from the set of container objects tracked by the
collector. Note that <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Track" title="PyObject_GC_Track"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_Track()</span></code></a> can be called again on
this object to add it back to the set of tracked objects. The deallocator
(<a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc" title="PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_dealloc</span></code></a> handler) should call this for the object before any of
the fields used by the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handler become invalid.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c._PyObject_GC_UNTRACK">
void <code class="sig-name descname">_PyObject_GC_UNTRACK</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *op</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c._PyObject_GC_UNTRACK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A macro version of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_UnTrack" title="PyObject_GC_UnTrack"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_UnTrack()</span></code></a>. It should not be used for
extension modules.</p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 3.6: </span>This macro is removed from Python 3.8.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handler accepts a function parameter of this type:</p>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.visitproc">
int <code class="sig-name descname">(*visitproc)</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *object</em>, void<em> *arg</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.visitproc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Type of the visitor function passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handler.
The function should be called with an object to traverse as <em>object</em> and
the third parameter to the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handler as <em>arg</em>. The
Python core uses several visitor functions to implement cyclic garbage
detection; it’s not expected that users will need to write their own
visitor functions.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handler must have the following type:</p>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.traverseproc">
int <code class="sig-name descname">(*traverseproc)</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *self</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.visitproc" title="visitproc">visitproc</a><em> visit</em>, void<em> *arg</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.traverseproc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Traversal function for a container object. Implementations must call the
<em>visit</em> function for each object directly contained by <em>self</em>, with the
parameters to <em>visit</em> being the contained object and the <em>arg</em> value passed
to the handler. The <em>visit</em> function must not be called with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>
object argument. If <em>visit</em> returns a non-zero value that value should be
returned immediately.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>To simplify writing <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handlers, a <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_VISIT" title="Py_VISIT"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_VISIT()</span></code></a> macro is
provided. In order to use this macro, the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> implementation
must name its arguments exactly <em>visit</em> and <em>arg</em>:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_VISIT">
void <code class="sig-name descname">Py_VISIT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_VISIT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If <em>o</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, call the <em>visit</em> callback, with arguments <em>o</em>
and <em>arg</em>. If <em>visit</em> returns a non-zero value, then return it.
Using this macro, <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handlers
look like:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span>
<span class="nf">my_traverse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Noddy</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">visitproc</span> <span class="n">visit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">Py_VISIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">Py_VISIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_clear" title="PyTypeObject.tp_clear"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_clear</span></code></a> handler must be of the <a class="reference internal" href="#c.inquiry" title="inquiry"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inquiry</span></code></a> type, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>
if the object is immutable.</p>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.inquiry">
int <code class="sig-name descname">(*inquiry)</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *self</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.inquiry" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Drop references that may have created reference cycles. Immutable objects
do not have to define this method since they can never directly create
reference cycles. Note that the object must still be valid after calling
this method (don’t just call <a class="reference internal" href="refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF" title="Py_DECREF"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DECREF()</span></code></a> on a reference). The
collector will call this method if it detects that this object is involved
in a reference cycle.</p>
</dd></dl>
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