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<span id="someos"></span><h1>16. Optional Operating System Services<a class="headerlink" href="#optional-operating-system-services" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system
features that are available on selected operating systems only. The interfaces
are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces but they are available on
some other systems as well (e.g. Windows or NT). Here’s an overview:</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html">16.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span></code> — Waiting for I/O completion</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#edge-and-level-trigger-polling-epoll-objects">16.1.1. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#polling-objects">16.1.2. Polling Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#kqueue-objects">16.1.3. Kqueue Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#kevent-objects">16.1.4. Kevent Objects</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html">16.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> — Higher-level threading interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#thread-objects">16.2.1. Thread Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#lock-objects">16.2.2. Lock Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#rlock-objects">16.2.3. RLock Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#condition-objects">16.2.4. Condition Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#semaphore-objects">16.2.5. Semaphore Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#semaphore-example">16.2.5.1. <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Semaphore</span></code> Example</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#event-objects">16.2.6. Event Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#timer-objects">16.2.7. Timer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#using-locks-conditions-and-semaphores-in-the-with-statement">16.2.8. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#importing-in-threaded-code">16.2.9. Importing in threaded code</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="thread.html">16.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thread</span></code> — Multiple threads of control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="dummy_threading.html">16.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dummy_threading</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="dummy_thread.html">16.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dummy_thread</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thread</span></code> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html">16.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code> — Process-based “threading” interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#introduction">16.6.1. Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#the-process-class">16.6.1.1. The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process</span></code> class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#exchanging-objects-between-processes">16.6.1.2. Exchanging objects between processes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#synchronization-between-processes">16.6.1.3. Synchronization between processes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#sharing-state-between-processes">16.6.1.4. Sharing state between processes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#using-a-pool-of-workers">16.6.1.5. Using a pool of workers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#reference">16.6.2. Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#process-and-exceptions">16.6.2.1. <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process</span></code> and exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#pipes-and-queues">16.6.2.2. Pipes and Queues</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#miscellaneous">16.6.2.3. Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#connection-objects">16.6.2.4. Connection Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#synchronization-primitives">16.6.2.5. Synchronization primitives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#shared-ctypes-objects">16.6.2.6. Shared <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.sharedctypes">16.6.2.6.1. The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.sharedctypes</span></code> module</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#managers">16.6.2.7. Managers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#customized-managers">16.6.2.7.1. Customized managers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#using-a-remote-manager">16.6.2.7.2. Using a remote manager</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#proxy-objects">16.6.2.8. Proxy Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#cleanup">16.6.2.8.1. Cleanup</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.pool">16.6.2.9. Process Pools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.connection">16.6.2.10. Listeners and Clients</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#address-formats">16.6.2.10.1. Address Formats</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#authentication-keys">16.6.2.11. Authentication keys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#logging">16.6.2.12. Logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.dummy">16.6.2.13. The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.dummy</span></code> module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#programming-guidelines">16.6.3. Programming guidelines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#all-platforms">16.6.3.1. All platforms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#windows">16.6.3.2. Windows</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#examples">16.6.4. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mmap.html">16.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mmap</span></code> — Memory-mapped file support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html">16.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code> — GNU readline interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#init-file">16.8.1. Init file</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#line-buffer">16.8.2. Line buffer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#history-file">16.8.3. History file</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#history-list">16.8.4. History list</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#startup-hooks">16.8.5. Startup hooks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#completion">16.8.6. Completion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#example">16.8.7. Example</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="rlcompleter.html">16.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></code> — Completion function for GNU readline</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="rlcompleter.html#completer-objects">16.9.1. Completer Objects</a></li>
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