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<div class="section" id="macpython-osa-modules">
<span id="mac-scripting"></span><h1>38. MacPython OSA Modules<a class="headerlink" href="#macpython-osa-modules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>This chapter describes the current implementation of the Open Scripting
Architecture (OSA, also commonly referred to as AppleScript) for Python,
allowing you to control scriptable applications from your Python program,
and with a fairly pythonic interface. Development on this set of modules has
stopped.</p>
<p>For a description of the various components of AppleScript and OSA, and to get
an understanding of the architecture and terminology, you should read Apple’s
documentation. The “Applescript Language Guide” explains the conceptual model
and the terminology, and documents the standard suite. The “Open Scripting
Architecture” document explains how to use OSA from an application programmers
point of view. In the Apple Help Viewer these books are located in the Developer
Documentation, Core Technologies section.</p>
<p>As an example of scripting an application, the following piece of AppleScript
will get the name of the frontmost <strong class="program">Finder</strong> window and print it:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">tell</span> <span class="n">application</span> <span class="s2">"Finder"</span>
<span class="n">get</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">window</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="n">end</span> <span class="n">tell</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In Python, the following code fragment will do the same:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">Finder</span>
<span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Finder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Finder</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">print</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">window</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>As distributed the Python library includes packages that implement the standard
suites, plus packages that interface to a small number of common applications.</p>
<p>To send AppleEvents to an application you must first create the Python package
interfacing to the terminology of the application (what <strong class="program">Script Editor</strong>
calls the “Dictionary”). This can be done from within the <strong class="program">PythonIDE</strong>
or by running the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gensuitemodule.py</span></code> module as a standalone program from
the command line.</p>
<p>The generated output is a package with a number of modules, one for every suite
used in the program plus an <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__init__</span></code> module to glue it all together. The
Python inheritance graph follows the AppleScript inheritance graph, so if a
program’s dictionary specifies that it includes support for the Standard Suite,
but extends one or two verbs with extra arguments then the output suite will
contain a module <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Standard_Suite</span></code> that imports and re-exports everything
from <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StdSuites.Standard_Suite</span></code> but overrides the methods that have extra
functionality. The output of <a class="reference internal" href="gensuitemodule.html#module-gensuitemodule" title="gensuitemodule: Create a stub package from an OSA dictionary (Mac)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gensuitemodule</span></code></a> is pretty readable, and
contains the documentation that was in the original AppleScript dictionary in
Python docstrings, so reading it is a good source of documentation.</p>
<p>The output package implements a main class with the same name as the package
which contains all the AppleScript verbs as methods, with the direct object as
the first argument and all optional parameters as keyword arguments. AppleScript
classes are also implemented as Python classes, as are comparisons and all the
other thingies.</p>
<p>The main Python class implementing the verbs also allows access to the
properties and elements declared in the AppleScript class “application”. In the
current release that is as far as the object orientation goes, so in the example
above we need to use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f.get(f.window(1).name)</span></code> instead of the more Pythonic
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f.window(1).name.get()</span></code>.</p>
<p>If an AppleScript identifier is not a Python identifier the name is mangled
according to a small number of rules:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>spaces are replaced with underscores</p></li>
<li><p>other non-alphanumeric characters are replaced with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_xx_</span></code> where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xx</span></code> is
the hexadecimal character value</p></li>
<li><p>any Python reserved word gets an underscore appended</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Python also has support for creating scriptable applications in Python, but The
following modules are relevant to MacPython AppleScript support:</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="gensuitemodule.html">38.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gensuitemodule</span></code> — Generate OSA stub packages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="aetools.html">38.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aetools</span></code> — OSA client support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="aepack.html">38.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aepack</span></code> — Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="aetypes.html">38.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aetypes</span></code> — AppleEvent objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="miniaeframe.html">38.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MiniAEFrame</span></code> — Open Scripting Architecture server support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="miniaeframe.html#aeserver-objects">38.5.1. AEServer Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>In addition, support modules have been pre-generated for <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Finder</span></code>,
<code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Terminal</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Explorer</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Netscape</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CodeWarrior</span></code>,
<code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemEvents</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StdSuites</span></code>.</p>
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