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<div class="section" id="module-email.generator">
<span id="email-generator-generating-mime-documents"></span><h1>18.1.3. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></code></a>: Generating MIME documents<a class="headerlink" href="#module-email.generator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>One of the most common tasks is to generate the flat text of the email message
represented by a message object structure. You will need to do this if you want
to send your message via the <a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#module-smtplib" title="smtplib: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code></a> module or the <a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#module-nntplib" title="nntplib: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code></a> module,
or print the message on the console. Taking a message object structure and
producing a flat text document is the job of the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> class.</p>
<p>Again, as with the <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></code></a> module, you aren’t limited to the
functionality of the bundled generator; you could write one from scratch
yourself. However the bundled generator knows how to generate most email in a
standards-compliant way, should handle MIME and non-MIME email messages just
fine, and is designed so that the transformation from flat text, to a message
structure via the <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#email.parser.Parser" title="email.parser.Parser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Parser</span></code></a> class, and back to flat text,
is idempotent (the input is identical to the output) <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id2" id="id1">1</a>. On the other hand,
using the Generator on a <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message</span></code></a> constructed by program
may result in changes to the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message</span></code></a> object as defaults
are filled in.</p>
<p>Here are the public methods of the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> class, imported from the
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></code></a> module:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="email.generator.Generator">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">email.generator.</code><code class="descname">Generator</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>outfp</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>mangle_from_</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>maxheaderlen</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The constructor for the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> class takes a file-like object called
<em>outfp</em> for an argument. <em>outfp</em> must support the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator.write" title="email.generator.Generator.write"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write()</span></code></a> method and be
usable as the output file in a Python extended print statement.</p>
<p>Optional <em>mangle_from_</em> is a flag that, when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, puts a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">></span></code> character in
front of any line in the body that starts exactly as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">From</span></code>, i.e. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">From</span></code>
followed by a space at the beginning of the line. This is the only guaranteed
portable way to avoid having such lines be mistaken for a Unix mailbox format
envelope header separator (see <a class="reference external" href="https://www.jwz.org/doc/content-length.html">WHY THE CONTENT-LENGTH FORMAT IS BAD</a> for details). <em>mangle_from_</em>
defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, but you might want to set this to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if you are not
writing Unix mailbox format files.</p>
<p>Optional <em>maxheaderlen</em> specifies the longest length for a non-continued header.
When a header line is longer than <em>maxheaderlen</em> (in characters, with tabs
expanded to 8 spaces), the header will be split as defined in the
<a class="reference internal" href="email.header.html#email.header.Header" title="email.header.Header"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Header</span></code></a> class. Set to zero to disable header wrapping.
The default is 78, as recommended (but not required) by <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a>.</p>
<p>The other public <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> methods are:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.generator.Generator.flatten">
<code class="descname">flatten</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>msg</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>unixfrom</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.Generator.flatten" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Print the textual representation of the message object structure rooted at
<em>msg</em> to the output file specified when the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> instance
was created. Subparts are visited depth-first and the resulting text will
be properly MIME encoded.</p>
<p>Optional <em>unixfrom</em> is a flag that forces the printing of the envelope
header delimiter before the first <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a> header of the root message
object. If the root object has no envelope header, a standard one is
crafted. By default, this is set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> to inhibit the printing of
the envelope delimiter.</p>
<p>Note that for subparts, no envelope header is ever printed.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.2.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.generator.Generator.clone">
<code class="descname">clone</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fp</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.Generator.clone" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return an independent clone of this <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> instance with the
exact same options.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.2.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.generator.Generator.write">
<code class="descname">write</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>s</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.Generator.write" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Write the string <em>s</em> to the underlying file object, i.e. <em>outfp</em> passed to
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a>’s constructor. This provides just enough file-like API
for <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> instances to be used in extended print statements.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<p>As a convenience, see the methods <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message.as_string()</span></code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str(aMessage)</span></code>, a.k.a. <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message.__str__()</span></code>, which simplify the generation
of a formatted string representation of a message object. For more detail, see
<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></code></a> module also provides a derived class, called
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.DecodedGenerator" title="email.generator.DecodedGenerator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DecodedGenerator</span></code></a> which is like the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> base class,
except that non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> parts are substituted with a format string
representing the part.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="email.generator.DecodedGenerator">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">email.generator.</code><code class="descname">DecodedGenerator</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>outfp</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>mangle_from_</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>maxheaderlen</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>fmt</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.DecodedGenerator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This class, derived from <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> walks through all the subparts of a
message. If the subpart is of main type <em class="mimetype">text</em>, then it prints the
decoded payload of the subpart. Optional <em>_mangle_from_</em> and <em>maxheaderlen</em> are
as with the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> base class.</p>
<p>If the subpart is not of main type <em class="mimetype">text</em>, optional <em>fmt</em> is a format
string that is used instead of the message payload. <em>fmt</em> is expanded with the
following keywords, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%(keyword)s</span></code> format:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type</span></code> – Full MIME type of the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">maintype</span></code> – Main MIME type of the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subtype</span></code> – Sub-MIME type of the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filename</span></code> – Filename of the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">description</span></code> – Description associated with the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encoding</span></code> – Content transfer encoding of the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</p></li>
</ul>
<p>The default value for <em>fmt</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, meaning</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Non</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">part</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">message</span> <span class="n">omitted</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.2.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.5: </span>The previously deprecated method <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__call__" title="object.__call__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__call__()</span></code></a> was removed.</p>
</div>
<p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>
<dl class="footnote brackets">
<dt class="label" id="id2"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">1</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>This statement assumes that you use the appropriate setting for the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unixfrom</span></code> argument, and that you set maxheaderlen=0 (which will
preserve whatever the input line lengths were). It is also not strictly
true, since in many cases runs of whitespace in headers are collapsed
into single blanks. The latter is a bug that will eventually be fixed.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
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