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<div class="section" id="number-protocol">
<span id="number"></span><h1>Number Protocol<a class="headerlink" href="#number-protocol" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Check">
int <code class="descname">PyNumber_Check</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Check" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> if the object <em>o</em> provides numeric protocols, and false otherwise.
This function always succeeds.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Add">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Add</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Add" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of adding <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em>, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. This is the
equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Subtract">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Subtract</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Subtract" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of subtracting <em>o2</em> from <em>o1</em>, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. This is
the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Multiply">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Multiply</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Multiply" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of multiplying <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em>, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. This is
the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Divide">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Divide</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Divide" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of dividing <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em>, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. This is the
equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_FloorDivide">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_FloorDivide</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_FloorDivide" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Return the floor of <em>o1</em> divided by <em>o2</em>, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. This is
equivalent to the “classic” division of integers.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_TrueDivide">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_TrueDivide</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_TrueDivide" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Return a reasonable approximation for the mathematical value of <em>o1</em> divided by
<em>o2</em>, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. The return value is “approximate” because binary
floating point numbers are approximate; it is not possible to represent all real
numbers in base two. This function can return a floating point value when
passed two integers.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Remainder">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Remainder</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Remainder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the remainder of dividing <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em>, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. This is
the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Divmod">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Divmod</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Divmod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-0">See the built-in function <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#divmod" title="divmod"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">divmod()</span></code></a>. Returns <em>NULL</em> on failure. This is
the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">divmod(o1,</span> <span class="pre">o2)</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Power">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Power</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o3</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Power" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-1">See the built-in function <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#pow" title="pow"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pow()</span></code></a>. Returns <em>NULL</em> on failure. This is the
equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pow(o1,</span> <span class="pre">o2,</span> <span class="pre">o3)</span></code>, where <em>o3</em> is optional.
If <em>o3</em> is to be ignored, pass <a class="reference internal" href="none.html#c.Py_None" title="Py_None"><code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_None</span></code></a> in its place (passing <em>NULL</em> for
<em>o3</em> would cause an illegal memory access).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Negative">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Negative</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Negative" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the negation of <em>o</em> on success, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. This is the
equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-o</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Positive">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Positive</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Positive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns <em>o</em> on success, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. This is the equivalent of the
Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+o</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Absolute">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Absolute</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Absolute" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-2">Returns the absolute value of <em>o</em>, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. This is the equivalent
of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abs(o)</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Invert">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Invert</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Invert" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the bitwise negation of <em>o</em> on success, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. This is
the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~o</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Lshift">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Lshift</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Lshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of left shifting <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em> on success, or <em>NULL</em> on
failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre"><<</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Rshift">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Rshift</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Rshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of right shifting <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em> on success, or <em>NULL</em> on
failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_And">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_And</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_And" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the “bitwise and” of <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em> on success and <em>NULL</em> on failure.
This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Xor">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Xor</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Xor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the “bitwise exclusive or” of <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em> on success, or <em>NULL</em> on
failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Or">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Or</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Or" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the “bitwise or” of <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em> on success, or <em>NULL</em> on failure.
This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceAdd">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_InPlaceAdd</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceAdd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of adding <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em>, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. The operation
is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it. This is the equivalent of the Python
statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of subtracting <em>o2</em> from <em>o1</em>, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. The
operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it. This is the equivalent of
the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">-=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceMultiply">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_InPlaceMultiply</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceMultiply" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of multiplying <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em>, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. The
operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it. This is the equivalent of
the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">*=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceDivide">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_InPlaceDivide</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceDivide" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of dividing <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em>, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. The
operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it. This is the equivalent of
the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">/=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceFloorDivide">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_InPlaceFloorDivide</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceFloorDivide" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the mathematical floor of dividing <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em>, or <em>NULL</em> on failure.
The operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it. This is the equivalent
of the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">//=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Return a reasonable approximation for the mathematical value of <em>o1</em> divided by
<em>o2</em>, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. The return value is “approximate” because binary
floating point numbers are approximate; it is not possible to represent all real
numbers in base two. This function can return a floating point value when
passed two integers. The operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceRemainder">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_InPlaceRemainder</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceRemainder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the remainder of dividing <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em>, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. The
operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it. This is the equivalent of
the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">%=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlacePower">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_InPlacePower</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o3</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlacePower" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-3">See the built-in function <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#pow" title="pow"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pow()</span></code></a>. Returns <em>NULL</em> on failure. The operation
is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it. This is the equivalent of the Python
statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">**=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code> when o3 is <a class="reference internal" href="none.html#c.Py_None" title="Py_None"><code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_None</span></code></a>, or an in-place variant of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pow(o1,</span> <span class="pre">o2,</span> <span class="pre">o3)</span></code> otherwise. If <em>o3</em> is to be ignored, pass <a class="reference internal" href="none.html#c.Py_None" title="Py_None"><code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_None</span></code></a>
in its place (passing <em>NULL</em> for <em>o3</em> would cause an illegal memory access).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceLshift">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_InPlaceLshift</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceLshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of left shifting <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em> on success, or <em>NULL</em> on
failure. The operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it. This is the
equivalent of the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre"><<=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceRshift">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_InPlaceRshift</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceRshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of right shifting <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em> on success, or <em>NULL</em> on
failure. The operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it. This is the
equivalent of the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">>>=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceAnd">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_InPlaceAnd</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceAnd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the “bitwise and” of <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em> on success and <em>NULL</em> on failure. The
operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it. This is the equivalent of
the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">&=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceXor">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_InPlaceXor</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceXor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the “bitwise exclusive or” of <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em> on success, or <em>NULL</em> on
failure. The operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it. This is the
equivalent of the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">^=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceOr">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_InPlaceOr</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceOr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the “bitwise or” of <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em> on success, or <em>NULL</em> on failure. The
operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it. This is the equivalent of
the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">|=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Coerce">
int <code class="descname">PyNumber_Coerce</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> **p1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> **p2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Coerce" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-4">This function takes the addresses of two variables of type <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject*</span></code></a>.
If the objects pointed to by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*p1</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*p2</span></code> have the same type, increment
their reference count and return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> (success). If the objects can be
converted to a common numeric type, replace <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*p1</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*p2</span></code> by their
converted value (with ‘new’ reference counts), and return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>. If no
conversion is possible, or if some other error occurs, return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> (failure)
and don’t increment the reference counts. The call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumber_Coerce(&o1,</span>
<span class="pre">&o2)</span></code> is equivalent to the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1,</span> <span class="pre">o2</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">coerce(o1,</span> <span class="pre">o2)</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_CoerceEx">
int <code class="descname">PyNumber_CoerceEx</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> **p1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> **p2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_CoerceEx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This function is similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyNumber_Coerce" title="PyNumber_Coerce"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumber_Coerce()</span></code></a>, except that it returns
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> when the conversion is not possible and when no error is raised.
Reference counts are still not increased in this case.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Int">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Int</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Int" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-5">Returns the <em>o</em> converted to an integer object on success, or <em>NULL</em> on failure.
If the argument is outside the integer range a long object will be returned
instead. This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int(o)</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Long">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Long</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Long" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-6">Returns the <em>o</em> converted to a long integer object on success, or <em>NULL</em> on
failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long(o)</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Float">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Float</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Float" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-7">Returns the <em>o</em> converted to a float object on success, or <em>NULL</em> on failure.
This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float(o)</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Index">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_Index</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Index" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the <em>o</em> converted to a Python int or long on success or <em>NULL</em> with a
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError" title="exceptions.TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> exception raised on failure.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_ToBase">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyNumber_ToBase</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *n</em>, int<em> base</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_ToBase" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the integer <em>n</em> converted to <em>base</em> as a string with a base
marker of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'0b'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'0o'</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'0x'</span></code> if applicable. When
<em>base</em> is not 2, 8, 10, or 16, the format is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'x#num'</span></code> where x is the
base. If <em>n</em> is not an int object, it is converted with
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyNumber_Index" title="PyNumber_Index"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumber_Index()</span></code></a> first.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_AsSsize_t">
Py_ssize_t <code class="descname">PyNumber_AsSsize_t</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *exc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_AsSsize_t" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns <em>o</em> converted to a Py_ssize_t value if <em>o</em> can be interpreted as an
integer. If <em>o</em> can be converted to a Python int or long but the attempt to
convert to a Py_ssize_t value would raise an <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#exceptions.OverflowError" title="exceptions.OverflowError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></code></a>, then the
<em>exc</em> argument is the type of exception that will be raised (usually
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#exceptions.IndexError" title="exceptions.IndexError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IndexError</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#exceptions.OverflowError" title="exceptions.OverflowError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></code></a>). If <em>exc</em> is <em>NULL</em>, then the
exception is cleared and the value is clipped to <em>PY_SSIZE_T_MIN</em> for a negative
integer or <em>PY_SSIZE_T_MAX</em> for a positive integer.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyIndex_Check">
int <code class="descname">PyIndex_Check</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyIndex_Check" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> if <em>o</em> is an index integer (has the nb_index slot of the
tp_as_number structure filled in), and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> otherwise.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
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