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<div class="section" id="module-textwrap">
<span id="textwrap-text-wrapping-and-filling"></span><h1>7.7. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-textwrap" title="textwrap: Text wrapping and filling"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">textwrap</span></code></a> — Text wrapping and filling<a class="headerlink" href="#module-textwrap" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</div>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/2.7/Lib/textwrap.py">Lib/textwrap.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-textwrap" title="textwrap: Text wrapping and filling"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">textwrap</span></code></a> module provides two convenience functions, <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="textwrap.wrap"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wrap()</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.fill" title="textwrap.fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code></a>, as well as <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a>, the class that does all the work,
and a utility function <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.dedent" title="textwrap.dedent"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dedent()</span></code></a>. If you’re just wrapping or filling one
or two text strings, the convenience functions should be good enough;
otherwise, you should use an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> for efficiency.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="textwrap.wrap">
<code class="descclassname">textwrap.</code><code class="descname">wrap</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>text</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>width</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>...</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Wraps the single paragraph in <em>text</em> (a string) so every line is at most <em>width</em>
characters long. Returns a list of output lines, without final newlines.</p>
<p>Optional keyword arguments correspond to the instance attributes of
<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a>, documented below. <em>width</em> defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">70</span></code>.</p>
<p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.wrap" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.wrap"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper.wrap()</span></code></a> method for additional details on how
<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="textwrap.wrap"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wrap()</span></code></a> behaves.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="textwrap.fill">
<code class="descclassname">textwrap.</code><code class="descname">fill</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>text</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>width</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>...</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.fill" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Wraps the single paragraph in <em>text</em>, and returns a single string containing the
wrapped paragraph. <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.fill" title="textwrap.fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code></a> is shorthand for</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wrap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In particular, <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.fill" title="textwrap.fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code></a> accepts exactly the same keyword arguments as
<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="textwrap.wrap"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wrap()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Both <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="textwrap.wrap"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wrap()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.fill" title="textwrap.fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code></a> work by creating a <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a>
instance and calling a single method on it. That instance is not reused, so for
applications that wrap/fill many text strings, it will be more efficient for you
to create your own <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> object.</p>
<p>Text is preferably wrapped on whitespaces and right after the hyphens in
hyphenated words; only then will long words be broken if necessary, unless
<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper.break_long_words</span></code></a> is set to false.</p>
<p>An additional utility function, <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.dedent" title="textwrap.dedent"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dedent()</span></code></a>, is provided to remove
indentation from strings that have unwanted whitespace to the left of the text.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="textwrap.dedent">
<code class="descclassname">textwrap.</code><code class="descname">dedent</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>text</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.dedent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove any common leading whitespace from every line in <em>text</em>.</p>
<p>This can be used to make triple-quoted strings line up with the left edge of the
display, while still presenting them in the source code in indented form.</p>
<p>Note that tabs and spaces are both treated as whitespace, but they are not
equal: the lines <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"</span>  <span class="pre">hello"</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"\thello"</span></code> are considered to have no
common leading whitespace. (This behaviour is new in Python 2.5; older versions
of this module incorrectly expanded tabs before searching for common leading
whitespace.)</p>
<p>Lines containing only whitespace are ignored in the input and normalized to a
single newline character in the output.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="c1"># end first line with \ to avoid the empty line!</span>
<span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'''</span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="s1"> hello</span>
<span class="s1"> world</span>
<span class="s1"> '''</span>
<span class="nb">print</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># prints ' hello\n world\n '</span>
<span class="nb">print</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dedent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># prints 'hello\n world\n'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">textwrap.</code><code class="descname">TextWrapper</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>...</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> constructor accepts a number of optional keyword
arguments. Each argument corresponds to one instance attribute, so for example</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">wrapper</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TextWrapper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">initial_indent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"* "</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>is the same as</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">wrapper</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TextWrapper</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">wrapper</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">initial_indent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"* "</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can re-use the same <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> object many times, and you can
change any of its options through direct assignment to instance attributes
between uses.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> instance attributes (and keyword arguments to the
constructor) are as follows:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.width">
<code class="descname">width</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">70</span></code>) The maximum length of wrapped lines. As long as there
are no individual words in the input text longer than <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> guarantees that no output line will be longer than
<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a> characters.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs">
<code class="descname">expand_tabs</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) If true, then all tab characters in <em>text</em> will be
expanded to spaces using the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expandtabs()</span></code> method of <em>text</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace">
<code class="descname">replace_whitespace</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) If true, after tab expansion but before wrapping,
the <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="textwrap.wrap"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wrap()</span></code></a> method will replace each whitespace character
with a single space. The whitespace characters replaced are
as follows: tab, newline, vertical tab, formfeed, and carriage
return (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\t\n\v\f\r'</span></code>).</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>If <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expand_tabs</span></code></a> is false and <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">replace_whitespace</span></code></a> is true,
each tab character will be replaced by a single space, which is <em>not</em>
the same as tab expansion.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>If <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">replace_whitespace</span></code></a> is false, newlines may appear in the
middle of a line and cause strange output. For this reason, text should
be split into paragraphs (using <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str.splitlines" title="str.splitlines"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str.splitlines()</span></code></a> or similar)
which are wrapped separately.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.drop_whitespace">
<code class="descname">drop_whitespace</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.drop_whitespace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) If true, whitespace at the beginning and ending of
every line (after wrapping but before indenting) is dropped.
Whitespace at the beginning of the paragraph, however, is not dropped
if non-whitespace follows it. If whitespace being dropped takes up an
entire line, the whole line is dropped.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.6: </span>Whitespace was always dropped in earlier versions.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.initial_indent">
<code class="descname">initial_indent</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.initial_indent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>) String that will be prepended to the first line of
wrapped output. Counts towards the length of the first line. The empty
string is not indented.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.subsequent_indent">
<code class="descname">subsequent_indent</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.subsequent_indent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>) String that will be prepended to all lines of wrapped
output except the first. Counts towards the length of each line except
the first.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.fix_sentence_endings">
<code class="descname">fix_sentence_endings</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.fix_sentence_endings" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>) If true, <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> attempts to detect
sentence endings and ensure that sentences are always separated by exactly
two spaces. This is generally desired for text in a monospaced font.
However, the sentence detection algorithm is imperfect: it assumes that a
sentence ending consists of a lowercase letter followed by one of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'.'</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'!'</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'?'</span></code>, possibly followed by one of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'"'</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"'"</span></code>,
followed by a space. One problem with this is algorithm is that it is
unable to detect the difference between “Dr.” in</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">Dr</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">Frankenstein</span><span class="s1">'s monster [...]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>and “Spot.” in</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">See</span> <span class="n">Spot</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">See</span> <span class="n">Spot</span> <span class="n">run</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.fix_sentence_endings" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.fix_sentence_endings"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fix_sentence_endings</span></code></a> is false by default.</p>
<p>Since the sentence detection algorithm relies on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string.lowercase</span></code> for
the definition of “lowercase letter,” and a convention of using two spaces
after a period to separate sentences on the same line, it is specific to
English-language texts.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words">
<code class="descname">break_long_words</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) If true, then words longer than <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a> will be
broken in order to ensure that no lines are longer than <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a>. If
it is false, long words will not be broken, and some lines may be longer
than <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a>. (Long words will be put on a line by themselves, in
order to minimize the amount by which <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a> is exceeded.)</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.break_on_hyphens">
<code class="descname">break_on_hyphens</code><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.break_on_hyphens" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) If true, wrapping will occur preferably on whitespaces
and right after hyphens in compound words, as it is customary in English.
If false, only whitespaces will be considered as potentially good places
for line breaks, but you need to set <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">break_long_words</span></code></a> to false if
you want truly insecable words. Default behaviour in previous versions
was to always allow breaking hyphenated words.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> also provides two public methods, analogous to the
module-level convenience functions:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.wrap">
<code class="descname">wrap</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>text</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.wrap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Wraps the single paragraph in <em>text</em> (a string) so every line is at most
<a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a> characters long. All wrapping options are taken from
instance attributes of the <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> instance. Returns a list
of output lines, without final newlines. If the wrapped output has no
content, the returned list is empty.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="textwrap.TextWrapper.fill">
<code class="descname">fill</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>text</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.fill" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Wraps the single paragraph in <em>text</em>, and returns a single string
containing the wrapped paragraph.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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