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<div class="section" id="the-python-standard-library">
<span id="library-index"></span><h1>The Python Standard Library<a class="headerlink" href="#the-python-standard-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>While <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/index.html#reference-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Language Reference</span></a> describes the exact syntax and
semantics of the Python language, this library reference manual
describes the standard library that is distributed with Python. It also
describes some of the optional components that are commonly included
in Python distributions.</p>
<p>Python’s standard library is very extensive, offering a wide range of
facilities as indicated by the long table of contents listed below. The
library contains built-in modules (written in C) that provide access to
system functionality such as file I/O that would otherwise be
inaccessible to Python programmers, as well as modules written in Python
that provide standardized solutions for many problems that occur in
everyday programming. Some of these modules are explicitly designed to
encourage and enhance the portability of Python programs by abstracting
away platform-specifics into platform-neutral APIs.</p>
<p>The Python installers for the Windows platform usually include
the entire standard library and often also include many additional
components. For Unix-like operating systems Python is normally provided
as a collection of packages, so it may be necessary to use the packaging
tools provided with the operating system to obtain some or all of the
optional components.</p>
<p>In addition to the standard library, there is a growing collection of
several thousand components (from individual programs and modules to
packages and entire application development frameworks), available from
the <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org">Python Package Index</a>.</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html">1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html">2. Built-in Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#non-essential-built-in-functions">3. Non-essential Built-in Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html">4. Built-in Constants</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#constants-added-by-the-site-module">4.1. Constants added by the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code> module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html">5. Built-in Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing">5.1. Truth Value Testing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#boolean-operations-and-or-not">5.2. Boolean Operations — <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">and</span></code>, <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">or</span></code>, <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#comparisons">5.3. Comparisons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#numeric-types-int-float-long-complex">5.4. Numeric Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">complex</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#iterator-types">5.5. Iterator Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#sequence-types-str-unicode-list-tuple-bytearray-buffer-xrange">5.6. Sequence Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicode</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tuple</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">buffer</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xrange</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set-types-set-frozenset">5.7. Set Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#mapping-types-dict">5.8. Mapping Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#file-objects">5.9. File Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#memoryview-type">5.10. memoryview type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#context-manager-types">5.11. Context Manager Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#other-built-in-types">5.12. Other Built-in Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#special-attributes">5.13. Special Attributes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html">6. Built-in Exceptions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exception-hierarchy">6.1. Exception hierarchy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="strings.html">7. String Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string.html">7.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code> — Common string operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="re.html">7.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re</span></code> — Regular expression operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="struct.html">7.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">struct</span></code> — Interpret strings as packed binary data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="difflib.html">7.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">difflib</span></code> — Helpers for computing deltas</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stringio.html">7.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StringIO</span></code> — Read and write strings as files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stringio.html#module-cStringIO">7.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cStringIO</span></code> — Faster version of <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StringIO</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="textwrap.html">7.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">textwrap</span></code> — Text wrapping and filling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codecs.html">7.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codecs</span></code> — Codec registry and base classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unicodedata.html">7.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicodedata</span></code> — Unicode Database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stringprep.html">7.10. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stringprep</span></code> — Internet String Preparation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fpformat.html">7.11. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fpformat</span></code> — Floating point conversions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="datatypes.html">8. Data Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html">8.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code> — Basic date and time types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">8.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">calendar</span></code> — General calendar-related functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html">8.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections</span></code> — High-performance container datatypes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="heapq.html">8.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">heapq</span></code> — Heap queue algorithm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bisect.html">8.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bisect</span></code> — Array bisection algorithm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array.html">8.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">array</span></code> — Efficient arrays of numeric values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sets.html">8.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sets</span></code> — Unordered collections of unique elements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sched.html">8.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sched</span></code> — Event scheduler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mutex.html">8.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mutex</span></code> — Mutual exclusion support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queue.html">8.10. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Queue</span></code> — A synchronized queue class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="weakref.html">8.11. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">weakref</span></code> — Weak references</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="userdict.html">8.12. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code> — Class wrapper for dictionary objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="userdict.html#module-UserList">8.13. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code> — Class wrapper for list objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="userdict.html#module-UserString">8.14. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code> — Class wrapper for string objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html">8.15. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">types</span></code> — Names for built-in types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="new.html">8.16. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">new</span></code> — Creation of runtime internal objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="copy.html">8.17. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> — Shallow and deep copy operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pprint.html">8.18. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pprint</span></code> — Data pretty printer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="repr.html">8.19. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr</span></code> — Alternate <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code> implementation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="numeric.html">9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html">9.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers</span></code> — Numeric abstract base classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="math.html">9.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math</span></code> — Mathematical functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html">9.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmath</span></code> — Mathematical functions for complex numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html">9.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code> — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fractions.html">9.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fractions</span></code> — Rational numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="random.html">9.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">random</span></code> — Generate pseudo-random numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="itertools.html">9.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools</span></code> — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functools.html">9.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">functools</span></code> — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="operator.html">9.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code> — Standard operators as functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="filesys.html">10. File and Directory Access</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html">10.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code> — Common pathname manipulations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fileinput.html">10.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fileinput</span></code> — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stat.html">10.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stat</span></code> — Interpreting <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stat()</span></code> results</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="statvfs.html">10.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">statvfs</span></code> — Constants used with <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.statvfs()</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="filecmp.html">10.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filecmp</span></code> — File and Directory Comparisons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tempfile.html">10.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tempfile</span></code> — Generate temporary files and directories</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="glob.html">10.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code> — Unix style pathname pattern expansion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch.html">10.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatch</span></code> — Unix filename pattern matching</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="linecache.html">10.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">linecache</span></code> — Random access to text lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shutil.html">10.10. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shutil</span></code> — High-level file operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dircache.html">10.11. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dircache</span></code> — Cached directory listings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="macpath.html">10.12. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">macpath</span></code> — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="persistence.html">11. Data Persistence</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html">11.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code> — Python object serialization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-cPickle">11.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cPickle</span></code> — A faster <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="copy_reg.html">11.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy_reg</span></code> — Register <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code> support functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shelve.html">11.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shelve</span></code> — Python object persistence</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="marshal.html">11.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal</span></code> — Internal Python object serialization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="anydbm.html">11.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">anydbm</span></code> — Generic access to DBM-style databases</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whichdb.html">11.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">whichdb</span></code> — Guess which DBM module created a database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbm.html">11.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dbm</span></code> — Simple “database” interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gdbm.html">11.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gdbm</span></code> — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbhash.html">11.10. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dbhash</span></code> — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bsddb.html">11.11. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code> — Interface to Berkeley DB library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dumbdbm.html">11.12. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dumbdbm</span></code> — Portable DBM implementation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sqlite3.html">11.13. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlite3</span></code> — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="archiving.html">12. Data Compression and Archiving</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zlib.html">12.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zlib</span></code> — Compression compatible with <strong class="program">gzip</strong></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gzip.html">12.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gzip</span></code> — Support for <strong class="program">gzip</strong> files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bz2.html">12.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bz2</span></code> — Compression compatible with <strong class="program">bzip2</strong></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipfile.html">12.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipfile</span></code> — Work with ZIP archives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tarfile.html">12.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tarfile</span></code> — Read and write tar archive files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="fileformats.html">13. File Formats</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="csv.html">13.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">csv</span></code> — CSV File Reading and Writing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configparser.html">13.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConfigParser</span></code> — Configuration file parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="robotparser.html">13.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">robotparser</span></code> — Parser for robots.txt</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="netrc.html">13.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netrc</span></code> — netrc file processing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xdrlib.html">13.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xdrlib</span></code> — Encode and decode XDR data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="plistlib.html">13.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plistlib</span></code> — Generate and parse Mac OS X <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.plist</span></code> files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="crypto.html">14. Cryptographic Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hashlib.html">14.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hashlib</span></code> — Secure hashes and message digests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hmac.html">14.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hmac</span></code> — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="md5.html">14.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">md5</span></code> — MD5 message digest algorithm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sha.html">14.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sha</span></code> — SHA-1 message digest algorithm</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="allos.html">15. Generic Operating System Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html">15.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html">15.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io</span></code> — Core tools for working with streams</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html">15.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code> — Time access and conversions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html">15.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code> — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html">15.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code> — Parser for command line options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getopt.html">15.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt</span></code> — C-style parser for command line options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html">15.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging</span></code> — Logging facility for Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html">15.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code> — Logging configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html">15.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code> — Logging handlers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html">15.10. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code> — Portable password input</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html">15.11. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses</span></code> — Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#module-curses.textpad">15.12. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.textpad</span></code> — Text input widget for curses programs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.ascii.html">15.13. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.ascii</span></code> — Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html">15.14. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.panel</span></code> — A panel stack extension for curses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html">15.15. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">platform</span></code> — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errno.html">15.16. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">errno</span></code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html">15.17. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> — A foreign function library for Python</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="someos.html">16. Optional Operating System Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html">16.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span></code> — Waiting for I/O completion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html">16.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> — Higher-level threading interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="thread.html">16.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thread</span></code> — Multiple threads of control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dummy_threading.html">16.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dummy_threading</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dummy_thread.html">16.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dummy_thread</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thread</span></code> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html">16.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code> — Process-based “threading” interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mmap.html">16.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mmap</span></code> — Memory-mapped file support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html">16.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code> — GNU readline interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="rlcompleter.html">16.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></code> — Completion function for GNU readline</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ipc.html">17. Interprocess Communication and Networking</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html">17.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> — Subprocess management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html">17.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket</span></code> — Low-level networking interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html">17.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl</span></code> — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="signal.html">17.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal</span></code> — Set handlers for asynchronous events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="popen2.html">17.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">popen2</span></code> — Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncore.html">17.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncore</span></code> — Asynchronous socket handler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asynchat.html">17.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asynchat</span></code> — Asynchronous socket command/response handler</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="netdata.html">18. Internet Data Handling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">18.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code> — An email and MIME handling package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="json.html">18.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code> — JSON encoder and decoder</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mailcap.html">18.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailcap</span></code> — Mailcap file handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mailbox.html">18.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></code> — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mhlib.html">18.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mhlib</span></code> — Access to MH mailboxes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mimetools.html">18.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mimetools</span></code> — Tools for parsing MIME messages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mimetypes.html">18.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mimetypes</span></code> — Map filenames to MIME types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mimewriter.html">18.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MimeWriter</span></code> — Generic MIME file writer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mimify.html">18.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mimify</span></code> — MIME processing of mail messages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multifile.html">18.10. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multifile</span></code> — Support for files containing distinct parts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="rfc822.html">18.11. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rfc822</span></code> — Parse RFC 2822 mail headers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="base64.html">18.12. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64</span></code> — RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="binhex.html">18.13. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binhex</span></code> — Encode and decode binhex4 files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="binascii.html">18.14. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code> — Convert between binary and ASCII</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quopri.html">18.15. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quopri</span></code> — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uu.html">18.16. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uu</span></code> — Encode and decode uuencode files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="markup.html">19. Structured Markup Processing Tools</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="htmlparser.html">19.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTMLParser</span></code> — Simple HTML and XHTML parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sgmllib.html">19.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sgmllib</span></code> — Simple SGML parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="htmllib.html">19.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">htmllib</span></code> — A parser for HTML documents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="htmllib.html#module-htmlentitydefs">19.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">htmlentitydefs</span></code> — Definitions of HTML general entities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.html">19.5. XML Processing Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.html#xml-vulnerabilities">19.6. XML vulnerabilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html">19.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.etree.ElementTree</span></code> — The ElementTree XML API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html">19.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></code> — The Document Object Model API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.minidom.html">19.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.minidom</span></code> — Minimal DOM implementation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.pulldom.html">19.10. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.pulldom</span></code> — Support for building partial DOM trees</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.html">19.11. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></code> — Support for SAX2 parsers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.handler.html">19.12. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.handler</span></code> — Base classes for SAX handlers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.utils.html">19.13. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.saxutils</span></code> — SAX Utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader.html">19.14. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.xmlreader</span></code> — Interface for XML parsers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html">19.15. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></code> — Fast XML parsing using Expat</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="internet.html">20. Internet Protocols and Support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser.html">20.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code> — Convenient Web-browser controller</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html">20.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> — Common Gateway Interface support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgitb.html">20.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgitb</span></code> — Traceback manager for CGI scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html">20.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html">20.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> — Open arbitrary resources by URL</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html">20.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib2</span></code> — extensible library for opening URLs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="httplib.html">20.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">httplib</span></code> — HTTP protocol client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html">20.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></code> — FTP protocol client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html">20.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code> — POP3 protocol client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html">20.10. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html">20.11. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code> — NNTP protocol client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html">20.12. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code> — SMTP protocol client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html">20.13. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></code> — SMTP Server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html">20.14. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">telnetlib</span></code> — Telnet client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html">20.15. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code> — UUID objects according to RFC 4122</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urlparse.html">20.16. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urlparse</span></code> — Parse URLs into components</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html">20.17. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SocketServer</span></code> — A framework for network servers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="basehttpserver.html">20.18. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BaseHTTPServer</span></code> — Basic HTTP server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simplehttpserver.html">20.19. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SimpleHTTPServer</span></code> — Simple HTTP request handler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgihttpserver.html">20.20. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CGIHTTPServer</span></code> — CGI-capable HTTP request handler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookielib.html">20.21. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></code> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html">20.22. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></code> — HTTP state management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpclib.html">20.23. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpclib</span></code> — XML-RPC client access</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simplexmlrpcserver.html">20.24. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span></code> — Basic XML-RPC server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="docxmlrpcserver.html">20.25. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DocXMLRPCServer</span></code> — Self-documenting XML-RPC server</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mm.html">21. Multimedia Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="audioop.html">21.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">audioop</span></code> — Manipulate raw audio data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imageop.html">21.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imageop</span></code> — Manipulate raw image data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="aifc.html">21.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aifc</span></code> — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sunau.html">21.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sunau</span></code> — Read and write Sun AU files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wave.html">21.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wave</span></code> — Read and write WAV files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="chunk.html">21.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">chunk</span></code> — Read IFF chunked data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="colorsys.html">21.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">colorsys</span></code> — Conversions between color systems</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imghdr.html">21.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imghdr</span></code> — Determine the type of an image</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sndhdr.html">21.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sndhdr</span></code> — Determine type of sound file</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ossaudiodev.html">21.10. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ossaudiodev</span></code> — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="i18n.html">22. Internationalization</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html">22.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gettext</span></code> — Multilingual internationalization services</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="locale.html">22.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">locale</span></code> — Internationalization services</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="frameworks.html">23. Program Frameworks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmd.html">23.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd</span></code> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shlex.html">23.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code> — Simple lexical analysis</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tk.html">24. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.html">24.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tkinter</span></code> — Python interface to Tcl/Tk</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ttk.html">24.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ttk</span></code> — Tk themed widgets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tix.html">24.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tix</span></code> — Extension widgets for Tk</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="scrolledtext.html">24.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ScrolledText</span></code> — Scrolled Text Widget</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="turtle.html">24.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> — Turtle graphics for Tk</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="idle.html">24.6. IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="othergui.html">24.7. Other Graphical User Interface Packages</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="development.html">25. Development Tools</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pydoc.html">25.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code> — Documentation generator and online help system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html">25.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code> — Test interactive Python examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html">25.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code> — Unit testing framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2to3.html">25.4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html">25.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> — Regression tests package for Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support">25.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support</span></code> — Utility functions for tests</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="debug.html">26. Debugging and Profiling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bdb.html">26.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bdb</span></code> — Debugger framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html">26.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code> — The Python Debugger</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html#debugger-commands">26.3. Debugger Commands</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profile.html">26.4. The Python Profilers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hotshot.html">26.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hotshot</span></code> — High performance logging profiler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit.html">26.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeit</span></code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html">26.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="distribution.html">27. Software Packaging and Distribution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils.html">27.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils</span></code> — Building and installing Python modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ensurepip.html">27.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ensurepip</span></code> — Bootstrapping the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> installer</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="python.html">28. Python Runtime Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sys.html">28.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code> — System-specific parameters and functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sysconfig.html">28.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sysconfig</span></code> — Provide access to Python’s configuration information</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="__builtin__.html">28.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__builtin__</span></code> — Built-in objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="future_builtins.html">28.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">future_builtins</span></code> — Python 3 builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html">28.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> — Top-level script environment</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="warnings.html">28.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">warnings</span></code> — Warning control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contextlib.html">28.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contextlib</span></code> — Utilities for <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code>-statement contexts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="abc.html">28.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abc</span></code> — Abstract Base Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="atexit.html">28.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> — Exit handlers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="traceback.html">28.10. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">traceback</span></code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="__future__.html">28.11. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code> — Future statement definitions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gc.html">28.12. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gc</span></code> — Garbage Collector interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inspect.html">28.13. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inspect</span></code> — Inspect live objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="site.html">28.14. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code> — Site-specific configuration hook</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user.html">28.15. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">user</span></code> — User-specific configuration hook</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fpectl.html">28.16. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fpectl</span></code> — Floating point exception control</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="custominterp.html">29. Custom Python Interpreters</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="code.html">29.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code</span></code> — Interpreter base classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codeop.html">29.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codeop</span></code> — Compile Python code</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="restricted.html">30. Restricted Execution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="rexec.html">30.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rexec</span></code> — Restricted execution framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bastion.html">30.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Bastion</span></code> — Restricting access to objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html">31. Importing Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imp.html">31.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imp</span></code> — Access the <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code> internals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html">31.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code> — Convenience wrappers for <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__import__()</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imputil.html">31.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imputil</span></code> — Import utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipimport.html">31.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipimport</span></code> — Import modules from Zip archives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pkgutil.html">31.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkgutil</span></code> — Package extension utility</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modulefinder.html">31.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">modulefinder</span></code> — Find modules used by a script</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="runpy.html">31.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runpy</span></code> — Locating and executing Python modules</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">32. Python Language Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">32.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code> — Access Python parse trees</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ast.html">32.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> — Abstract Syntax Trees</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="symtable.html">32.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">symtable</span></code> — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="symbol.html">32.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">symbol</span></code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="token.html">32.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">token</span></code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="keyword.html">32.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keyword</span></code> — Testing for Python keywords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tokenize.html">32.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></code> — Tokenizer for Python source</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tabnanny.html">32.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tabnanny</span></code> — Detection of ambiguous indentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyclbr.html">32.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyclbr</span></code> — Python class browser support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="py_compile.html">32.10. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py_compile</span></code> — Compile Python source files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compileall.html">32.11. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compileall</span></code> — Byte-compile Python libraries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dis.html">32.12. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickletools.html">32.13. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickletools</span></code> — Tools for pickle developers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html">33. Python compiler package</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#module-compiler">33.1. The basic interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#limitations">33.2. Limitations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#python-abstract-syntax">33.3. Python Abstract Syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#module-compiler.visitor">33.4. Using Visitors to Walk ASTs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#bytecode-generation">33.5. Bytecode Generation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="misc.html">34. Miscellaneous Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="formatter.html">34.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">formatter</span></code> — Generic output formatting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html">35. MS Windows Specific Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="msilib.html">35.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msilib</span></code> — Read and write Microsoft Installer files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="msvcrt.html">35.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt</span></code> — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="_winreg.html">35.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_winreg</span></code> — Windows registry access</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="winsound.html">35.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">winsound</span></code> — Sound-playing interface for Windows</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unix.html">36. Unix Specific Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="posix.html">36.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix</span></code> — The most common POSIX system calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pwd.html">36.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pwd</span></code> — The password database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="spwd.html">36.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">spwd</span></code> — The shadow password database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="grp.html">36.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">grp</span></code> — The group database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="crypt.html">36.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt</span></code> — Function to check Unix passwords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dl.html">36.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dl</span></code> — Call C functions in shared objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="termios.html">36.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">termios</span></code> — POSIX style tty control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tty.html">36.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tty</span></code> — Terminal control functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pty.html">36.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pty</span></code> — Pseudo-terminal utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fcntl.html">36.10. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></code> — The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ioctl</span></code> system calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pipes.html">36.11. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pipes</span></code> — Interface to shell pipelines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="posixfile.html">36.12. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posixfile</span></code> — File-like objects with locking support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="resource.html">36.13. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resource</span></code> — Resource usage information</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nis.html">36.14. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nis</span></code> — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="syslog.html">36.15. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">syslog</span></code> — Unix syslog library routines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="commands.html">36.16. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commands</span></code> — Utilities for running commands</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mac.html">37. Mac OS X specific services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ic.html">37.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ic</span></code> — Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="macos.html">37.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MacOS</span></code> — Access to Mac OS interpreter features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="macostools.html">37.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">macostools</span></code> — Convenience routines for file manipulation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="macostools.html#module-findertools">37.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">findertools</span></code> — The <strong class="program">finder</strong>’s Apple Events interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="easydialogs.html">37.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EasyDialogs</span></code> — Basic Macintosh dialogs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="framework.html">37.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FrameWork</span></code> — Interactive application framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autogil.html">37.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">autoGIL</span></code> — Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="carbon.html">37.8. Mac OS Toolbox Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="colorpicker.html">37.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ColorPicker</span></code> — Color selection dialog</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="macosa.html">38. MacPython OSA Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gensuitemodule.html">38.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gensuitemodule</span></code> — Generate OSA stub packages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="aetools.html">38.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aetools</span></code> — OSA client support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="aepack.html">38.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aepack</span></code> — Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="aetypes.html">38.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aetypes</span></code> — AppleEvent objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="miniaeframe.html">38.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MiniAEFrame</span></code> — Open Scripting Architecture server support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sgi.html">39. SGI IRIX Specific Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="al.html">39.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">al</span></code> — Audio functions on the SGI</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="al.html#module-AL">39.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AL</span></code> — Constants used with the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">al</span></code> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cd.html">39.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cd</span></code> — CD-ROM access on SGI systems</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fl.html">39.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fl</span></code> — FORMS library for graphical user interfaces</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fl.html#module-FL">39.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FL</span></code> — Constants used with the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fl</span></code> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fl.html#module-flp">39.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flp</span></code> — Functions for loading stored FORMS designs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fm.html">39.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fm</span></code> — <em>Font Manager</em> interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gl.html">39.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gl</span></code> — <em>Graphics Library</em> interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gl.html#module-DEVICE">39.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DEVICE</span></code> — Constants used with the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gl</span></code> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gl.html#module-GL">39.10. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GL</span></code> — Constants used with the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gl</span></code> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imgfile.html">39.11. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imgfile</span></code> — Support for SGI imglib files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="jpeg.html">39.12. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">jpeg</span></code> — Read and write JPEG files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sun.html">40. SunOS Specific Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sunaudio.html">40.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sunaudiodev</span></code> — Access to Sun audio hardware</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sunaudio.html#module-SUNAUDIODEV">40.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SUNAUDIODEV</span></code> — Constants used with <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sunaudiodev</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html">41. Undocumented Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html#miscellaneous-useful-utilities">41.1. Miscellaneous useful utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html#platform-specific-modules">41.2. Platform specific modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html#multimedia">41.3. Multimedia</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html#undocumented-mac-os-modules">41.4. Undocumented Mac OS modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html#obsolete">41.5. Obsolete</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html#sgi-specific-extension-modules">41.6. SGI-specific Extension modules</a></li>
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