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  <div class="section" id="debugging-and-profiling">
<h1>26. Debugging and Profiling<a class="headerlink" href="#debugging-and-profiling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>These libraries help you with Python development: the debugger enables you to
step through code, analyze stack frames and set breakpoints etc., and the
profilers run code and give you a detailed breakdown of execution times,
allowing you to identify bottlenecks in your programs.</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="bdb.html">26.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bdb</span></code> — Debugger framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html">26.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code> — The Python Debugger</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html#debugger-commands">26.3. Debugger Commands</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="profile.html">26.4. The Python Profilers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#introduction-to-the-profilers">26.4.1. Introduction to the profilers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#instant-user-s-manual">26.4.2. Instant User’s Manual</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#module-cProfile">26.4.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profile</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cProfile</span></code> Module Reference</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#the-stats-class">26.4.4. The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Stats</span></code> Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#what-is-deterministic-profiling">26.4.5. What Is Deterministic Profiling?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#limitations">26.4.6. Limitations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#calibration">26.4.7. Calibration</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="hotshot.html">26.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hotshot</span></code> — High performance logging profiler</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hotshot.html#profile-objects">26.5.1. Profile Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hotshot.html#module-hotshot.stats">26.5.2. Using hotshot data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hotshot.html#example-usage">26.5.3. Example Usage</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit.html">26.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeit</span></code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit.html#basic-examples">26.6.1. Basic Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit.html#python-interface">26.6.2. Python Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit.html#command-line-interface">26.6.3. Command-Line Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit.html#examples">26.6.4. Examples</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html">26.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html#command-line-usage">26.7.1. Command-Line Usage</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html#main-options">26.7.1.1. Main options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html#modifiers">26.7.1.2. Modifiers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html#filters">26.7.1.3. Filters</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html#programmatic-interface">26.7.2. Programmatic Interface</a></li>
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