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<div class="section" id="module-pathlib">
<span id="pathlib-object-oriented-filesystem-paths"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-pathlib" title="pathlib: Object-oriented filesystem paths"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathlib</span></code></a> — Object-oriented filesystem paths<a class="headerlink" href="#module-pathlib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>
</div>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/pathlib.py">Lib/pathlib.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
<p>This module offers classes representing filesystem paths with semantics
appropriate for different operating systems. Path classes are divided
between <a class="reference internal" href="#pure-paths"><span class="std std-ref">pure paths</span></a>, which provide purely computational
operations without I/O, and <a class="reference internal" href="#concrete-paths"><span class="std std-ref">concrete paths</span></a>, which
inherit from pure paths but also provide I/O operations.</p>
<img alt="../_images/pathlib-inheritance.png" class="align-center" src="../_images/pathlib-inheritance.png" />
<p>If you’ve never used this module before or just aren’t sure which class is
right for your task, <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path" title="pathlib.Path"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path</span></code></a> is most likely what you need. It instantiates
a <a class="reference internal" href="#concrete-paths"><span class="std std-ref">concrete path</span></a> for the platform the code is running on.</p>
<p>Pure paths are useful in some special cases; for example:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>If you want to manipulate Windows paths on a Unix machine (or vice versa).
You cannot instantiate a <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.WindowsPath" title="pathlib.WindowsPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WindowsPath</span></code></a> when running on Unix, but you
can instantiate <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PureWindowsPath" title="pathlib.PureWindowsPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PureWindowsPath</span></code></a>.</p></li>
<li><p>You want to make sure that your code only manipulates paths without actually
accessing the OS. In this case, instantiating one of the pure classes may be
useful since those simply don’t have any OS-accessing operations.</p></li>
</ol>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<p><span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0428"><strong>PEP 428</strong></a>: The pathlib module – object-oriented filesystem paths.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<p>For low-level path manipulation on strings, you can also use the
<a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#module-os.path" title="os.path: Operations on pathnames."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code></a> module.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="basic-use">
<h2>Basic use<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-use" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Importing the main class:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pathlib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Path</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Listing subdirectories:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iterdir</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_dir</span><span class="p">()]</span>
<span class="go">[PosixPath('.hg'), PosixPath('docs'), PosixPath('dist'),</span>
<span class="go"> PosixPath('__pycache__'), PosixPath('build')]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Listing Python source files in this directory tree:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'**/*.py'</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">[PosixPath('test_pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'),</span>
<span class="go"> PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),</span>
<span class="go"> PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py')]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Navigating inside a directory tree:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">q</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="s1">'init.d'</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="s1">'reboot'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">q</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('/etc/init.d/reboot')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resolve</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Querying path properties:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_dir</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Opening a file:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">q</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">readline</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="go">'#!/bin/bash\n'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="pure-paths">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>Pure paths<a class="headerlink" href="#pure-paths" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Pure path objects provide path-handling operations which don’t actually
access a filesystem. There are three ways to access these classes, which
we also call <em>flavours</em>:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">pathlib.</code><code class="sig-name descname">PurePath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*pathsegments</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A generic class that represents the system’s path flavour (instantiating
it creates either a <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePosixPath" title="pathlib.PurePosixPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePosixPath</span></code></a> or a <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PureWindowsPath" title="pathlib.PureWindowsPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PureWindowsPath</span></code></a>):</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># Running on a Unix machine</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('setup.py')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Each element of <em>pathsegments</em> can be either a string representing a
path segment, an object implementing the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.PathLike" title="os.PathLike"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.PathLike</span></code></a> interface
which returns a string, or another path object:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'some/path'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'bar'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('foo/some/path/bar')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'bar'</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('foo/bar')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>When <em>pathsegments</em> is empty, the current directory is assumed:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('.')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>When several absolute paths are given, the last is taken as an anchor
(mimicking <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.join" title="os.path.join"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.join()</span></code></a>’s behaviour):</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'/usr'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'lib64'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('/usr/lib64')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:/Windows'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'d:bar'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PureWindowsPath('d:bar')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>However, in a Windows path, changing the local root doesn’t discard the
previous drive setting:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:/Windows'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'/Program Files'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Spurious slashes and single dots are collapsed, but double dots (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'..'</span></code>)
are not, since this would change the meaning of a path in the face of
symbolic links:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo//bar'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('foo/bar')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo/./bar'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('foo/bar')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo/../bar'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('foo/../bar')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>(a naïve approach would make <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePosixPath('foo/../bar')</span></code> equivalent
to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePosixPath('bar')</span></code>, which is wrong if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo</span></code> is a symbolic link
to another directory)</p>
<p>Pure path objects implement the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.PathLike" title="os.PathLike"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.PathLike</span></code></a> interface, allowing them
to be used anywhere the interface is accepted.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Added support for the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.PathLike" title="os.PathLike"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.PathLike</span></code></a> interface.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePosixPath">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">pathlib.</code><code class="sig-name descname">PurePosixPath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*pathsegments</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePosixPath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePath</span></code></a>, this path flavour represents non-Windows
filesystem paths:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('/etc')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><em>pathsegments</em> is specified similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePath</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="pathlib.PureWindowsPath">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">pathlib.</code><code class="sig-name descname">PureWindowsPath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*pathsegments</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PureWindowsPath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePath</span></code></a>, this path flavour represents Windows
filesystem paths:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:/Program Files/'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><em>pathsegments</em> is specified similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePath</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Regardless of the system you’re running on, you can instantiate all of
these classes, since they don’t provide any operation that does system calls.</p>
<div class="section" id="general-properties">
<h3>General properties<a class="headerlink" href="#general-properties" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Paths are immutable and hashable. Paths of a same flavour are comparable
and orderable. These properties respect the flavour’s case-folding
semantics:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'FOO'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'FOO'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'FOO'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'C:'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'d:'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Paths of a different flavour compare unequal and cannot be ordered:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
File <span class="nb">"<stdin>"</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n"><module></span>
<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n">'<' not supported between instances of 'PureWindowsPath' and 'PurePosixPath'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="operators">
<h3>Operators<a class="headerlink" href="#operators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The slash operator helps create child paths, similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.join" title="os.path.join"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.join()</span></code></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('/etc')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="s1">'init.d'</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="s1">'apache2'</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('/etc/init.d/apache2')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">q</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'bin'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="s1">'/usr'</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">q</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('/usr/bin')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A path object can be used anywhere an object implementing <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.PathLike" title="os.PathLike"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.PathLike</span></code></a>
is accepted:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fspath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'/etc'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The string representation of a path is the raw filesystem path itself
(in native form, e.g. with backslashes under Windows), which you can
pass to any function taking a file path as a string:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'/etc'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:/Program Files'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'c:\\Program Files'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Similarly, calling <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> on a path gives the raw filesystem path as a
bytes object, as encoded by <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fsencode" title="os.fsencode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fsencode()</span></code></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">bytes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">b'/etc'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Calling <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> is only recommended under Unix. Under Windows,
the unicode form is the canonical representation of filesystem paths.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="accessing-individual-parts">
<h3>Accessing individual parts<a class="headerlink" href="#accessing-individual-parts" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>To access the individual “parts” (components) of a path, use the following
property:</p>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.parts">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">parts</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.parts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A tuple giving access to the path’s various components:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/usr/bin/python3'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parts</span>
<span class="go">('/', 'usr', 'bin', 'python3')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:/Program Files/PSF'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parts</span>
<span class="go">('c:\\', 'Program Files', 'PSF')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>(note how the drive and local root are regrouped in a single part)</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="methods-and-properties">
<h3>Methods and properties<a class="headerlink" href="#methods-and-properties" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Pure paths provide the following methods and properties:</p>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.drive">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">drive</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.drive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A string representing the drive letter or name, if any:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:/Program Files/'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">drive</span>
<span class="go">'c:'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/Program Files/'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">drive</span>
<span class="go">''</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">drive</span>
<span class="go">''</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>UNC shares are also considered drives:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'//host/share/foo.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">drive</span>
<span class="go">'\\\\host\\share'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.root">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">root</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.root" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A string representing the (local or global) root, if any:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:/Program Files/'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">root</span>
<span class="go">'\\'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:Program Files/'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">root</span>
<span class="go">''</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">root</span>
<span class="go">'/'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>UNC shares always have a root:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'//host/share'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">root</span>
<span class="go">'\\'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.anchor">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">anchor</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.anchor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The concatenation of the drive and root:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:/Program Files/'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">anchor</span>
<span class="go">'c:\\'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:Program Files/'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">anchor</span>
<span class="go">'c:'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">anchor</span>
<span class="go">'/'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'//host/share'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">anchor</span>
<span class="go">'\\\\host\\share\\'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.parents">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">parents</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.parents" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>An immutable sequence providing access to the logical ancestors of
the path:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:/foo/bar/setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parents</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">PureWindowsPath('c:/foo/bar')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parents</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">PureWindowsPath('c:/foo')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parents</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">PureWindowsPath('c:/')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.parent">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">parent</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.parent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The logical parent of the path:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/a/b/c/d'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parent</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('/a/b/c')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You cannot go past an anchor, or empty path:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parent</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('/')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parent</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('.')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>This is a purely lexical operation, hence the following behaviour:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo/..'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parent</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('foo')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you want to walk an arbitrary filesystem path upwards, it is
recommended to first call <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.resolve" title="pathlib.Path.resolve"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.resolve()</span></code></a> so as to resolve
symlinks and eliminate <cite>“..”</cite> components.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.name">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">name</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A string representing the final path component, excluding the drive and
root, if any:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my/library/setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span>
<span class="go">'setup.py'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>UNC drive names are not considered:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'//some/share/setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span>
<span class="go">'setup.py'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'//some/share'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span>
<span class="go">''</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.suffix">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">suffix</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.suffix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The file extension of the final component, if any:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my/library/setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">suffix</span>
<span class="go">'.py'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my/library.tar.gz'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">suffix</span>
<span class="go">'.gz'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my/library'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">suffix</span>
<span class="go">''</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.suffixes">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">suffixes</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.suffixes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A list of the path’s file extensions:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my/library.tar.gar'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">suffixes</span>
<span class="go">['.tar', '.gar']</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my/library.tar.gz'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">suffixes</span>
<span class="go">['.tar', '.gz']</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my/library'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">suffixes</span>
<span class="go">[]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.stem">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">stem</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.stem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The final path component, without its suffix:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my/library.tar.gz'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stem</span>
<span class="go">'library.tar'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my/library.tar'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stem</span>
<span class="go">'library'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my/library'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stem</span>
<span class="go">'library'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.as_posix">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">as_posix</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.as_posix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a string representation of the path with forward slashes (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/</span></code>):</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s1">windows'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'c:\\windows'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_posix</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">'c:/windows'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.as_uri">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">as_uri</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.as_uri" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Represent the path as a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">file</span></code> URI. <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised if
the path isn’t absolute.</p>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc/passwd'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_uri</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">'file:///etc/passwd'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:/Windows'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_uri</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">'file:///c:/Windows'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.is_absolute">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">is_absolute</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.is_absolute" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return whether the path is absolute or not. A path is considered absolute
if it has both a root and (if the flavour allows) a drive:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/a/b'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_absolute</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'a/b'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_absolute</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:/a/b'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_absolute</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/a/b'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_absolute</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_absolute</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'//some/share'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_absolute</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.is_reserved">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">is_reserved</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.is_reserved" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>With <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PureWindowsPath" title="pathlib.PureWindowsPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PureWindowsPath</span></code></a>, return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the path is considered
reserved under Windows, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise. With <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePosixPath" title="pathlib.PurePosixPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePosixPath</span></code></a>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> is always returned.</p>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'nul'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_reserved</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'nul'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_reserved</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>File system calls on reserved paths can fail mysteriously or have
unintended effects.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.joinpath">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">joinpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*other</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.joinpath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calling this method is equivalent to combining the path with each of
the <em>other</em> arguments in turn:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">joinpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'passwd'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">joinpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'passwd'</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">joinpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'init.d'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'apache2'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('/etc/init.d/apache2')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">joinpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/Program Files'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.match">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">match</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">pattern</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.match" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Match this path against the provided glob-style pattern. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>
if matching is successful, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise.</p>
<p>If <em>pattern</em> is relative, the path can be either relative or absolute,
and matching is done from the right:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'a/b.py'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'*.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/a/b/c.py'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'b/*.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/a/b/c.py'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'a/*.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If <em>pattern</em> is absolute, the path must be absolute, and the whole path
must match:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/a.py'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/*.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'a/b.py'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/*.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>As with other methods, case-sensitivity follows platform defaults:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'b.py'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'*.PY'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'b.py'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'*.PY'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.relative_to">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">relative_to</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*other</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.relative_to" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Compute a version of this path relative to the path represented by
<em>other</em>. If it’s impossible, ValueError is raised:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PurePosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc/passwd'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">relative_to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('etc/passwd')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">relative_to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PurePosixPath('passwd')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">relative_to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/usr'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
File <span class="nb">"<stdin>"</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n"><module></span>
File <span class="nb">"pathlib.py"</span>, line <span class="m">694</span>, in <span class="n">relative_to</span>
<span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">formatted</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="gr">ValueError</span>: <span class="n">'/etc/passwd' does not start with '/usr'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.with_name">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">with_name</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.with_name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a new path with the <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.name" title="pathlib.PurePath.name"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code></a> changed. If the original path
doesn’t have a name, ValueError is raised:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">with_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/setup.py')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:/'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">with_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
File <span class="nb">"<stdin>"</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n"><module></span>
File <span class="nb">"/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py"</span>, line <span class="m">751</span>, in <span class="n">with_name</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">%r</span><span class="s2"> has an empty name"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,))</span>
<span class="gr">ValueError</span>: <span class="n">PureWindowsPath('c:/') has an empty name</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.PurePath.with_suffix">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">PurePath.</code><code class="sig-name descname">with_suffix</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">suffix</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PurePath.with_suffix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a new path with the <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.suffix" title="pathlib.PurePath.suffix"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">suffix</span></code></a> changed. If the original path
doesn’t have a suffix, the new <em>suffix</em> is appended instead. If the
<em>suffix</em> is an empty string, the original suffix is removed:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">with_suffix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.bz2'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.bz2')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'README'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">with_suffix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PureWindowsPath('README.txt')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PureWindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'README.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">with_suffix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PureWindowsPath('README')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="concrete-paths">
<span id="id2"></span><h2>Concrete paths<a class="headerlink" href="#concrete-paths" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Concrete paths are subclasses of the pure path classes. In addition to
operations provided by the latter, they also provide methods to do system
calls on path objects. There are three ways to instantiate concrete paths:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="pathlib.Path">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">pathlib.</code><code class="sig-name descname">Path</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*pathsegments</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePath</span></code></a>, this class represents concrete paths of
the system’s path flavour (instantiating it creates either a
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PosixPath" title="pathlib.PosixPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PosixPath</span></code></a> or a <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.WindowsPath" title="pathlib.WindowsPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WindowsPath</span></code></a>):</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('setup.py')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><em>pathsegments</em> is specified similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePath</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="pathlib.PosixPath">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">pathlib.</code><code class="sig-name descname">PosixPath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*pathsegments</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.PosixPath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path" title="pathlib.Path"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePosixPath" title="pathlib.PurePosixPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePosixPath</span></code></a>, this class
represents concrete non-Windows filesystem paths:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('/etc')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><em>pathsegments</em> is specified similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePath</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="pathlib.WindowsPath">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">pathlib.</code><code class="sig-name descname">WindowsPath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*pathsegments</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.WindowsPath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path" title="pathlib.Path"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PureWindowsPath" title="pathlib.PureWindowsPath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PureWindowsPath</span></code></a>, this class
represents concrete Windows filesystem paths:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">WindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'c:/Program Files/'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">WindowsPath('c:/Program Files')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><em>pathsegments</em> is specified similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePath</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>You can only instantiate the class flavour that corresponds to your system
(allowing system calls on non-compatible path flavours could lead to
bugs or failures in your application):</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span>
<span class="go">'posix'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('setup.py')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">PosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('setup.py')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">WindowsPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
File <span class="nb">"<stdin>"</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n"><module></span>
File <span class="nb">"pathlib.py"</span>, line <span class="m">798</span>, in <span class="n">__new__</span>
<span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">cls</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__name__</span><span class="p">,))</span>
<span class="gr">NotImplementedError</span>: <span class="n">cannot instantiate 'WindowsPath' on your system</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="methods">
<h3>Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Concrete paths provide the following methods in addition to pure paths
methods. Many of these methods can raise an <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if a system
call fails (for example because the path doesn’t exist):</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.cwd">
<em class="property">classmethod </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">cwd</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.cwd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a new path object representing the current directory (as returned
by <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.getcwd" title="os.getcwd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.getcwd()</span></code></a>):</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cwd</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.home">
<em class="property">classmethod </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">home</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.home" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a new path object representing the user’s home directory (as
returned by <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.expanduser" title="os.path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.expanduser()</span></code></a> with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code> construct):</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('/home/antoine')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.stat">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">stat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.stat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat_result" title="os.stat_result"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat_result</span></code></a> object containing information about this path, like <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a>.
The result is looked up at each call to this method.</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stat</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">st_size</span>
<span class="go">956</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stat</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">st_mtime</span>
<span class="go">1327883547.852554</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.chmod">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">chmod</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">mode</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.chmod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Change the file mode and permissions, like <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.chmod" title="os.chmod"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.chmod()</span></code></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stat</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">st_mode</span>
<span class="go">33277</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">chmod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mo">0o444</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stat</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">st_mode</span>
<span class="go">33060</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.exists">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">exists</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.exists" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Whether the path points to an existing file or directory:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'nonexistentfile'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>If the path points to a symlink, <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.exists" title="pathlib.Path.exists"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exists()</span></code></a> returns whether the
symlink <em>points to</em> an existing file or directory.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.expanduser">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">expanduser</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.expanduser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a new path with expanded <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> constructs,
as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.expanduser" title="os.path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.expanduser()</span></code></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PosixPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'~/films/Monty Python'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expanduser</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('/home/eric/films/Monty Python')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.glob">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">glob</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">pattern</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.glob" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Glob the given relative <em>pattern</em> in the directory represented by this path,
yielding all matching files (of any kind):</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'*.py'</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">[PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'), PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'*/*.py'</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">[PosixPath('docs/conf.py')]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The “<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**</span></code>” pattern means “this directory and all subdirectories,
recursively”. In other words, it enables recursive globbing:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'**/*.py'</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">[PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py'),</span>
<span class="go"> PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),</span>
<span class="go"> PosixPath('pathlib.py'),</span>
<span class="go"> PosixPath('setup.py'),</span>
<span class="go"> PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Using the “<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**</span></code>” pattern in large directory trees may consume
an inordinate amount of time.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.group">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">group</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.group" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the name of the group owning the file. <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></code></a> is raised
if the file’s gid isn’t found in the system database.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.is_dir">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">is_dir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_dir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the path points to a directory (or a symbolic link
pointing to a directory), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if it points to another kind of file.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink;
other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.is_file">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">is_file</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the path points to a regular file (or a symbolic link
pointing to a regular file), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if it points to another kind of file.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink;
other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.is_mount">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">is_mount</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_mount" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the path is a <em class="dfn">mount point</em>: a point in a
file system where a different file system has been mounted. On POSIX, the
function checks whether <em>path</em>’s parent, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">path/..</span></code>, is on a different
device than <em>path</em>, or whether <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">path/..</span></code> and <em>path</em> point to the same
i-node on the same device — this should detect mount points for all Unix
and POSIX variants. Not implemented on Windows.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.7.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.is_symlink">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">is_symlink</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_symlink" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the path points to a symbolic link, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> is also returned if the path doesn’t exist; other errors (such
as permission errors) are propagated.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.is_socket">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">is_socket</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_socket" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the path points to a Unix socket (or a symbolic link
pointing to a Unix socket), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if it points to another kind of file.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink;
other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.is_fifo">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">is_fifo</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_fifo" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the path points to a FIFO (or a symbolic link
pointing to a FIFO), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if it points to another kind of file.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink;
other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.is_block_device">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">is_block_device</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_block_device" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the path points to a block device (or a symbolic link
pointing to a block device), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if it points to another kind of file.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink;
other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.is_char_device">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">is_char_device</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.is_char_device" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the path points to a character device (or a symbolic link
pointing to a character device), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if it points to another kind of file.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink;
other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.iterdir">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">iterdir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.iterdir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>When the path points to a directory, yield path objects of the directory
contents:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'docs'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">child</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iterdir</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="n">child</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('docs/conf.py')</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('docs/_templates')</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('docs/make.bat')</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('docs/index.rst')</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('docs/_build')</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('docs/_static')</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('docs/Makefile')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.lchmod">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">lchmod</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">mode</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.lchmod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.chmod" title="pathlib.Path.chmod"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.chmod()</span></code></a> but, if the path points to a symbolic link, the
symbolic link’s mode is changed rather than its target’s.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.lstat">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">lstat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.lstat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.stat" title="pathlib.Path.stat"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.stat()</span></code></a> but, if the path points to a symbolic link, return
the symbolic link’s information rather than its target’s.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.mkdir">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">mkdir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">mode=0o777</em>, <em class="sig-param">parents=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">exist_ok=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.mkdir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a new directory at this given path. If <em>mode</em> is given, it is
combined with the process’ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">umask</span></code> value to determine the file mode
and access flags. If the path already exists, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileExistsError" title="FileExistsError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FileExistsError</span></code></a>
is raised.</p>
<p>If <em>parents</em> is true, any missing parents of this path are created
as needed; they are created with the default permissions without taking
<em>mode</em> into account (mimicking the POSIX <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkdir</span> <span class="pre">-p</span></code> command).</p>
<p>If <em>parents</em> is false (the default), a missing parent raises
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileNotFoundError" title="FileNotFoundError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FileNotFoundError</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>If <em>exist_ok</em> is false (the default), <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileExistsError" title="FileExistsError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FileExistsError</span></code></a> is
raised if the target directory already exists.</p>
<p>If <em>exist_ok</em> is true, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileExistsError" title="FileExistsError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FileExistsError</span></code></a> exceptions will be
ignored (same behavior as the POSIX <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkdir</span> <span class="pre">-p</span></code> command), but only if the
last path component is not an existing non-directory file.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span>The <em>exist_ok</em> parameter was added.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.open">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">open</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">mode='r'</em>, <em class="sig-param">buffering=-1</em>, <em class="sig-param">encoding=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">errors=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">newline=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.open" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Open the file pointed to by the path, like the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a>
function does:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">readline</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="go">'#!/usr/bin/env python3\n'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.owner">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">owner</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.owner" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the name of the user owning the file. <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></code></a> is raised
if the file’s uid isn’t found in the system database.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.read_bytes">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">read_bytes</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.read_bytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the binary contents of the pointed-to file as a bytes object:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my_binary_file'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write_bytes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'Binary file contents'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">20</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_bytes</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">b'Binary file contents'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.read_text">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">read_text</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">encoding=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">errors=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.read_text" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the decoded contents of the pointed-to file as a string:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my_text_file'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Text file contents'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">18</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_text</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">'Text file contents'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The file is opened and then closed. The optional parameters have the same
meaning as in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.rename">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">rename</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.rename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Rename this file or directory to the given <em>target</em>. On Unix, if
<em>target</em> exists and is a file, it will be replaced silently if the user
has permission. <em>target</em> can be either a string or another path object:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'w'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'some text'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">9</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">target</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'bar'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rename</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">target</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">target</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">'some text'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.replace">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">replace</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.replace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Rename this file or directory to the given <em>target</em>. If <em>target</em> points
to an existing file or directory, it will be unconditionally replaced.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.resolve">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">resolve</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">strict=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.resolve" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Make the path absolute, resolving any symlinks. A new path object is
returned:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('.')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resolve</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>“<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">..</span></code>” components are also eliminated (this is the only method to do so):</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'docs/../setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resolve</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If the path doesn’t exist and <em>strict</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileNotFoundError" title="FileNotFoundError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FileNotFoundError</span></code></a>
is raised. If <em>strict</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>, the path is resolved as far as possible
and any remainder is appended without checking whether it exists. If an
infinite loop is encountered along the resolution path, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></code></a>
is raised.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.6: </span>The <em>strict</em> argument (pre-3.6 behavior is strict).</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.rglob">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">rglob</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">pattern</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.rglob" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is like calling <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.glob" title="pathlib.Path.glob"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.glob()</span></code></a> with “<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**/</span></code>” added in front of the
given relative <em>pattern</em>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rglob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"*.py"</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">[PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py'),</span>
<span class="go"> PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),</span>
<span class="go"> PosixPath('pathlib.py'),</span>
<span class="go"> PosixPath('setup.py'),</span>
<span class="go"> PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.rmdir">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">rmdir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.rmdir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove this directory. The directory must be empty.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.samefile">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">samefile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">other_path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.samefile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return whether this path points to the same file as <em>other_path</em>, which
can be either a Path object, or a string. The semantics are similar
to <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.samefile" title="os.path.samefile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.samefile()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.samestat" title="os.path.samestat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.samestat()</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>An <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> can be raised if either file cannot be accessed for some
reason.</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'spam'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">q</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'eggs'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">samefile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">samefile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'spam'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.symlink_to">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">symlink_to</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">target</em>, <em class="sig-param">target_is_directory=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.symlink_to" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Make this path a symbolic link to <em>target</em>. Under Windows,
<em>target_is_directory</em> must be true (default <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>) if the link’s target
is a directory. Under POSIX, <em>target_is_directory</em>’s value is ignored.</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'mylink'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">symlink_to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'setup.py'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resolve</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stat</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">st_size</span>
<span class="go">956</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lstat</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">st_size</span>
<span class="go">8</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>The order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse
of <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.symlink" title="os.symlink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.symlink()</span></code></a>’s.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.touch">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">touch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">mode=0o666</em>, <em class="sig-param">exist_ok=True</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.touch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a file at this given path. If <em>mode</em> is given, it is combined
with the process’ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">umask</span></code> value to determine the file mode and access
flags. If the file already exists, the function succeeds if <em>exist_ok</em>
is true (and its modification time is updated to the current time),
otherwise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileExistsError" title="FileExistsError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FileExistsError</span></code></a> is raised.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.unlink">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">unlink</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.unlink" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove this file or symbolic link. If the path points to a directory,
use <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.rmdir" title="pathlib.Path.rmdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.rmdir()</span></code></a> instead.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.write_bytes">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">write_bytes</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.write_bytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Open the file pointed to in bytes mode, write <em>data</em> to it, and close the
file:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my_binary_file'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write_bytes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'Binary file contents'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">20</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_bytes</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">b'Binary file contents'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>An existing file of the same name is overwritten.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pathlib.Path.write_text">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">write_text</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">data</em>, <em class="sig-param">encoding=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">errors=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib.Path.write_text" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Open the file pointed to in text mode, write <em>data</em> to it, and close the
file:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my_text_file'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Text file contents'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">18</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_text</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">'Text file contents'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="correspondence-to-tools-in-the-os-module">
<h2>Correspondence to tools in the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a> module<a class="headerlink" href="#correspondence-to-tools-in-the-os-module" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Below is a table mapping various <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a> functions to their corresponding
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath" title="pathlib.PurePath"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePath</span></code></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path" title="pathlib.Path"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path</span></code></a> equivalent.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Although <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.relpath" title="os.path.relpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.relpath()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.relative_to" title="pathlib.PurePath.relative_to"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePath.relative_to()</span></code></a> have some
overlapping use-cases, their semantics differ enough to warrant not
considering them equivalent.</p>
</div>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 55%" />
<col style="width: 45%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>os and os.path</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>pathlib</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.abspath" title="os.path.abspath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.abspath()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.resolve" title="pathlib.Path.resolve"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.resolve()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.chmod" title="os.chmod"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.chmod()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.chmod" title="pathlib.Path.chmod"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.chmod()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.mkdir" title="os.mkdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.mkdir()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.mkdir" title="pathlib.Path.mkdir"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.mkdir()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.rename" title="os.rename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.rename()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.rename" title="pathlib.Path.rename"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.rename()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.replace" title="os.replace"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.replace()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.replace" title="pathlib.Path.replace"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.replace()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.rmdir" title="os.rmdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.rmdir()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.rmdir" title="pathlib.Path.rmdir"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.rmdir()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.remove" title="os.remove"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.remove()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.unlink" title="os.unlink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.unlink()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.unlink" title="pathlib.Path.unlink"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.unlink()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.getcwd" title="os.getcwd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.getcwd()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.cwd" title="pathlib.Path.cwd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.cwd()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.exists()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.exists" title="pathlib.Path.exists"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.exists()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.expanduser" title="os.path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.expanduser()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.expanduser" title="pathlib.Path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.expanduser()</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.home" title="pathlib.Path.home"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.home()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.isdir" title="os.path.isdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.isdir()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.is_dir" title="pathlib.Path.is_dir"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.is_dir()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.isfile" title="os.path.isfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.isfile()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.is_file" title="pathlib.Path.is_file"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.is_file()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.islink()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.is_symlink" title="pathlib.Path.is_symlink"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.is_symlink()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.stat" title="pathlib.Path.stat"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.stat()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.owner" title="pathlib.Path.owner"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.owner()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.group" title="pathlib.Path.group"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.group()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.isabs" title="os.path.isabs"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.isabs()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.is_absolute" title="pathlib.PurePath.is_absolute"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePath.is_absolute()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.join" title="os.path.join"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.join()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.joinpath" title="pathlib.PurePath.joinpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePath.joinpath()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.basename" title="os.path.basename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.basename()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.name" title="pathlib.PurePath.name"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePath.name</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.dirname" title="os.path.dirname"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.dirname()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.parent" title="pathlib.PurePath.parent"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePath.parent</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.samefile" title="os.path.samefile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.samefile()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.Path.samefile" title="pathlib.Path.samefile"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.samefile()</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.splitext" title="os.path.splitext"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.splitext()</span></code></a></p></td>
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib.PurePath.suffix" title="pathlib.PurePath.suffix"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PurePath.suffix</span></code></a></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathlib</span></code> — Object-oriented filesystem paths</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-use">Basic use</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pure-paths">Pure paths</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#general-properties">General properties</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#operators">Operators</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#accessing-individual-parts">Accessing individual parts</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#concrete-paths">Concrete paths</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods">Methods</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#correspondence-to-tools-in-the-os-module">Correspondence to tools in the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code> module</a></li>
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