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<div class="section" id="module-operator">
<span id="operator-standard-operators-as-functions"></span><h1>9.9. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> — Standard operators as functions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-operator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> module exports a set of efficient functions corresponding to
the intrinsic operators of Python. For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.add(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></code> is
equivalent to the expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x+y</span></code>. The function names are those used for
special class methods; variants without leading and trailing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__</span></code> are also
provided for convenience.</p>
<p>The functions fall into categories that perform object comparisons, logical
operations, mathematical operations, sequence operations, and abstract type
tests.</p>
<p>The object comparison functions are useful for all objects, and are named after
the rich comparison operators they support:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.lt">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">lt</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.lt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.le">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">le</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.le" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.eq">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">eq</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.eq" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.ne">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">ne</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ne" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.ge">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">ge</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ge" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.gt">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">gt</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.gt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__lt__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__lt__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__lt__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__le__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__le__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__le__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__eq__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__eq__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__eq__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ne__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__ne__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ne__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ge__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__ge__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ge__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__gt__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__gt__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__gt__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Perform “rich comparisons” between <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>. Specifically, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is
equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">le(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eq(a,</span>
<span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ne(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">></span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ge(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span>
<span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>. Note that unlike the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#cmp" title="cmp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmp()</span></code></a>, these functions can
return any value, which may or may not be interpretable as a Boolean value.
See <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#comparisons"><span class="std std-ref">Comparisons</span></a> for more information about rich comparisons.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>The logical operations are also generally applicable to all objects, and support
truth tests, identity tests, and boolean operations:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.not_">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">not_</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.not_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__not__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__not__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__not__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the outcome of <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#not"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not</span></code></a> <em>obj</em>. (Note that there is no
<a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__not__" title="operator.__not__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__not__()</span></code></a> method for object instances; only the interpreter core defines
this operation. The result is affected by the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__nonzero__" title="object.__nonzero__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__nonzero__()</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__len__" title="object.__len__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__len__()</span></code></a> methods.)</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.truth">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">truth</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.truth" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code></a> if <em>obj</em> is true, and <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#False" title="False"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code></a> otherwise. This is
equivalent to using the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bool" title="bool"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bool</span></code></a> constructor.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.is_">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">is_</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.is_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>. Tests object identity.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.is_not">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">is_not</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.is_not" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>. Tests object identity.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>The mathematical and bitwise operations are the most numerous:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.abs">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">abs</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.abs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__abs__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__abs__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__abs__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the absolute value of <em>obj</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.add">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">add</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.add" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__add__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__add__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__add__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.and_">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">and_</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.and_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__and__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__and__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__and__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the bitwise and of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.div">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">div</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.div" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__div__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__div__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__div__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></code> is not in effect. This is
also known as “classic” division.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.floordiv">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">floordiv</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.floordiv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__floordiv__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__floordiv__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__floordiv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.index">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">index</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.index" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__index__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__index__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__index__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>a</em> converted to an integer. Equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a.__index__()</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.inv">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">inv</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.inv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.invert">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">invert</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.invert" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__inv__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__inv__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__inv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__invert__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__invert__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__invert__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the bitwise inverse of the number <em>obj</em>. This is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~obj</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.0: </span>The names <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.invert" title="operator.invert"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">invert()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__invert__" title="operator.__invert__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__invert__()</span></code></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.lshift">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">lshift</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.lshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__lshift__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__lshift__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__lshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>a</em> shifted left by <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.mod">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">mod</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.mod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__mod__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__mod__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__mod__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.mul">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">mul</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.mul" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__mul__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__mul__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__mul__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.neg">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">neg</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.neg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__neg__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__neg__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__neg__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>obj</em> negated (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-obj</span></code>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.or_">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">or_</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.or_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__or__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__or__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__or__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the bitwise or of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.pos">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">pos</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.pos" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__pos__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__pos__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__pos__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>obj</em> positive (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+obj</span></code>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.pow">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">pow</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.pow" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__pow__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__pow__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__pow__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.rshift">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">rshift</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.rshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__rshift__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__rshift__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__rshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>a</em> shifted right by <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.sub">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">sub</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.sub" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__sub__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__sub__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__sub__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.truediv">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">truediv</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.truediv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__truediv__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__truediv__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__truediv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></code> is in effect. This is also
known as “true” division.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.xor">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">xor</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.xor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__xor__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__xor__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__xor__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the bitwise exclusive or of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Operations which work with sequences (some of them with mappings too) include:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.concat">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">concat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.concat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__concat__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__concat__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__concat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> sequences.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.contains">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">contains</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.contains" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__contains__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__contains__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__contains__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the outcome of the test <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code>. Note the reversed operands.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.0: </span>The name <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__contains__" title="operator.__contains__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__contains__()</span></code></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.countOf">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">countOf</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.countOf" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the number of occurrences of <em>b</em> in <em>a</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.delitem">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">delitem</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.delitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__delitem__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__delitem__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__delitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.delslice">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">delslice</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.delslice" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__delslice__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__delslice__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__delslice__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Delete the slice of <em>a</em> from index <em>b</em> to index <em>c-1</em>.</p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.x. Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.delitem" title="operator.delitem"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delitem()</span></code></a> with a slice
index.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.getitem">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">getitem</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.getitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__getitem__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__getitem__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.getslice">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">getslice</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.getslice" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__getslice__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__getslice__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__getslice__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the slice of <em>a</em> from index <em>b</em> to index <em>c-1</em>.</p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.x. Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.getitem" title="operator.getitem"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getitem()</span></code></a> with a slice
index.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.indexOf">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">indexOf</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.indexOf" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the index of the first of occurrence of <em>b</em> in <em>a</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.repeat">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">repeat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.repeat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__repeat__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__repeat__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__repeat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__mul__" title="operator.__mul__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__mul__()</span></code></a> instead.</p>
</div>
<p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> where <em>a</em> is a sequence and <em>b</em> is an integer.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.sequenceIncludes">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">sequenceIncludes</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>...</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.sequenceIncludes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 2.0: </span>Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.contains" title="operator.contains"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contains()</span></code></a> instead.</p>
</div>
<p>Alias for <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.contains" title="operator.contains"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contains()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.setitem">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">setitem</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.setitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__setitem__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__setitem__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__setitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em> to <em>c</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.setslice">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">setslice</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em>, <em>v</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.setslice" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__setslice__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__setslice__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em>, <em>v</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__setslice__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the slice of <em>a</em> from index <em>b</em> to index <em>c-1</em> to the sequence <em>v</em>.</p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.x. Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.setitem" title="operator.setitem"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setitem()</span></code></a> with a slice
index.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>Example use of operator functions:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># Elementwise multiplication</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mul</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="go">[0, 20, 60, 120]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># Dot product</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mul</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">]))</span>
<span class="go">200</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Many operations have an “in-place” version. The following functions provide a
more primitive access to in-place operators than the usual syntax does; for
example, the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-statement"><span class="xref std std-term">statement</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">y</span></code> is equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">operator.iadd(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></code>. Another way to put it is to say that
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">operator.iadd(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></code> is equivalent to the compound statement
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">x;</span> <span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">y</span></code>.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.iadd">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">iadd</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iadd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__iadd__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__iadd__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iadd__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iadd(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.iand">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">iand</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iand" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__iand__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__iand__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iand__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iand(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.iconcat">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">iconcat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iconcat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__iconcat__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__iconcat__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iconcat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iconcat(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> sequences.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.idiv">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">idiv</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.idiv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__idiv__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__idiv__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__idiv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">idiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></code> is
not in effect.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.ifloordiv">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">ifloordiv</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ifloordiv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ifloordiv__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__ifloordiv__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ifloordiv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ifloordiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.ilshift">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">ilshift</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ilshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ilshift__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__ilshift__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ilshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ilshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><<=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.imod">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">imod</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__imod__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__imod__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imod__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">imod(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.imul">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">imul</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imul" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__imul__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__imul__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imul__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">imul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.ior">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">ior</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ior" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ior__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__ior__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ior__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ior(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">|=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.ipow">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">ipow</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ipow" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ipow__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__ipow__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ipow__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ipow(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.irepeat">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">irepeat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.irepeat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__irepeat__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__irepeat__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__irepeat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__imul__" title="operator.__imul__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__imul__()</span></code></a> instead.</p>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">irepeat(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> where <em>a</em> is a sequence and
<em>b</em> is an integer.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.irshift">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">irshift</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.irshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__irshift__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__irshift__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__irshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">irshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">>>=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.isub">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">isub</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isub" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__isub__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__isub__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__isub__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">isub(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.itruediv">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">itruediv</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.itruediv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__itruediv__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__itruediv__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__itruediv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itruediv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></code>
is in effect.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.ixor">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">ixor</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ixor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ixor__">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">__ixor__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ixor__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ixor(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">^=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> module also defines a few predicates to test the type of
objects; however, these are not all reliable. It is preferable to test
abstract base classes instead (see <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#module-collections" title="collections: High-performance datatypes"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html#module-numbers" title="numbers: Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers</span></code></a> for details).</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.isCallable">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">isCallable</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isCallable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 2.0: </span>Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">collections.Callable)</span></code> instead.</p>
</div>
<p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> can be called like a function, otherwise it
returns false. True is returned for functions, bound and unbound methods, class
objects, and instance objects which support the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__call__" title="object.__call__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__call__()</span></code></a> method.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.isMappingType">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">isMappingType</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isMappingType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">collections.Mapping)</span></code> instead.</p>
</div>
<p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> supports the mapping interface. This is true for
dictionaries and all instance objects defining <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="operator.__getitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.isNumberType">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">isNumberType</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isNumberType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">numbers.Number)</span></code> instead.</p>
</div>
<p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> represents a number. This is true for all
numeric types implemented in C.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.isSequenceType">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">isSequenceType</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isSequenceType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">collections.Sequence)</span></code> instead.</p>
</div>
<p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> supports the sequence protocol. This returns true
for all objects which define sequence methods in C, and for all instance objects
defining <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="operator.__getitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> module also defines tools for generalized attribute and item
lookups. These are useful for making fast field extractors as arguments for
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#map" title="map"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">map()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#sorted" title="sorted"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sorted()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="itertools.html#itertools.groupby" title="itertools.groupby"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.groupby()</span></code></a>, or other functions that
expect a function argument.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.attrgetter">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">attrgetter</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>attr</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.attrgetter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt>
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">attrgetter</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>*attrs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>
<dd><p>Return a callable object that fetches <em>attr</em> from its operand.
If more than one attribute is requested, returns a tuple of attributes.
The attribute names can also contain dots. For example:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name')</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b.name</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name',</span> <span class="pre">'date')</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></code> returns
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(b.name,</span> <span class="pre">b.date)</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name.first',</span> <span class="pre">'name.last')</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></code>
returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(b.name.first,</span> <span class="pre">b.name.last)</span></code>.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">attrgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">attr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">resolve_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resolve_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">attr</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">resolve_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"."</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">obj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">obj</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.4.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.5: </span>Added support for multiple attributes.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.6: </span>Added support for dotted attributes.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.itemgetter">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">itemgetter</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>item</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.itemgetter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt>
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">itemgetter</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>*items</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>
<dd><p>Return a callable object that fetches <em>item</em> from its operand using the
operand’s <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="operator.__getitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></code></a> method. If multiple items are specified,
returns a tuple of lookup values. For example:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itemgetter(2)</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(r)</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r[2]</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">g</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itemgetter(2,</span> <span class="pre">5,</span> <span class="pre">3)</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">g(r)</span></code> returns
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(r[2],</span> <span class="pre">r[5],</span> <span class="pre">r[3])</span></code>.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">item</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The items can be any type accepted by the operand’s <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="operator.__getitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></code></a>
method. Dictionaries accept any hashable value. Lists, tuples, and
strings accept an index or a slice:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="s1">'ABCDEFG'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'B'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="s1">'ABCDEFG'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">('B', 'D', 'F')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">slice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">))(</span><span class="s1">'ABCDEFG'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'CDEFG'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.4.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.5: </span>Added support for multiple item extraction.</p>
</div>
<p>Example of using <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.itemgetter" title="operator.itemgetter"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itemgetter()</span></code></a> to retrieve specific fields from a
tuple record:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">inventory</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s1">'apple'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'banana'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'pear'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'orange'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">getcount</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getcount</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">inventory</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[3, 2, 5, 1]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inventory</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">getcount</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[('orange', 1), ('banana', 2), ('apple', 3), ('pear', 5)]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.methodcaller">
<code class="descclassname">operator.</code><code class="descname">methodcaller</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>name</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>args...</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.methodcaller" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a callable object that calls the method <em>name</em> on its operand. If
additional arguments and/or keyword arguments are given, they will be given
to the method as well. For example:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">methodcaller('name')</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b.name()</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">methodcaller('name',</span> <span class="pre">'foo',</span> <span class="pre">bar=1)</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></code>
returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b.name('foo',</span> <span class="pre">bar=1)</span></code>.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">methodcaller</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">caller</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">caller</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<div class="section" id="mapping-operators-to-functions">
<span id="operator-map"></span><h2>9.9.1. Mapping Operators to Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#mapping-operators-to-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This table shows how abstract operations correspond to operator symbols in the
Python syntax and the functions in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> module.</p>
<table class="docutils align-center">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 26%" />
<col style="width: 29%" />
<col style="width: 45%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Operation</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Syntax</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Function</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Addition</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">add(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Concatenation</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seq1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">seq2</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concat(seq1,</span> <span class="pre">seq2)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Containment Test</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">seq</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contains(seq,</span> <span class="pre">obj)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Division</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">div(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> (without
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></code>)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Division</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">truediv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> (with
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></code>)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Division</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">floordiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Bitwise And</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">and_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Bitwise Exclusive Or</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xor(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Bitwise Inversion</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">invert(a)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Bitwise Or</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">or_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Exponentiation</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pow(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Identity</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Identity</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_not(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Indexed Assignment</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj[k]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">v</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k,</span> <span class="pre">v)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Indexed Deletion</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">obj[k]</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Indexing</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj[k]</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Left Shift</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><<</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Modulo</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mod(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Multiplication</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Negation (Arithmetic)</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">neg(a)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Negation (Logical)</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not_(a)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Positive</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pos(a)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Right Shift</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Sequence Repetition</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seq</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">i</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repeat(seq,</span> <span class="pre">i)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Slice Assignment</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">values</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setitem(seq,</span> <span class="pre">slice(i,</span> <span class="pre">j),</span> <span class="pre">values)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Slice Deletion</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delitem(seq,</span> <span class="pre">slice(i,</span> <span class="pre">j))</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Slicing</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getitem(seq,</span> <span class="pre">slice(i,</span> <span class="pre">j))</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>String Formatting</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">s</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">obj</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mod(s,</span> <span class="pre">obj)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Subtraction</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sub(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Truth Test</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">truth(obj)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Ordering</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Ordering</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">le(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Equality</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eq(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Difference</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ne(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Ordering</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ge(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Ordering</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">></span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">9.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code> — Standard operators as functions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mapping-operators-to-functions">9.9.1. Mapping Operators to Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
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<h4>Previous topic</h4>
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title="previous chapter">9.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">functools</span></code> — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a></p>
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