<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title> SQLAlchemy Core — SQLAlchemy 1.2 Documentation </title> <!-- begin iterate through site-imported + sphinx environment css_files --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/docs.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/changelog.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/sphinx_paramlinks.css" type="text/css" /> <!-- end iterate through site-imported + sphinx environment css_files --> <!-- begin layout.mako headers --> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="SQLAlchemy 1.2 Documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="next" title="SQL Expression Language Tutorial" href="tutorial.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="ORM Examples" href="../orm/examples.html" /> <!-- end layout.mako headers --> </head> <body> <div id="docs-container"> <div id="docs-top-navigation-container" class="body-background"> <div id="docs-header"> <div id="docs-version-header"> Release: <span class="version-num">1.2.19</span> | Release Date: April 15, 2019 </div> <h1>SQLAlchemy 1.2 Documentation</h1> </div> </div> <div id="docs-body-container"> <div id="fixed-sidebar" class="withsidebar"> <div id="docs-sidebar-popout"> <h3><a href="../index.html">SQLAlchemy 1.2 Documentation</a></h3> <p id="sidebar-topnav"> <a href="../contents.html">Contents</a> | <a href="../genindex.html">Index</a> </p> <div id="sidebar-search"> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <label> Search terms: <input type="text" placeholder="search..." name="q" size="12" /> </label> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> </div> <div id="docs-sidebar"> <div id="sidebar-banner"> </div> <div id="docs-sidebar-inner"> <h3> <a href="../index.html" title="SQLAlchemy 1.2 Documentation">SQLAlchemy 1.2 Documentation</a> </h3> <ul> <li><span class="link-container"><a class="reference external" href="../intro.html">Overview</a></span></li> <li><span class="link-container"><a class="reference external" href="../orm/index.html">SQLAlchemy ORM</a></span></li> <li class="selected"><span class="link-container"><strong>SQLAlchemy Core</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#">¶</a></span><ul> <li><span class="link-container"><a class="reference external" href="tutorial.html">SQL Expression Language Tutorial</a></span></li> <li><span class="link-container"><a class="reference external" href="expression_api.html">SQL Statements and Expressions API</a></span></li> <li><span class="link-container"><a class="reference external" href="schema.html">Schema Definition Language</a></span></li> <li><span class="link-container"><a class="reference external" href="types.html">Column and Data Types</a></span></li> <li><span class="link-container"><a class="reference external" href="engines_connections.html">Engine and Connection Use</a></span></li> <li><span class="link-container"><a class="reference external" href="api_basics.html">Core API Basics</a></span></li> </ul> </li> <li><span class="link-container"><a class="reference external" href="../dialects/index.html">Dialects</a></span></li> <li><span class="link-container"><a class="reference external" href="../faq/index.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a></span></li> <li><span class="link-container"><a class="reference external" href="../errors.html">Error Messages</a></span></li> <li><span class="link-container"><a class="reference external" href="../changelog/index.html">Changes and Migration</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="docs-body" class="withsidebar" > <div class="section" id="sqlalchemy-core"> <span id="core-toplevel"></span><h1>SQLAlchemy Core<a class="headerlink" href="#sqlalchemy-core" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>The breadth of SQLAlchemy’s SQL rendering engine, DBAPI integration, transaction integration, and schema description services are documented here. In contrast to the ORM’s domain-centric mode of usage, the SQL Expression Language provides a schema-centric usage paradigm.</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html">SQL Expression Language Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#version-check">Version Check</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#connecting">Connecting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#define-and-create-tables">Define and Create Tables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#insert-expressions">Insert Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#executing">Executing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#executing-multiple-statements">Executing Multiple Statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#selecting">Selecting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#operators">Operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#conjunctions">Conjunctions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#using-textual-sql">Using Textual SQL</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#using-aliases">Using Aliases</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#using-joins">Using Joins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#everything-else">Everything Else</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#inserts-updates-and-deletes">Inserts, Updates and Deletes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#further-reference">Further Reference</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="expression_api.html">SQL Statements and Expressions API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sqlelement.html">Column Elements and Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="selectable.html">Selectables, Tables, FROM objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dml.html">Insert, Updates, Deletes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html">SQL and Generic Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html">Custom SQL Constructs and Compilation Extension</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="serializer.html">Expression Serializer Extension</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html">Schema Definition Language</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Describing Databases with MetaData</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reflection.html">Reflecting Database Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="defaults.html">Column Insert/Update Defaults</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="constraints.html">Defining Constraints and Indexes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html">Customizing DDL</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html">Column and Data Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="type_basics.html">Column and Data Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="custom_types.html">Custom Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="type_api.html">Base Type API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="engines_connections.html">Engine and Connection Use</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html">Engine Configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html">Working with Engines and Connections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html">Connection Pooling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="events.html">Core Events</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="api_basics.html">Core API Basics</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="event.html">Events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inspection.html">Runtime Inspection API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interfaces.html">Deprecated Event Interfaces</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html">Core Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="internals.html">Core Internals</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="docs-bottom-navigation" class="docs-navigation-links, withsidebar"> Previous: <a href="../orm/examples.html" title="previous chapter">ORM Examples</a> Next: <a href="tutorial.html" title="next chapter">SQL Expression Language Tutorial</a> <div id="docs-copyright"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 2007-2019, the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors. 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