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<div class="section" id="interprocess-communication-and-networking">
<span id="ipc"></span><h1>17. Interprocess Communication and Networking<a class="headerlink" href="#interprocess-communication-and-networking" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The modules described in this chapter provide mechanisms for different processes
to communicate.</p>
<p>Some modules only work for two processes that are on the same machine, e.g.
<a class="reference internal" href="signal.html#module-signal" title="signal: Set handlers for asynchronous events."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#module-subprocess" title="subprocess: Subprocess management."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code></a>. Other modules support networking protocols
that two or more processes can use to communicate across machines.</p>
<p>The list of modules described in this chapter is:</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html">17.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> — Subprocess management</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#using-the-subprocess-module">17.1.1. Using the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> Module</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#frequently-used-arguments">17.1.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#popen-constructor">17.1.1.2. Popen Constructor</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#exceptions">17.1.1.3. Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#security">17.1.1.4. Security</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#popen-objects">17.1.2. Popen Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#windows-popen-helpers">17.1.3. Windows Popen Helpers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#constants">17.1.3.1. Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-older-functions-with-the-subprocess-module">17.1.4. Replacing Older Functions with the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> Module</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-bin-sh-shell-backquote">17.1.4.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-shell-pipeline">17.1.4.2. Replacing shell pipeline</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-os-system">17.1.4.3. Replacing <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.system()</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-the-os-spawn-family">17.1.4.4. Replacing the <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.spawn</span></code> family</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-os-popen-os-popen2-os-popen3">17.1.4.5. Replacing <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen2()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen3()</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-functions-from-the-popen2-module">17.1.4.6. Replacing functions from the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">popen2</span></code> module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#notes">17.1.5. Notes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#converting-an-argument-sequence-to-a-string-on-windows">17.1.5.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html">17.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket</span></code> — Low-level networking interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#socket-objects">17.2.1. Socket Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#example">17.2.2. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html">17.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl</span></code> — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#functions-constants-and-exceptions">17.3.1. Functions, Constants, and Exceptions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#socket-creation">17.3.1.1. Socket creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#context-creation">17.3.1.2. Context creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#random-generation">17.3.1.3. Random generation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#certificate-handling">17.3.1.4. Certificate handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#constants">17.3.1.5. Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl-sockets">17.3.2. SSL Sockets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl-contexts">17.3.3. SSL Contexts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#certificates">17.3.4. Certificates</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#certificate-chains">17.3.4.1. Certificate chains</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ca-certificates">17.3.4.2. CA certificates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#combined-key-and-certificate">17.3.4.3. Combined key and certificate</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#self-signed-certificates">17.3.4.4. Self-signed certificates</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#examples">17.3.5. Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#testing-for-ssl-support">17.3.5.1. Testing for SSL support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#client-side-operation">17.3.5.2. Client-side operation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#server-side-operation">17.3.5.3. Server-side operation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#notes-on-non-blocking-sockets">17.3.6. Notes on non-blocking sockets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#security-considerations">17.3.7. Security considerations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#best-defaults">17.3.7.1. Best defaults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#manual-settings">17.3.7.2. Manual settings</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#verifying-certificates">17.3.7.2.1. Verifying certificates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#protocol-versions">17.3.7.2.2. Protocol versions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#cipher-selection">17.3.7.2.3. Cipher selection</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#multi-processing">17.3.7.3. Multi-processing</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#libressl-support">17.3.8. LibreSSL support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="signal.html">17.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal</span></code> — Set handlers for asynchronous events</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="signal.html#example">17.4.1. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="popen2.html">17.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">popen2</span></code> — Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="popen2.html#popen3-and-popen4-objects">17.5.1. Popen3 and Popen4 Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="popen2.html#flow-control-issues">17.5.2. Flow Control Issues</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncore.html">17.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncore</span></code> — Asynchronous socket handler</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncore.html#asyncore-example-basic-http-client">17.6.1. asyncore Example basic HTTP client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncore.html#asyncore-example-basic-echo-server">17.6.2. asyncore Example basic echo server</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="asynchat.html">17.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asynchat</span></code> — Asynchronous socket command/response handler</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asynchat.html#asynchat-auxiliary-classes">17.7.1. asynchat - Auxiliary Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asynchat.html#asynchat-example">17.7.2. asynchat Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
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