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><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="FUNCTIONS-DATETIME"
>9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators</A
></H1
><P
> <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-TABLE"
>Table 9-30</A
> shows the available
functions for date/time value processing, with details appearing in
the following subsections. <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#OPERATORS-DATETIME-TABLE"
>Table 9-29</A
> illustrates the behaviors of
the basic arithmetic operators (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>+</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>*</TT
>, etc.). For formatting functions, refer to
<A
HREF="functions-formatting.html"
>Section 9.8</A
>. You should be familiar with
the background information on date/time data types from <A
HREF="datatype-datetime.html"
>Section 8.5</A
>.
</P
><P
> In addition, the usual comparison operators shown in
<A
HREF="functions-comparison.html#FUNCTIONS-COMPARISON-OP-TABLE"
>Table 9-1</A
> are available for the
date/time types. Dates and timestamps (with or without time zone) are
all comparable, while times (with or without time zone) and intervals
can only be compared to other values of the same data type. When
comparing a timestamp without time zone to a timestamp with time zone,
the former value is assumed to be given in the time zone specified by
the <A
HREF="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-TIMEZONE"
>TimeZone</A
> configuration parameter, and is
rotated to UTC for comparison to the latter value (which is already
in UTC internally). Similarly, a date value is assumed to represent
midnight in the <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>TimeZone</TT
> zone when comparing it
to a timestamp.
</P
><P
> All the functions and operators described below that take <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
>
inputs actually come in two variants: one that takes <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time with time zone</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp
with time zone</TT
>, and one that takes <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time without time zone</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp without time zone</TT
>.
For brevity, these variants are not shown separately. Also, the
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>+</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>*</TT
> operators come in commutative pairs (for
example both date + integer and integer + date); we show only one of each
such pair.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="OPERATORS-DATETIME-TABLE"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 9-29. Date/Time Operators</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><COL><COL><COL><THEAD
><TR
><TH
>Operator</TH
><TH
>Example</TH
><TH
>Result</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>+</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>date '2001-09-28' + integer '7'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>date '2001-10-05'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>+</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>date '2001-09-28' + interval '1 hour'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>timestamp '2001-09-28 01:00:00'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>+</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>date '2001-09-28' + time '03:00'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>timestamp '2001-09-28 03:00:00'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>+</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>interval '1 day' + interval '1 hour'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>interval '1 day 01:00:00'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>+</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>timestamp '2001-09-28 01:00' + interval '23 hours'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>timestamp '2001-09-29 00:00:00'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>+</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>time '01:00' + interval '3 hours'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>time '04:00:00'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>- interval '23 hours'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>interval '-23:00:00'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>date '2001-10-01' - date '2001-09-28'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>integer '3'</TT
> (days)</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>date '2001-10-01' - integer '7'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>date '2001-09-24'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>date '2001-09-28' - interval '1 hour'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>timestamp '2001-09-27 23:00:00'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>time '05:00' - time '03:00'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>interval '02:00:00'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>time '05:00' - interval '2 hours'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>time '03:00:00'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>timestamp '2001-09-28 23:00' - interval '23 hours'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>timestamp '2001-09-28 00:00:00'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>interval '1 day' - interval '1 hour'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>interval '1 day -01:00:00'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>timestamp '2001-09-29 03:00' - timestamp '2001-09-27 12:00'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>interval '1 day 15:00:00'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>*</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>900 * interval '1 second'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>interval '00:15:00'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>*</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>21 * interval '1 day'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>interval '21 days'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>*</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>double precision '3.5' * interval '1 hour'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>interval '03:30:00'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>/</TT
> </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>interval '1 hour' / double precision '1.5'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>interval '00:40:00'</TT
></TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-TABLE"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 9-30. Date/Time Functions</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><COL><COL><COL><COL><COL><THEAD
><TR
><TH
>Function</TH
><TH
>Return Type</TH
><TH
>Description</TH
><TH
>Example</TH
><TH
>Result</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>age(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
></TD
><TD
>Subtract arguments, producing a <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"symbolic"</SPAN
> result that
uses years and months, rather than just days</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>age(timestamp '2001-04-10', timestamp '1957-06-13')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>43 years 9 mons 27 days</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>age(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
></TD
><TD
>Subtract from <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>current_date</CODE
> (at midnight)</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>age(timestamp '1957-06-13')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>43 years 8 mons 3 days</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>clock_timestamp()</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
></TD
><TD
>Current date and time (changes during statement execution);
see <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT"
>Section 9.9.4</A
>
</TD
><TD
> </TD
><TD
> </TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>current_date</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
></TD
><TD
>Current date;
see <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT"
>Section 9.9.4</A
>
</TD
><TD
> </TD
><TD
> </TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>current_time</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time with time zone</TT
></TD
><TD
>Current time of day;
see <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT"
>Section 9.9.4</A
>
</TD
><TD
> </TD
><TD
> </TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>current_timestamp</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
></TD
><TD
>Current date and time (start of current transaction);
see <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT"
>Section 9.9.4</A
>
</TD
><TD
> </TD
><TD
> </TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>date_part(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>double precision</TT
></TD
><TD
>Get subfield (equivalent to <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>extract</CODE
>);
see <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-EXTRACT"
>Section 9.9.1</A
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>date_part('hour', timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>20</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>date_part(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>double precision</TT
></TD
><TD
>Get subfield (equivalent to
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>extract</CODE
>); see <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-EXTRACT"
>Section 9.9.1</A
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>date_part('month', interval '2 years 3 months')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>3</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>date_trunc(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
></TD
><TD
>Truncate to specified precision; see also <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-TRUNC"
>Section 9.9.2</A
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>date_trunc('hour', timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>2001-02-16 20:00:00</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>date_trunc(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
></TD
><TD
>Truncate to specified precision; see also <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-TRUNC"
>Section 9.9.2</A
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>date_trunc('hour', interval '2 days 3 hours 40 minutes')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>2 days 03:00:00</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>extract</CODE
>(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>field</TT
> from
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
>)</TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>double precision</TT
></TD
><TD
>Get subfield; see <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-EXTRACT"
>Section 9.9.1</A
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>extract(hour from timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>20</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>extract</CODE
>(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>field</TT
> from
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
>)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>double precision</TT
></TD
><TD
>Get subfield; see <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-EXTRACT"
>Section 9.9.1</A
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>extract(month from interval '2 years 3 months')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>3</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>isfinite(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>boolean</TT
></TD
><TD
>Test for finite date (not +/-infinity)</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>isfinite(date '2001-02-16')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>true</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>isfinite(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>boolean</TT
></TD
><TD
>Test for finite time stamp (not +/-infinity)</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>isfinite(timestamp '2001-02-16 21:28:30')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>true</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>isfinite(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>boolean</TT
></TD
><TD
>Test for finite interval</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>isfinite(interval '4 hours')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>true</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>justify_days(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
></TD
><TD
>Adjust interval so 30-day time periods are represented as months</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>justify_days(interval '35 days')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>1 mon 5 days</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>justify_hours(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
></TD
><TD
>Adjust interval so 24-hour time periods are represented as days</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>justify_hours(interval '27 hours')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>1 day 03:00:00</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>justify_interval(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
></TD
><TD
>Adjust interval using <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>justify_days</CODE
> and <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>justify_hours</CODE
>, with additional sign adjustments</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>justify_interval(interval '1 mon -1 hour')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>29 days 23:00:00</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>localtime</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time</TT
></TD
><TD
>Current time of day;
see <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT"
>Section 9.9.4</A
>
</TD
><TD
> </TD
><TD
> </TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>localtimestamp</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
></TD
><TD
>Current date and time (start of current transaction);
see <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT"
>Section 9.9.4</A
>
</TD
><TD
> </TD
><TD
> </TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
> make_date(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>year</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>month</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>day</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>)
</CODE
>
</TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
></TD
><TD
> Create date from year, month and day fields
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>make_date(2013, 7, 15)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>2013-07-15</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
> make_interval(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>years</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
> DEFAULT 0,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>months</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
> DEFAULT 0,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>weeks</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
> DEFAULT 0,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>days</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
> DEFAULT 0,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>hours</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
> DEFAULT 0,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>mins</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
> DEFAULT 0,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>secs</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>double precision</TT
> DEFAULT 0.0)
</CODE
>
</TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
></TD
><TD
> Create interval from years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes and
seconds fields
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>make_interval(days => 10)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>10 days</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
> make_time(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>hour</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>min</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>sec</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>double precision</TT
>)
</CODE
>
</TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time</TT
></TD
><TD
> Create time from hour, minute and seconds fields
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>make_time(8, 15, 23.5)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>08:15:23.5</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
> make_timestamp(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>year</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>month</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>day</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>hour</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>min</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>sec</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>double precision</TT
>)
</CODE
>
</TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
></TD
><TD
> Create timestamp from year, month, day, hour, minute and seconds fields
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>make_timestamp(2013, 7, 15, 8, 15, 23.5)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>2013-07-15 08:15:23.5</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
> make_timestamptz(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>year</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>month</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>day</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>hour</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>min</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>sec</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>double precision</TT
>,
[<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
> <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>timezone</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
> </SPAN
>])
</CODE
>
</TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
></TD
><TD
> Create timestamp with time zone from year, month, day, hour, minute
and seconds fields; if <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>timezone</TT
> is not
specified, the current time zone is used
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>make_timestamptz(2013, 7, 15, 8, 15, 23.5)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>2013-07-15 08:15:23.5+01</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>now()</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
></TD
><TD
>Current date and time (start of current transaction);
see <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT"
>Section 9.9.4</A
>
</TD
><TD
> </TD
><TD
> </TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>statement_timestamp()</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
></TD
><TD
>Current date and time (start of current statement);
see <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT"
>Section 9.9.4</A
>
</TD
><TD
> </TD
><TD
> </TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>timeofday()</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>Current date and time
(like <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>clock_timestamp</CODE
>, but as a <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
> string);
see <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT"
>Section 9.9.4</A
>
</TD
><TD
> </TD
><TD
> </TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>transaction_timestamp()</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
></TD
><TD
>Current date and time (start of current transaction);
see <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT"
>Section 9.9.4</A
>
</TD
><TD
> </TD
><TD
> </TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>to_timestamp(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>double precision</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
></TD
><TD
>Convert Unix epoch (seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00+00) to
timestamp</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>to_timestamp(1284352323)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>2010-09-13 04:32:03+00</TT
></TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>
In addition to these functions, the SQL <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OVERLAPS</TT
> operator is
supported:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>(<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>start1</I
></TT
>, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>end1</I
></TT
>) OVERLAPS (<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>start2</I
></TT
>, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>end2</I
></TT
>)
(<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>start1</I
></TT
>, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>length1</I
></TT
>) OVERLAPS (<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>start2</I
></TT
>, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>length2</I
></TT
>)</PRE
><P>
This expression yields true when two time periods (defined by their
endpoints) overlap, false when they do not overlap. The endpoints
can be specified as pairs of dates, times, or time stamps; or as
a date, time, or time stamp followed by an interval. When a pair
of values is provided, either the start or the end can be written
first; <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OVERLAPS</TT
> automatically takes the earlier value
of the pair as the start. Each time period is considered to
represent the half-open interval <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>start</I
></TT
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><=</TT
>
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>time</I
></TT
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><</TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>end</I
></TT
>, unless
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>start</I
></TT
> and <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>end</I
></TT
> are equal in which case it
represents that single time instant. This means for instance that two
time periods with only an endpoint in common do not overlap.
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT (DATE '2001-02-16', DATE '2001-12-21') OVERLAPS
(DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2002-10-30');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>true</SAMP
>
SELECT (DATE '2001-02-16', INTERVAL '100 days') OVERLAPS
(DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2002-10-30');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>false</SAMP
>
SELECT (DATE '2001-10-29', DATE '2001-10-30') OVERLAPS
(DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2001-10-31');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>false</SAMP
>
SELECT (DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2001-10-30') OVERLAPS
(DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2001-10-31');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>true</SAMP
></PRE
><P
> When adding an <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
> value to (or subtracting an
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
> value from) a <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
>
value, the days component advances or decrements the date of the
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
> by the indicated number of days,
keeping the time of day the same.
Across daylight saving time changes (when the session time zone is set to a
time zone that recognizes DST), this means <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>interval '1 day'</TT
>
does not necessarily equal <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>interval '24 hours'</TT
>.
For example, with the session time zone set
to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>America/Denver</TT
>:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT timestamp with time zone '2005-04-02 12:00:00-07' + interval '1 day';
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2005-04-03 12:00:00-06</SAMP
>
SELECT timestamp with time zone '2005-04-02 12:00:00-07' + interval '24 hours';
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2005-04-03 13:00:00-06</SAMP
></PRE
><P>
This happens because an hour was skipped due to a change in daylight saving
time at <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>2005-04-03 02:00:00</TT
> in time zone
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>America/Denver</TT
>.
</P
><P
> Note there can be ambiguity in the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>months</TT
> field returned by
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>age</CODE
> because different months have different numbers of
days. <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>'s approach uses the month from the
earlier of the two dates when calculating partial months. For example,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>age('2004-06-01', '2004-04-30')</TT
> uses April to yield
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>1 mon 1 day</TT
>, while using May would yield <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>1 mon 2
days</TT
> because May has 31 days, while April has only 30.
</P
><P
> Subtraction of dates and timestamps can also be complex. One conceptually
simple way to perform subtraction is to convert each value to a number
of seconds using <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM ...)</TT
>, then subtract the
results; this produces the
number of <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>seconds</I
></SPAN
> between the two values. This will adjust
for the number of days in each month, timezone changes, and daylight
saving time adjustments. Subtraction of date or timestamp
values with the <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-</TT
>"</SPAN
> operator
returns the number of days (24-hours) and hours/minutes/seconds
between the values, making the same adjustments. The <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>age</CODE
>
function returns years, months, days, and hours/minutes/seconds,
performing field-by-field subtraction and then adjusting for negative
field values. The following queries illustrate the differences in these
approaches. The sample results were produced with <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>timezone
= 'US/Eastern'</TT
>; there is a daylight saving time change between the
two dates used:
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamptz '2013-07-01 12:00:00') -
EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamptz '2013-03-01 12:00:00');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>10537200</SAMP
>
SELECT (EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamptz '2013-07-01 12:00:00') -
EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamptz '2013-03-01 12:00:00'))
/ 60 / 60 / 24;
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>121.958333333333</SAMP
>
SELECT timestamptz '2013-07-01 12:00:00' - timestamptz '2013-03-01 12:00:00';
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>121 days 23:00:00</SAMP
>
SELECT age(timestamptz '2013-07-01 12:00:00', timestamptz '2013-03-01 12:00:00');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>4 mons</SAMP
></PRE
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-EXTRACT"
>9.9.1. <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>EXTRACT</CODE
>, <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>date_part</CODE
></A
></H2
><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>EXTRACT(<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>field</I
></TT
> FROM <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>source</I
></TT
>)</PRE
><P
> The <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>extract</CODE
> function retrieves subfields
such as year or hour from date/time values.
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>source</I
></TT
> must be a value expression of
type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time</TT
>, or <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
>.
(Expressions of type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
> are
cast to <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
> and can therefore be used as
well.) <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>field</I
></TT
> is an identifier or
string that selects what field to extract from the source value.
The <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>extract</CODE
> function returns values of type
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>double precision</TT
>.
The following are valid field names:
<P
></P
></P><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>century</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The century
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM TIMESTAMP '2000-12-16 12:21:13');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>20</SAMP
>
SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>21</SAMP
></PRE
><P
> The first century starts at 0001-01-01 00:00:00 AD, although
they did not know it at the time. This definition applies to all
Gregorian calendar countries. There is no century number 0,
you go from -1 century to 1 century.
If you disagree with this, please write your complaint to:
Pope, Cathedral Saint-Peter of Roma, Vatican.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>day</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> For <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
> values, the day (of the month) field
(1 - 31) ; for <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
> values, the number of days
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>16</SAMP
>
SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM INTERVAL '40 days 1 minute');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>40</SAMP
></PRE
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>decade</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The year field divided by 10
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(DECADE FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>200</SAMP
></PRE
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>dow</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The day of the week as Sunday (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>0</TT
>) to
Saturday (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>6</TT
>)
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(DOW FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>5</SAMP
></PRE
><P
> Note that <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>extract</CODE
>'s day of the week numbering
differs from that of the <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>to_char(...,
'D')</CODE
> function.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>doy</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The day of the year (1 - 365/366)
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(DOY FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>47</SAMP
></PRE
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>epoch</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> For <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
> values, the
number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC (negative for
timestamps before that);
for <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
> values, the
nominal number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00,
without regard to timezone or daylight-savings rules;
for <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
> values, the total number
of seconds in the interval
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '2001-02-16 20:38:40.12-08');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>982384720.12</SAMP
>
SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40.12');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>982355920.12</SAMP
>
SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM INTERVAL '5 days 3 hours');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>442800</SAMP
></PRE
><P
> You can convert an epoch value back to a <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
>
with <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>to_timestamp</CODE
>:
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT to_timestamp(982384720.12);
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2001-02-17 04:38:40.12+00</SAMP
></PRE
><P
> Beware that applying <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>to_timestamp</CODE
> to an epoch
extracted from a <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
> value
could produce a misleading result: the result will effectively
assume that the original value had been given in UTC, which might
not be the case.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>hour</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The hour field (0 - 23)
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>20</SAMP
></PRE
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>isodow</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The day of the week as Monday (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>1</TT
>) to
Sunday (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>7</TT
>)
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(ISODOW FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-18 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>7</SAMP
></PRE
><P
> This is identical to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>dow</TT
> except for Sunday. This
matches the <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>ISO</ACRONYM
> 8601 day of the week numbering.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>isoyear</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>ISO</ACRONYM
> 8601 week-numbering year that the date
falls in (not applicable to intervals)
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(ISOYEAR FROM DATE '2006-01-01');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2005</SAMP
>
SELECT EXTRACT(ISOYEAR FROM DATE '2006-01-02');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2006</SAMP
></PRE
><P
> Each <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>ISO</ACRONYM
> 8601 week-numbering year begins with the
Monday of the week containing the 4th of January, so in early
January or late December the <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>ISO</ACRONYM
> year may be
different from the Gregorian year. See the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>week</TT
>
field for more information.
</P
><P
> This field is not available in PostgreSQL releases prior to 8.3.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>julian</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>Julian Date</I
> corresponding to the
date or timestamp (not applicable to intervals). Timestamps
that are not local midnight result in a fractional value. See
<A
HREF="datetime-julian-dates.html"
>Section B.7</A
> for more information.
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(JULIAN FROM DATE '2006-01-01');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2453737</SAMP
>
SELECT EXTRACT(JULIAN FROM TIMESTAMP '2006-01-01 12:00');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2453737.5</SAMP
></PRE
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>microseconds</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The seconds field, including fractional parts, multiplied by 1
000 000; note that this includes full seconds
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(MICROSECONDS FROM TIME '17:12:28.5');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>28500000</SAMP
></PRE
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>millennium</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The millennium
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(MILLENNIUM FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>3</SAMP
></PRE
><P
> Years in the 1900s are in the second millennium.
The third millennium started January 1, 2001.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>milliseconds</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The seconds field, including fractional parts, multiplied by
1000. Note that this includes full seconds.
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(MILLISECONDS FROM TIME '17:12:28.5');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>28500</SAMP
></PRE
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>minute</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The minutes field (0 - 59)
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>38</SAMP
></PRE
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>month</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> For <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
> values, the number of the month
within the year (1 - 12) ; for <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
> values,
the number of months, modulo 12 (0 - 11)
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2</SAMP
>
SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM INTERVAL '2 years 3 months');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>3</SAMP
>
SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM INTERVAL '2 years 13 months');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>1</SAMP
></PRE
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>quarter</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The quarter of the year (1 - 4) that the date is in
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(QUARTER FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>1</SAMP
></PRE
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>second</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The seconds field, including fractional parts (0 -
59<A
NAME="AEN15636"
HREF="#FTN.AEN15636"
><SPAN
CLASS="footnote"
>[1]</SPAN
></A
>)
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(SECOND FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>40</SAMP
>
SELECT EXTRACT(SECOND FROM TIME '17:12:28.5');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>28.5</SAMP
></PRE
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>timezone</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The time zone offset from UTC, measured in seconds. Positive values
correspond to time zones east of UTC, negative values to
zones west of UTC. (Technically,
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> does not use UTC because
leap seconds are not handled.)
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>timezone_hour</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The hour component of the time zone offset
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>timezone_minute</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The minute component of the time zone offset
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>week</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The number of the <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>ISO</ACRONYM
> 8601 week-numbering week of
the year. By definition, ISO weeks start on Mondays and the first
week of a year contains January 4 of that year. In other words, the
first Thursday of a year is in week 1 of that year.
</P
><P
> In the ISO week-numbering system, it is possible for early-January
dates to be part of the 52nd or 53rd week of the previous year, and for
late-December dates to be part of the first week of the next year.
For example, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>2005-01-01</TT
> is part of the 53rd week of year
2004, and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>2006-01-01</TT
> is part of the 52nd week of year
2005, while <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>2012-12-31</TT
> is part of the first week of 2013.
It's recommended to use the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>isoyear</TT
> field together with
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>week</TT
> to get consistent results.
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(WEEK FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>7</SAMP
></PRE
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>year</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The year field. Keep in mind there is no <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>0 AD</TT
>, so subtracting
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>BC</TT
> years from <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>AD</TT
> years should be done with care.
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2001</SAMP
></PRE
></DD
></DL
></DIV
><P>
</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> When the input value is +/-Infinity, <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>extract</CODE
> returns
+/-Infinity for monotonically-increasing fields (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>epoch</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>julian</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>year</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>isoyear</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>decade</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>century</TT
>, and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>millennium</TT
>).
For other fields, NULL is returned. <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>
versions before 9.6 returned zero for all cases of infinite input.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
> The <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>extract</CODE
> function is primarily intended
for computational processing. For formatting date/time values for
display, see <A
HREF="functions-formatting.html"
>Section 9.8</A
>.
</P
><P
> The <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>date_part</CODE
> function is modeled on the traditional
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>Ingres</SPAN
> equivalent to the
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
>-standard function <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>extract</CODE
>:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>date_part('<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>field</I
></TT
>', <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>source</I
></TT
>)</PRE
><P>
Note that here the <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>field</I
></TT
> parameter needs to
be a string value, not a name. The valid field names for
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>date_part</CODE
> are the same as for
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>extract</CODE
>.
</P
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT date_part('day', TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>16</SAMP
>
SELECT date_part('hour', INTERVAL '4 hours 3 minutes');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>4</SAMP
></PRE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-TRUNC"
>9.9.2. <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>date_trunc</CODE
></A
></H2
><P
> The function <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>date_trunc</CODE
> is conceptually
similar to the <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>trunc</CODE
> function for numbers.
</P
><P
></P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>date_trunc('<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>field</I
></TT
>', <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>source</I
></TT
>)</PRE
><P>
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>source</I
></TT
> is a value expression of type
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
>.
(Values of type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
> and
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time</TT
> are cast automatically to <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
> or
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
>, respectively.)
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>field</I
></TT
> selects to which precision to
truncate the input value. The return value is of type
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
>
with all fields that are less significant than the
selected one set to zero (or one, for day and month).
</P
><P
> Valid values for <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>field</I
></TT
> are:
<P
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>microseconds</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>milliseconds</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>second</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>minute</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>hour</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>day</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>week</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>month</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>quarter</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>year</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>decade</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>century</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>millennium</TT
></TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
><P
></P
>
</P
><P
> Examples:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT date_trunc('hour', TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2001-02-16 20:00:00</SAMP
>
SELECT date_trunc('year', TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2001-01-01 00:00:00</SAMP
></PRE
><P>
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-ZONECONVERT"
>9.9.3. <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>AT TIME ZONE</TT
></A
></H2
><P
> The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>AT TIME ZONE</TT
> converts time
stamp <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>without time zone</I
></SPAN
> to/from
time stamp <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>with time zone</I
></SPAN
>, and
<SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>time</I
></SPAN
> values to different time zones. <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-ZONECONVERT-TABLE"
>Table 9-31</A
> shows its variants.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-ZONECONVERT-TABLE"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 9-31. <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>AT TIME ZONE</TT
> Variants</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><COL><COL><COL><THEAD
><TR
><TH
>Expression</TH
><TH
>Return Type</TH
><TH
>Description</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp without time zone</TT
> AT TIME ZONE <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>zone</I
></TT
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
></TD
><TD
>Treat given time stamp <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>without time zone</I
></SPAN
> as located in the specified time zone</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
> AT TIME ZONE <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>zone</I
></TT
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp without time zone</TT
></TD
><TD
>Convert given time stamp <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>with time zone</I
></SPAN
> to the new time
zone, with no time zone designation</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time with time zone</TT
> AT TIME ZONE <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>zone</I
></TT
></TT
>
</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time with time zone</TT
></TD
><TD
>Convert given time <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>with time zone</I
></SPAN
> to the new time zone</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
> In these expressions, the desired time zone <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>zone</I
></TT
> can be
specified either as a text string (e.g., <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>'America/Los_Angeles'</TT
>)
or as an interval (e.g., <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>INTERVAL '-08:00'</TT
>).
In the text case, a time zone name can be specified in any of the ways
described in <A
HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-TIMEZONES"
>Section 8.5.3</A
>.
</P
><P
> Examples (assuming the local time zone is <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>America/Los_Angeles</TT
>):
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40' AT TIME ZONE 'America/Denver';
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2001-02-16 19:38:40-08</SAMP
>
SELECT TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '2001-02-16 20:38:40-05' AT TIME ZONE 'America/Denver';
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2001-02-16 18:38:40</SAMP
>
SELECT TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40-05' AT TIME ZONE 'Asia/Tokyo' AT TIME ZONE 'America/Chicago';
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2001-02-16 05:38:40</SAMP
></PRE
><P>
The first example adds a time zone to a value that lacks it, and
displays the value using the current <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>TimeZone</TT
>
setting. The second example shifts the time stamp with time zone value
to the specified time zone, and returns the value without a time zone.
This allows storage and display of values different from the current
<TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>TimeZone</TT
> setting. The third example converts
Tokyo time to Chicago time. Converting <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>time</I
></SPAN
>
values to other time zones uses the currently active time zone rules
since no date is supplied.
</P
><P
> The function <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>timezone</CODE
>(<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>zone</I
></TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>timestamp</I
></TT
>)</TT
> is equivalent to the SQL-conforming construct
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>timestamp</I
></TT
> AT TIME ZONE
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>zone</I
></TT
></TT
>.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT"
>9.9.4. Current Date/Time</A
></H2
><P
> <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> provides a number of functions
that return values related to the current date and time. These
SQL-standard functions all return values based on the start time of
the current transaction:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>CURRENT_DATE
CURRENT_TIME
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
CURRENT_TIME(<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>precision</I
></TT
>)
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>precision</I
></TT
>)
LOCALTIME
LOCALTIMESTAMP
LOCALTIME(<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>precision</I
></TT
>)
LOCALTIMESTAMP(<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>precision</I
></TT
>)</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>CURRENT_TIME</CODE
> and
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</CODE
> deliver values with time zone;
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>LOCALTIME</CODE
> and
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>LOCALTIMESTAMP</CODE
> deliver values without time zone.
</P
><P
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>CURRENT_TIME</CODE
>,
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</CODE
>,
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>LOCALTIME</CODE
>, and
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>LOCALTIMESTAMP</CODE
>
can optionally take
a precision parameter, which causes the result to be rounded
to that many fractional digits in the seconds field. Without a precision parameter,
the result is given to the full available precision.
</P
><P
> Some examples:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT CURRENT_TIME;
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>14:39:53.662522-05</SAMP
>
SELECT CURRENT_DATE;
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2001-12-23</SAMP
>
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2001-12-23 14:39:53.662522-05</SAMP
>
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(2);
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2001-12-23 14:39:53.66-05</SAMP
>
SELECT LOCALTIMESTAMP;
<I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>Result: </I
><SAMP
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>2001-12-23 14:39:53.662522</SAMP
></PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> Since these functions return
the start time of the current transaction, their values do not
change during the transaction. This is considered a feature:
the intent is to allow a single transaction to have a consistent
notion of the <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"current"</SPAN
> time, so that multiple
modifications within the same transaction bear the same
time stamp.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> Other database systems might advance these values more
frequently.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
> <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> also provides functions that
return the start time of the current statement, as well as the actual
current time at the instant the function is called. The complete list
of non-SQL-standard time functions is:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>transaction_timestamp()
statement_timestamp()
clock_timestamp()
timeofday()
now()</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>transaction_timestamp()</CODE
> is equivalent to
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</CODE
>, but is named to clearly reflect
what it returns.
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>statement_timestamp()</CODE
> returns the start time of the current
statement (more specifically, the time of receipt of the latest command
message from the client).
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>statement_timestamp()</CODE
> and <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>transaction_timestamp()</CODE
>
return the same value during the first command of a transaction, but might
differ during subsequent commands.
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>clock_timestamp()</CODE
> returns the actual current time, and
therefore its value changes even within a single SQL command.
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>timeofday()</CODE
> is a historical
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> function. Like
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>clock_timestamp()</CODE
>, it returns the actual current time,
but as a formatted <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
> string rather than a <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp
with time zone</TT
> value.
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>now()</CODE
> is a traditional <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>
equivalent to <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>transaction_timestamp()</CODE
>.
</P
><P
> All the date/time data types also accept the special literal value
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>now</TT
> to specify the current date and time (again,
interpreted as the transaction start time). Thus,
the following three all return the same result:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
SELECT now();
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'now'; -- but see tip below</PRE
><P>
</P
><DIV
CLASS="TIP"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="TIP"
><P
><B
>Tip: </B
> Do not use the third form when specifying a value to be evaluated later,
for example in a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DEFAULT</TT
> clause for a table column.
The system will convert <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>now</TT
>
to a <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
> as soon as the constant is parsed, so that when
the default value is needed,
the time of the table creation would be used! The first two
forms will not be evaluated until the default value is used,
because they are function calls. Thus they will give the desired
behavior of defaulting to the time of row insertion.
(See also <A
HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-SPECIAL-VALUES"
>Section 8.5.1.4</A
>.)
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-DELAY"
>9.9.5. Delaying Execution</A
></H2
><P
> The following functions are available to delay execution of the server
process:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>pg_sleep(<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>seconds</I
></TT
>)
pg_sleep_for(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
>)
pg_sleep_until(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
>)</PRE
><P>
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_sleep</CODE
> makes the current session's process
sleep until <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>seconds</I
></TT
> seconds have
elapsed. <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>seconds</I
></TT
> is a value of type
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>double precision</TT
>, so fractional-second delays can be specified.
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_sleep_for</CODE
> is a convenience function for larger
sleep times specified as an <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
>.
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_sleep_until</CODE
> is a convenience function for when
a specific wake-up time is desired.
For example:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>SELECT pg_sleep(1.5);
SELECT pg_sleep_for('5 minutes');
SELECT pg_sleep_until('tomorrow 03:00');</PRE
><P>
</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> The effective resolution of the sleep interval is platform-specific;
0.01 seconds is a common value. The sleep delay will be at least as long
as specified. It might be longer depending on factors such as server load.
In particular, <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_sleep_until</CODE
> is not guaranteed to
wake up exactly at the specified time, but it will not wake up any earlier.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Warning</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
> Make sure that your session does not hold more locks than necessary
when calling <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_sleep</CODE
> or its variants. Otherwise
other sessions might have to wait for your sleeping process, slowing down
the entire system.
</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><H3
CLASS="FOOTNOTES"
>Notes</H3
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
CLASS="FOOTNOTES"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="5%"
><A
NAME="FTN.AEN15636"
HREF="functions-datetime.html#AEN15636"
><SPAN
CLASS="footnote"
>[1]</SPAN
></A
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="95%"
><P
>60 if leap seconds are
implemented by the operating system</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
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